1690s

• January 2 – The Ottoman Empire defeats Serbian rebels and Austrian troops in battle at Kaçanik Gorge, prompting more than 30,000 Serb refugees to flee northward from Kosovo, Macedonia and Sandžak to the Austrian Empire.
• January 6 – At the age of 11 years old, Prince Joseph, son of Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor, is named as the "King of the Romans", the next in line to become the Emperor. Upon his father's death in 1705, Joseph becomes the new Holy Roman Emperor.
• January 7 – The first recorded full peal is rung, at St Sepulchre-without-Newgate in the City of London, marking a new era in change ringing.
• January 27 –
  • The crew of the ship HMS Welfare, commanded by John Strong, becomes the first European people to land at the Falkland Islands. [1]
  • The Convention Parliament is dissolved in England.
• February 3 – The Massachusetts Bay Colony issues the first paper money in North America.
• February 6 – King William III of England calls for new elections for the 512-member House of Commons
• March 20 – The 2nd Parliament of William III and Mary II is assembled in London, split almost equally with 243 Whigs, 241 Tories, and 28 independent members.

• April 6 – Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor issues a document inviting Serbians to resettle in Hungary, at the time a part of the Empire. [2]
• April 16 – An estimated 8.0 magnitude earthquake strikes in the Caribbean Sea less than 10 miles (16 km) from the island of Barbuda and also affects St. Kitts and Nevis, as well as Antigua. [3]
• April 25 – The Parliament of Scotland passes an Act to abolish the Anglican Scottish Episcopy as separate from the jurisdiction of the Church of England. The presbyterian Church of Scotland continues to exist as a separate, non-Anglican denomination.
• April 27 – Sultan Toloko ibn-Sibori becomes the new Sultan of Ternate, located on the Maluku Islands in the Dutch East Indies (now Indonesia) after the death of his father, Sultan Sibori Amsterdam.
• May 16 – The Battle of Port Royal takes place in Nova Scotia (in what is now Canada) after an invasion by a militia of 446 soldiers and 226 sailors from the Massachusetts Bay Colony (in what is now the United States) on seven warships. With only 90 French colonial soldiers to defend Port-Royal, Acadian Governor Louis-Alexandre des Friches de Menneval surrenders before the end of the day. The site is now Annapolis Royal.
• May 20 – England passes the Act of Grace, forgiving followers of the deposed James II.
• June 14 – King William III of England (William of Orange) lands in Ireland, to confront James II.
• June 8 – Siddi general Yadi Sakat razes the Mazagon Fort in Mumbai.

• July 10 – Battle of Beachy Head (also known as the Battle of Bévéziers): The Anglo-Dutch navy is defeated by the French, giving rise to fears of a Jacobite invasion of England.[4]
• July 11 – Battle of the Boyne, north of Dublin: King William III of England (William of Orange) defeats the deposed James II, who returns to exile in France.[5][6][7] The rebellion in Ireland continues for a further year until the Orange army gains full control.
• July 26 – A French landing party raids and burns Teignmouth in Devon, England. However, with the loss of James II's position in Ireland, any plans for a real invasion are soon shelved, and Teignmouth is the last French attack on England.
• August 24 – In India, the fort and trading settlement of Sutanuti (which later becomes Calcutta) is founded on the Hooghly River by the English East India Company, following the signing of an Anglo-Moghul treaty.[6]
• September 25 – The only issue of Publick Occurrences is published in Boston, Massachusetts, before being suppressed by the colonial authorities.

• October 6–12 – Massachusetts Puritans, led by Sir William Phips, besiege the city of Quebec; the siege ends in failure.
• October 8 – Great Turkish War: The Ottomans recapture Belgrade.
• November 17 – Barclays, now a multinational bank and lending institution, is founded in London by John Freame and Thomas Gould as Freame & Gould. The bank changes its name in 1736 when James Barclay becomes a partner.
• December 13 – The planet Uranus is first sighted and recorded, by England's first Astronomer Royal, John Flamsteed, who mistakenly catalogs it as a star 34 Tauri. [8] Sir William Herschel identifies the object more than 90 years later as the seventh planet after confirming its gradual change of position, making his observation on March 13, 1781.
• December 20 – Tsar Peter the Great decrees that the Russian calendar will have the New Year's Day to start on January 1 rather than September 1, effective January 1, 1692. On the Russian calendar (which still used the Julian system at that time, 10 days behind the Gregorian calendar which would be adopted more than 200 years later), 1691 began on what would now be considered September 11, 1690.
• December 29 – An earthquake hits Ancona, in the Papal States of Italy and causes ten deaths. [9]

