1691
1691 (MDCXCI) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and a common year starting on Thursday of the Julian calendar, the 1691st year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 691st year of the 2nd millennium, the 91st year of the 17th century, and the 2nd year of the 1690s decade. As of the start of 1691, the Gregorian calendar was 10 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.
| Millennium: | 2nd millennium |
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| Centuries: | |
| Decades: | |
| Years: |
| 1691 by topic |
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| Arts and science |
| Leaders |
| Birth and death categories |
| Births – Deaths |
| Establishments and disestablishments categories |
| Establishments – Disestablishments |
| Works category |
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| Gregorian calendar | 1691 MDCXCI |
| Ab urbe condita | 2444 |
| Armenian calendar | 1140 ԹՎ ՌՃԽ |
| Assyrian calendar | 6441 |
| Balinese saka calendar | 1612–1613 |
| Bengali calendar | 1098 |
| Berber calendar | 2641 |
| English Regnal year | 3 Will. & Mar. – 4 Will. & Mar. |
| Buddhist calendar | 2235 |
| Burmese calendar | 1053 |
| Byzantine calendar | 7199–7200 |
| Chinese calendar | 庚午年 (Metal Horse) 4387 or 4327 — to — 辛未年 (Metal Goat) 4388 or 4328 |
| Coptic calendar | 1407–1408 |
| Discordian calendar | 2857 |
| Ethiopian calendar | 1683–1684 |
| Hebrew calendar | 5451–5452 |
| Hindu calendars | |
| - Vikram Samvat | 1747–1748 |
| - Shaka Samvat | 1612–1613 |
| - Kali Yuga | 4791–4792 |
| Holocene calendar | 11691 |
| Igbo calendar | 691–692 |
| Iranian calendar | 1069–1070 |
| Islamic calendar | 1102–1103 |
| Japanese calendar | Genroku 4 (元禄４年) |
| Javanese calendar | 1614–1615 |
| Julian calendar | Gregorian minus 10 days |
| Korean calendar | 4024 |
| Minguo calendar | 221 before ROC 民前221年 |
| Nanakshahi calendar | 223 |
| Thai solar calendar | 2233–2234 |
| Tibetan calendar | 阳金马年 (male Iron-Horse) 1817 or 1436 or 664 — to — 阴金羊年 (female Iron-Goat) 1818 or 1437 or 665 |
Events
January–March
- January 6 – King William III of England, who rules Scotland and Ireland as well as being the Stadtholder of the Dutch Republic, departs from Margate to tend to the affairs of the Netherlands. [1]
- January 14 – A fleet of ships carrying 827 Spanish Navy sailors and marines arrives at Manzanillo Bay on the island of Hispaniola in what is now the Dominican Republic and joins 700 Spanish cavalry, then proceeds westward to invade the French side of the island in what is now Haiti. [2]
- January 15 – King Louis XIV of France issues an order specifically prohibiting play of games of chance, specifically naming basset and similar games, on penalty of 1,000 livres for the first offense. [3]
- January 23 – Spanish colonial administrator Domingo Terán de los Ríos, most recently the governor of Sonora y Sinaloa on the east side of the Gulf of California, is assigned by the Viceroy of New Spain to administer a new province that governs lands on both sides of the Río Bravo del Norte, "Coahuila y Tejas", and effectively becomes the first Governor of Texas.
- March 5 – Nine Years' War: French troops under Marshal Louis-Francois de Boufflers besiege the Spanish-held town of Mons.
- March 20 – Leisler's Rebellion: A new governor arrives in New York – Jacob Leisler surrenders, after a standoff of several hours.[4]
- March 29 – The Siege of Mons ends in the city's surrender.
April–June
- April 9 – A fire at the Palace of Whitehall in London destroys its Stone Gallery.[5]
- May 6 – The Spanish Inquisition condemns and forcibly baptizes 219 Xuetas in Palma, Majorca. When 37 try to escape the island, they are burned alive at the stake.
- May 16 – Jacob Leisler is hanged for treason.
- June 23 – Ahmed II (1691–1695) succeeds Suleiman II (1687–1691), as Ottoman Emperor.
July–September
- July 12
- Pope Innocent XII becomes the 242nd pope, succeeding Pope Alexander VIII.
- Williamite War in Ireland – Battle of Aughrim: Protestant Williamite forces, led by Godert de Ginkell, decisively defeat Jacobites under the Marquis de St Ruth (who is killed).
- August 11 –
- August 12 – The Battle of Slankamen takes place between the Ottoman Empire and the Holy Roman Empire and allies at Syrmia (now the Serbian province of Vojvodina), and 25,000 Ottomans are killed, including Köprülüzade Fazıl Mustafa Pasha, the Grand Vizier.
- September 18 – War of the Grand Alliance: English and Dutch forces are defeated by the French in the Battle of Leuze.
October–December
- October 3 – The Treaty of Limerick, ending the Williamite War in Ireland and guaranteeing civil rights to Roman Catholics, is signed (It was broken "before the ink was dry", according to a contemporary commentator). The Flight of the Wild Geese (the departure of the Jacobite army) follows.
- October 17 (October 7 Old Style) – In New England, the two separate colonies of Massachusetts Bay Colony and Plymouth Colony are united into a single entity, by an act of the King and Queen of England.
- November 26 – In Limerick, "A Form of Prayer and Thanksgiving to the Almighty God for the Preservation of Their Majesties, the Success of Their Forces in the reducing of Ireland, and for His Majesties Safe Return" is celebrated in all Anglican churches in Britain and Ireland by order by Archbishop Tillotson. [6]
- December 6 – During the Morean War, Captain Luca Dalla Rocca of Naples betrays Venice by surrendering the fortress of Gramvousa, on the island of Crete to the Ottoman Turks, in return for a large amount of money and sanctuary in Istanbul. [7]
- December 22 – Patrick Sarsfield and 19,000 troops of the Irish Army who had been supporters of the Jacobite Rebellion leave the country and relocate to France.
Date unknown
- Michel Rolle invents Rolle's theorem, an essential theorem of mathematics.
- The Khalkha submit to the Manchu invaders, bringing most of modern-day Mongolia under the rule of the Qing Dynasty.
- The textile factory Barnängens manufaktur is founded in Stockholm, Sweden.
Births
- February 27 – Edward Cave, English editor and publisher (d. 1754)
- March 12 – Dionisia de Santa María Mitas Talangpaz, Filipino saint (b. 1732)
- April 5 – Louis VIII, Landgrave of Hesse-Darmstadt (d. 1768)
- April 9 – Johann Matthias Gesner, German classical scholar (d. 1761)
- June 17 – Giovanni Paolo Pannini, Italian painter and architect (d. 1765)
- August 25 – Alessandro Galilei, Italian architect, mathematician (d. 1737)
- September 29 – Richard Challoner, English Catholic prelate (d. 1781)
- October 1 – Arthur Onslow, English politician (d 1768)
Deaths
- January 13 – George Fox, English founder of the Society of Friends (b. 1624)
- January 17 – Richard Lower, English physician (b. 1631)
- January 22 – Edward Master, English politician (b. 1610)
- January 23 – William Maurice, Prince of Nassau-Siegen (1679–1691) (b. 1649)
- February 1 – Pope Alexander VIII (b. 1610)
- February 8 – Carlo Rainaldi, Italian architect (b. 1611)
- February 19 – Sir Thomas Lee, 1st Baronet, English politician (b. 1635)
- March 5 – Jean-Jacques Renouard de Villayer, French postal pioneer (b. 1607)
- March 17 – Thomas Wynne, English personal physician of William Penn (b. 1627)
- March 29 – Nicolas Talon, French Jesuit (b. 1605)
- April 3 – Jean Petitot, Swiss enamel painter (b. 1607)
- April 23 – Jean-Henri d'Anglebert, French harpsichordist and composer (b. 1629)
- May 11 – Colonel John Birch, English soldier (b. 1615)