• Serbian Patriarch Arsenije III Carnojevic leads the first of the two Great Serbian Migrations into the Habsburg Empire, following Ottoman atrocities in Kosovo.
• The Hearth Tax is abolished in Scotland, one year after its abolition in England and Wales.
• French physicist Denis Papin, while in Leipzig and having observed the mechanical power of atmospheric pressure on his 'digester', builds a working model of a reciprocating steam engine for pumping water, the first of its kind, though not efficient.
• Giovanni Domenico Cassini observes differential rotation within Jupiter's atmosphere.
• The Barrage Vauban, a defensive work in the city of Strasbourg (in present-day France), is completed.[10]
• Possible year of the disappearance of the western part of the island of Buise, in St. Peter's Flood.

• January 6 – King William III of England, who rules Scotland and Ireland as well as being the Stadtholder of the Dutch Republic, departs from Margate to tend to the affairs of the Netherlands. [11]
• January 14 – A fleet of ships carrying 827 Spanish Navy sailors and marines arrives at Manzanillo Bay on the island of Hispaniola in what is now the Dominican Republic and joins 700 Spanish cavalry, then proceeds westward to invade the French side of the island in what is now Haiti. [12]
• January 15 – King Louis XIV of France issues an order specifically prohibiting play of games of chance, specifically naming basset and similar games, on penalty of 1,000 livres for the first offense. [13]
• January 23 – Spanish colonial administrator Domingo Terán de los Ríos, most recently the governor of Sonora y Sinaloa on the east side of the Gulf of California, is assigned by the Viceroy of New Spain to administer a new province that governs lands on both sides of the Río Bravo del Norte, "Coahuila y Tejas", and effectively becomes the first Governor of Texas.
• March 5 – Nine Years' War: French troops under Marshal Louis-Francois de Boufflers besiege the Spanish-held town of Mons.
• March 20 – Leisler's Rebellion: A new governor arrives in New York – Jacob Leisler surrenders, after a standoff of several hours.[14]
• March 29 – The Siege of Mons ends in the city's surrender.

• April 9 – A fire at the Palace of Whitehall in London destroys its Stone Gallery.[15]
• May 6 – The Spanish Inquisition condemns and forcibly baptizes 219 Xuetas in Palma, Majorca. When 37 try to escape the island, they are burned alive at the stake.
• May 16 – Jacob Leisler is hanged for treason.
• June 23 – Ahmed II (1691–1695) succeeds Suleiman II (1687–1691), as Ottoman Emperor.

• July 12
  • Pope Innocent XII becomes the 242nd pope, succeeding Pope Alexander VIII.
  • Williamite War in Ireland – Battle of Aughrim: Protestant Williamite forces, led by Godert de Ginkell, decisively defeat Jacobites under the Marquis de St Ruth (who is killed).
• August 11 –
• August 12 – The Battle of Slankamen takes place between the Ottoman Empire and the Holy Roman Empire and allies at Syrmia (now the Serbian province of Vojvodina), and 25,000 Ottomans are killed, including Köprülüzade Fazıl Mustafa Pasha, the Grand Vizier.
• September 18 – War of the Grand Alliance: English and Dutch forces are defeated by the French in the Battle of Leuze.

• October 3 – The Treaty of Limerick, ending the Williamite War in Ireland and guaranteeing civil rights to Roman Catholics, is signed (It was broken "before the ink was dry", according to a contemporary commentator). The Flight of the Wild Geese (the departure of the Jacobite army) follows.
• October 17 (October 7 Old Style) – In New England, the two separate colonies of Massachusetts Bay Colony and Plymouth Colony are united into a single entity, by an act of the King and Queen of England.
• November 26 – In Limerick, "A Form of Prayer and Thanksgiving to the Almighty God for the Preservation of Their Majesties, the Success of Their Forces in the reducing of Ireland, and for His Majesties Safe Return" is celebrated in all Anglican churches in Britain and Ireland by order by Archbishop Tillotson. [16]
• December 6 – During the Morean War, Captain Luca Dalla Rocca of Naples betrays Venice by surrendering the fortress of Gramvousa, on the island of Crete to the Ottoman Turks, in return for a large amount of money and sanctuary in Istanbul. [17]
• December 22 – Patrick Sarsfield and 19,000 troops of the Irish Army who had been supporters of the Jacobite Rebellion leave the country and relocate to France.