- May 16 – Jacob Leisler, German-born American colonist (b. 1640)
- May 23 – Adrien Auzout, French astronomer (b. 1622)
- May 29 – Cornelis Tromp, Dutch admiral (b. 1629)
- June 23 – Suleiman II, Sultan, Ottoman Empire (b. 1642)
- July 2 – Marc'Antonio Pasqualini, Italian opera singer and composer (b. 1614)
- July 12 – Marquis de St Ruth, French (killed at the Battle of Aughrim) (b. c. 1650)
- July 16 – François-Michel le Tellier, Marquis de Louvois, French war minister (b. 1641)
- July 18 – Sir John Bowyer, 2nd Baronet, English politician (b. 1653)
- July 26 – Henry Cavendish, 2nd Duke of Newcastle, English politician (b. 1630)
- July 30 – Daniel Georg Morhof, German writer and scholar (b. 1639)
- August 2 – Frederick I, Duke of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg (1675–1691) (b. 1646)
- August 14 – Richard Talbot, 1st Earl of Tyrconnel, Irish rebel (b. 1630)
- August 19 – Adam Zrinski, Croatian count and military officer (b. 1662)
- August 29 – Sir Ralph Delaval, 1st Baronet, English politician (b. 1622)
- September 12 – John George III, Elector of Saxony (b. 1647)
- September 18
- Charles Fane, 3rd Earl of Westmorland, Member of Parliament and House of Lords (b. 1635)
- Giovanni Francesco Ginetti, nephew of Cardinal Marzio Ginetti (b. 1626)
- October 9 – William Sacheverell, English statesman (b. 1638)
- October 10 – Isaac de Benserade, French poet (b. 1613)
- October 11 – Israel Silvestre, French topographical etcher (b. 1621)
- October 18 – Christian I, Duke of Saxe-Merseburg, German noble (b. 1615)
- October 21 – Alexander Seton, 1st Viscount of Kingston (b. 1620)
- October 30 – Hermann of Baden-Baden, Imperial field marshal and president of the Hofkriegsrat (b. 1628)
- November 14 – Tosa Mitsuoki, Japanese painter (b. 1617)
- November 15 – Aelbert Cuyp, Dutch painter (b. 1620)
- December – Louis de Vanens, French alchemist and poisoner (b. 1647)
- December 3 – Katherine Jones, Viscountess Ranelagh, English scientist (b. 1615)
- December 8 – Richard Baxter, English clergyman (b. 1615)
- December 15 – Hendrik van Rheede, Dutch botanist (b. 1636)
- December 31
- Robert Boyle, Anglo-Irish chemist (b. 1627)[8]
- Dudley North, English economist, merchant and politician (b. 1641)
- date unknown
- Bárbara Coronel, Spanish stage actress (b. 1632)
- Mariyam Kaba'afa'anu Rani Kilege, queen mother and regent of the Maldives
- probable – Elizabeth Polwheele, English playwright (b. c. 1651)
See also
References
- Frederic Hervey, The Naval History of Great Britain: From the Earliest Times to the Rising of the Parliament in 1779 (William Adlard Publishing, 1779) p. 420
- "King William's War (1688—1697)", in Wars of the Americas: A Chronology of Armed Conflict in the New World, 1492 to the Present by David E. Marley (ABC-CLIO, 1998) p. 206
- "Jeu", in A Military Dictionary, or explanation of the several systems of discipline of different kinds of troops, by William Duane (William Duane, 1810) p. 288
- "Historical Events for Year 1691 | OnThisDay.com". Historyorb.com. Retrieved July 8, 2016.
- "Fires, Great", in The Insurance Cyclopeadia: Being an Historical Treasury of Events and Circumstances Connected with the Origin and Progress of Insurance, Cornelius Walford, ed. (C. and E. Layton, 1876) p46
- "Special Forms of Prayer in the Church of England", Part III, The Newberry House Magazine (February 1893) p. 137
- "Turkish Rule in Crete", by Theocharis Detorakis, in Crete, History and Civilization (1988) p. 343
- "Robert Boyle | Biography, Contributions, Works, & Facts". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved December 4, 2020.
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