• Michel Rolle invents Rolle's theorem, an essential theorem of mathematics.
• The Khalkha submit to the Manchu invaders, bringing most of modern-day Mongolia under the rule of the Qing Dynasty.

• January 24 – At least 75 residents of what is now York, Maine, United States, are killed in the Candlemas Massacre, carried out by French soldiers led by missionary Louis-Pierre Thury, along with a larger force of Abenaki and Penobscot Indians under the command of Penobscot Chief Madockawando during King William's War, between the French colonists and their indigenous allies, against the English colonists. At least 112 English survivors are captured and taken from the Maine District of the Province of Massachusetts Bay and forced to walk to French Canada, where they are held until Massachusetts captain John Alden pays a ransom.
• January 30 – English Army General John Churchill, 1st Duke of Marlborough, a close adviser to King William III, is fired from all of his jobs by the English Secretary of State, the Earl of Nottingham, on orders of Queen Mary. He is later incarcerated briefly on charges of treason for allegedly contacting the dethroned King James II.
• February 13 – Massacre of Glencoe: The forces of Robert Campbell slaughter around 40 members of the Clan MacDonald of Glencoe in Scotland (from whom they have previously accepted hospitality), for delaying to sign an oath of allegiance to King William III of England.[18]
• March 1 – The Salem witch trials begin in Salem Village, Massachusetts Bay Colony, with the charging of 3 women with witchcraft. Tituba, a slave owned by Samuel Parris, is the first to be arrested, and she implicates Sarah Good and Sarah Osborne, who are arrested later in the day. Osborne dies in prison in May, while Good is hanged in July; Tituba is set free after confessing to committing witchcraft.
• March 22 – The Kangxi Emperor of the Qing dynasty issues the Edict of Toleration, recognizing all the members of the Roman Catholic Church, not just the Jesuits, and legalizing missions and their conversion of Chinese people to the Christian Faith.[19]

• April 18 – Giles Corey, Mary Warren, Abigail Hobbs and Bridget Bishop, all residents of Salem, Massachusetts, are arrested and charged with the practice of witchcraft. Corey and Bishop are later executed, while Warren and Hobbs avoid a death sentence.
• May 29 (May 19 OS) – Nine Years' War: Battle of Barfleur – The Anglo-Dutch fleet breaks the French line off the Cotentin Peninsula, foiling the French plan to invade England.[20]
• June 13–14 (June 3–4 OS) – Nine Years' War: Battle of La Hogue – The action begun at Barfleur ends with further destruction of the French fleet.[20]
• June 7 – Jamaica earthquake: An earthquake and related tsunami destroy Port Royal, capital of Jamaica, and submerge a major part of it; an estimated 2,000 are immediately killed, 2,300 injured, and a probable additional 2,000 die from the diseases which ravage the island in the following months.
• June 8 – During a famine in Mexico City, an angry mob torches the Viceroy's palace and ignites the archives; most of the documents and some paintings are saved by royal geographer Carlos de Sigüenza y Góngora.
• June 10 – The Salem witch trials' first victim, Bridget Bishop, is hanged for witchcraft.

• July 1 – The siege of the strategically-located Belgian city of Namur in the Spanish Netherlands ends as Dutch General Menno van Coehoorn capitulates to King Louis XIV of France after five weeks. The siege, a battle in the ongoing Nine Years War, had begun on May 24. [21]
• July 5 – Wine shop owner Antoine Savetier and his wife are murdered by thieves in the French city of Lyon, and a peasant named Jacques Aymar-Vernay is called in as a detective to solve the case. Aymar follows clues to a nearby town, Beaucaire, and finds one of the perpetrators, Joseph Arnoul, who confesses to the crime and implicates two accomplices who manage to escape. Arnoul is executed by being "broken on the wheel" on August 30. [22]
• August 12 – The city of Ponce is founded in Puerto Rico,
• September 8 – An earthquake in Brabant of scale 5.8 is felt across the Low Countries, Germany and England.[23]
• September 14 – Diego de Vargas leads Spanish colonists in retaking the city of Santa Fe, New Mexico, after a 12-year exile, following the Pueblo Revolt of 1680.
• September 19 – Giles Corey is pressed to death, in an attempt to coerce a confession from him of witchcraft during the Salem witch trials.
• September 22 – The last of those convicted of witchcraft in the Salem witch trials are hanged. By the end of September, 14 women and 5 men have been executed by hanging. The remainder of those convicted are all eventually released.

• January 11 – 1693 Sicily earthquake: Mount Etna erupts, causing a devastating earthquake that affects parts of Sicily and Malta.
• February 8 – The College of William & Mary in Williamsburg, Virginia is granted a Royal charter.
• March 27 – Bozoklu Mustafa Pasha becomes the new Grand Vizier of the Ottoman Empire, after Sultan Ahmed II appoints him as the successor of Çalık Ali Pasha.

• April 4 – Anne Palles becomes the last accused witch to be executed for witchcraft in Denmark, after having been convicted of using powers of sorcery. King Christian V accepts her plea not to be burned alive, and she is beheaded before her body is set afire.
• April 5 – The Order of Saint Louis, the first medal to be awarded in France to military personnel who are not members of nobility, is created by order of King Louis XIV, and named after his ancestor, King Louis IX.
• April 28 – The 90-gun English Royal Navy warship HMS Windsor Castle is wrecked beyond repair on the Goodwin Sands.
• April – Tituba, a slave who had been convicted at the Salem witch trials of practicing witchcraft after making a confession, is released from jail in Boston after 13 months when an unknown purchaser pays her jail fees. [24]
• May 18 – Forces of Louis XIV of France attack Heidelberg, capital of the Electorate of the Palatinate.
• May 22 – Heidelberg is taken by the invading French forces; on May 23 Heidelberg Castle is surrendered, after which the French blow up its towers using mines.
• June 27 – Nine Years' War – Battle of Lagos off Portugal: The French fleet defeats the joint Dutch and English fleet.

• July 29 – Nine Years' War – Battle of Landen: William III of England is defeated by the French (with Irish Jacobite mercenaries).
• August 21 – The Indian Ocean port of Pondicherry, capital of French India is captured by a 17-ship fleet from the Netherlands and 1,600 men under the command of Laurens Pit the Younger.
• September 9 – Francesco Invrea, King of Corsica, begins a two-year term as the Doge of the Republic of Genoa in Italy, succeeding Giovanni Battista Cattaneo Della Volta.
• September 10 – France begins the siege of the Spanish Netherlands (now Belgium) fort of Charleroi.
• September 14 – King Louis XIV of France sends a letter to Pope Innocent XII announcing the rescission of the Declaration of the Clergy of France issued in 1682.
• September 23 – Manuel Afonso Nzinga a Nlenke, ruling as King Manuel I of the Kingdom of Kongo (in present-day northern Angola) is executed on orders of the new king, Álvaro X.

• October 4 – The Battle of Marsaglia is fought near Turin in the Duchy of Savoy, with a French force under the command of General Nicolas Catinat defeating the Savoyard forces and leaving 10,000 dead or wounded while sustaining only 1,000 casualties.
• October 11 – Charleroi falls to French forces.
• October – William Congreve's comedy The Double-Dealer is first performed in London.[25][26]
• November 7 – King Charles II of Spain issues a royal edict providing sanctuary in Spanish Florida for escaped slaves from the English colony of South Carolina. [27] [28]
• November 14 – General Santaji Ghorpade of the Maratha Empire in India is defeated by General Himmat Khan of the Mughal Empire near Vikramhalli, and retreats. A week later, after regrouping his troops, Santaji defeats Himmat at their next encounter.
• November 21 – The 46-gun Royal Navy frigate HMS Mordaunt founders off of the coast of Cuba.
• November 29 – A fleet of 30 English and Dutch ships captures the French port of Saint-Malo
• December 16 – Diego de Vargas, Spanish colonial governor of Santa Fe de Nuevo México (now the area around the capital of the U.S. state of New Mexico, returns to the walled city of Santa Fe and requests the Pueblo people to accept the authority of the colonial government. Negotiations fail and a siege begins on December 29. The Pueblo defenders surrender the next day and the 70 rebels are executed soon after. The 400 civilian women and children are made slaves and distributed to the Spanish colonists. [29]
• December 27 – The new 80-gun English Navy warship HMS Sussex departs Portsmouth on its maiden voyage, escorting a fleet of 48 warships and 166 merchant ships to the Mediterranean Sea. The fleet runs into a storm on February 27, 1694, and on March 1, Sussex and 12 other warships sink, along with a cargo of gold.

• China concentrates all its foreign trade on Canton; European ships are forbidden to land anywhere else.
• A religious schism takes place in Switzerland, within a group of Swiss and Alsatian Anabaptists led by Jakob Ammann. Those who follow Ammann become the Mennonite Amish sect.[30]
• The Knights of the Apocalypse are formed in Italy.
• The Academia Operosorum Labacensium is established in Ljubljana, Slovenia.
• Financier Richard Hoare relocates Hoare's Bank (founded 1672) from Cheapside to Fleet Street in London.
• Italian barber Giovanni Paolo Feminis creates a perfume water called Aqua Admirabilis, earliest known form of eau de Cologne.[31]
• John Locke publishes his influential book Some Thoughts Concerning Education.[32]
• William Penn publishes his proposal for European federation, Essay on the Present and Future Peace of Europe.[26]
• Dimitrie Cantemir presents his Kitâbu 'İlmi'l-Mûsiki alâ Vechi'l-Hurûfât (The Book of the Science of Music through Letters) to Sultan Ahmed II, which deals with melodic and rhythmic structure and practice of Ottoman music, and contains the scores for around 350 works composed during and before his own time, in an alphabetical notation system he invented.

• January 16 – Francesco Morosini, the Doge of Venice since 1688, dies after ruling the Republic for more than five years and a few months after an unsuccessful attempt to capture the island of Negropont from the Ottoman Empire during the Morean War.
• January 18 – Sir James Montgomery of Scotland, who had been arrested on January 11 for conspiracy to restore King James to the throne, escapes with the aid of the two persons guarding him and flees to France, arriving in Paris on February 15.
• January 21 (January 11 O.S.) – The Kiev Academy, now the national university of Ukraine, receives official recognition by Ivan V, Tsar of Russia.
• January 28 – Pirro e Demetrio, an opera by Alessandro Scarlatti, is given its first performance, debuting at the Teatro San Bartolomeo in Naples. The opera is adapted in 1708 in London as Pyrrhus and Demetrius and becomes the second most popular opera in 18th century London.
• January 29 – French missionary Jean-Baptiste Labat arrives in the "New World", landing at the Caribbean island of Martinique.
• February 5 – The ship Ridderschap van Holland is lost at sea, departs the Cape of Good Hope (at South Africa) with a crew of 300, with a destination in the Dutch East Indies of Batavia (now Jakarta in Indonesia), normally a voyage of two months. It never arrives and is never seen again.
• February 6 – The colony of Quilombo dos Palmares, created by rebel African slaves in Brazil, is destroyed by the bandeirantes, colonial troops under the command of Domingos Jorge Velho. After a successful attack on its capital, Cerca do Macaco, the last King of Dos Palmares, Zumbi, flees after a reign of more than 13 years, but is later captured and executed on November 20, 1695.
• February 26 – Silvestro Valier is elected as the new Doge of Venice to replace the late Francesco Morosini
• March 1 – The HMS Sussex treasure fleet of thirteen ships is wrecked in the Mediterranean off Gibraltar, with the loss of approximately 1,200 lives.
• March 8 - The Coin House of Brazil is formed by Pedro II from Portugal.

• April 2 – Sheikh Yusuf, exiled by the administrators of the Dutch East Indies (now Indonesia), arrives at the Dutch Cape Colony on the ship De Voetboog, at what is now Cape Town, South Africa, along with two wives, two concubines and 12 children. Resettled by the colonial government at a farm in Zandvliet, the Sheikh introduces Islam to South Africa.
• April 7 – The English Navy's 40-gun warship, HMS Ruby, captures the French privateer Entreprenant in battle. The confiscated ship is renamed HMS Ruby Prize.
• April 12 – The French ship Diligente, commanded by René Duguay-Trouin, covers the escape of a convoy of ships that he is escorting, but then is surrounded and attacked by six Royal Navy ships led by David Mitchell. Most of the Diligente crew is lost in the battle, and Duguay-Trouin is captured.
• April 27 – Frederick Augustus of Wettin, later known as "Augustus the Strong" and the future King of Poland, becomes the new Elector of Saxony upon the death of his 25-year-old older brother, John George IV
• May 27 – Taking advantage of a fog, the French Army, with 24,000 troops, fights the Battle of Torroella against and equally large Spanish Army force on the banks of the Ter River in Spain, near the strategically-important city of Girona during the Nine Years' War. The Spaniards suffer 3,000 casualties, while the French sustain 500.
• June 24 – The Tunisian–Algerian War begins as Algerian troops cross into Tunisia. [33]
• June 29 – The Battle of Texel is fought near the Dutch island of Texel, one of the West Frisian Islands. The French Navy force of 8 ships, commanded by Jean Bart, locates and rescues three French ships that had been captured by the Dutch Republic in late May. Bart fights a larger force commanded by Hidde Sjoerds de Vries, who dies of his wounds after being captured.

• July 27 – The Bank of England is founded through Royal charter by the Whig-dominated Parliament of England, following a proposal by Scottish merchant William Paterson to raise capital, by offering safe and steady returns of interest guaranteed by future taxes. A total of £1.2 million is raised for the war effort against Louis XIV of France by the end of the year, to establish the first-ever government debt.
• August 6 – The coronation of Sultan Husayn of the Safavid dynasty as the Shah of Persia (now Iran) takes place in Isfahan, eight days after the death of his father Suleiman I.
• August 24 – The Dictionnaire de l'Académie française, the first official dictionary of the French language, is presented by Jacques de Tourreil and Academy members on behalf of the Académie française to King Louis XIV. [34] The King tells the group "Puisque tant d'habiles gens y ont travaillé, je ne doute pas qu'il soit très beau et très utile pour la langue." ("Since so many clever people have worked on it, I have no doubt that it is very beautiful and very useful for the language.") [35]
• September 5 – The Great Fire of Warwick breaks out in England and destroys half the town. Donors raise £110,000 toward disaster relief, with Queen Anne contributing £1,000.[36]

• October 19 – A major windstorm begins and continues for several days, spreading the Culbin Sands over a large area of farmland in the Scottish Highlands in the County of Moray and burying the now-abandoned village of Culbin. [37]
• October 23 – British/American colonial forces, led by Sir William Phips, fail to seize Quebec from the French.
• October 25 – Queen Mary II of England founds the Royal Hospital for Seamen at Greenwich.[38]
• November 12 – The Army of Algeria captures Tunis, the capital of Tunisia, after a siege of three months, bringing an end to the Tunisian–Algerian War after a little more than four months. Mohamed Bey El Mouradi, the Bey of Tunis, flees southward while Prince Muhammad ben Cheker of Tunisia becomes the new Dey on behalf of the Dey of Algiers, Hadj Ahmed. [39]
• December 3 – The Parliament of England passes the Triennial Act, requiring general elections every three years.[40]
• December 6 – Thomas Tenison is appointed Archbishop of Canterbury.
• December 28 – Queen Mary II of England dies of smallpox aged 32, leaving her husband King William III to rule alone but without an heir. Since he is also without a royal hostess, Mary's sister Princess Anne is summoned back to court (having been banished after an unseemly row with the queen), as his official heiress.

• The Lao empire of Lan Xang unofficially ends.
• The notorious voyage of the English slave ship Hannibal (part of the Atlantic slave trade out of Benin) ends with the death of nearly half of the 692 slaves aboard.
• Rascians establish the settlement which will become Novi Sad on the Danube.

• January 7 (December 28, 1694 old style) – The United Kingdom's last joint monarchy, the reign of husband-and-wife King William III and Queen Mary II comes to an end with the death, from smallpox, of Queen Mary, at the age of 32. Princess Mary, the daughter of King James II, had been installed as the monarch along with her husband and cousin, Willem Hendrik von Oranje, Stadtholder of the Dutch Republic, in 1689 after James was deposed by Willem during the "Glorious Revolution".
• January 14 (January 4 old style) – The Royal Navy warship HMS Nonsuch, with 36 cannons and a special fast-sailing design, is captured near England's Isles of Scilly by the 48-gun French privateer Le Francois. Nonsuch is then sold to the French Navy and renamed Le Sans Pareil.[41][42]
• January 24 – Milan's Court Theater is destroyed in a fire.
• January 27 – A flotilla of six Royal Navy warships under the command of Commodore James Killegrew aboard HMS Plymouth captures two French warships, the Content and the Trident, the day after the French ships had mistaken the English fleet to be a group of merchant ships to attack.
• February 6 – Mustafa II (1664 – 1703) succeeds his uncle, Ahmed II as Sultan of the Ottoman Empire.
• March 10 – Almost all French Army soldiers in a column of 1,300 troops, commanded by Brigadier General Urbain Le Clerc de Juigné, are killed or captured in the Battle of Sant Esteve d'en Bas against a smaller Spanish Empire force led by Ramon de Sala i Saçala. The battle, taking place during the War of the Grand Alliance in what is now Catalonia sees 260 of de Juigne's troops killed and 826 becoming prisoners of war. The Spanish side suffers only seven deaths.
• March 7 – John Trevor, Speaker of the English House of Commons, is expelled from the House by vote of the members, after being found guilty of accepting a bribe of 1000 pounds sterling from the City of London Corporation.
• March 14 – Paul Foley is elected as the new Speaker of the House after the expulsion of John Trevor.
• March 26 – John Hungerford is expelled from the English House of Commons when members vote to find him guilty of accepting a bribe in return for using his committee chairmanship to promote the pending Orphans Bill.

• April 17 – The House of Commons of England decides not to renew the Licensing Order of 1643, and states its reasoning, beginning with "Because it revives, and re-enacts, a Law which in no-wise answered the End for which it was made" [43] The lifting of censorship creates a more open society, and an explosion of print results. Within 30 years, the number of printing houses in England increases from 20 to 103.[44][26]
• April 22 – Sürmeli Ali Pasha is fired from his position as Grand Vizier of the Ottoman Empire, after coming into a disagreement with the new Sultan, Mustafa II. Sürmeli is initially sent into exile, but executed on the Sultan's orders on May 29.
• April 27 – Russo-Turkish War (1686–1700): Russia begins the Azov campaigns (1695–96) against the Ottoman Empire, with 31,000 troops departing to the Ottoman fortress at Azov on the Don River.[45] Tsar Peter the Great marches with the troops but grants himself the rank of a bombardier sergeant within the Preobrazhenskii Regiment, with an "unwillingness to accept high rank in either army or navy until he felt he had earned it by training and experience."[46] The Russian forces begin their siege on July 15 (July 5 O.S.) but after more than three months, the siege is discontinued and a new campaign begins on May 3, 1696, ending with the Turkish surrender on July 29.[47]
• May 18 – The 7.8 magnitude Linfen earthquake in Shanxi Province, Qing Dynasty kills over 50,000 people.[48]
• June 24 – The Commission of Enquiry into the Massacre of Glencoe in Scotland in 1692 reports to the Parliament of England, blaming Sir John Dalrymple, Secretary of State over Scotland, and declares that a soldier should refuse to obey a "command against the law of nature".

• July 12 – The Siege of Namur begins in the Spanish Netherlands (now Belgium) [49]
• July 15 – The siege of the Ottoman fortress at Azaq by the Russian Army begins but is unsuccessful and is discontinued after October 2 (September 22 O.S.) [50][47]
• July 17 – The Bank of Scotland is founded.
• August 8 – The Wren Building is started in Williamsburg, Virginia (completed in 1700).
• August 13–15 – Nine Years' War: Brussels is bombarded by French troops.
• September 1 – Nine Years' War: France surrenders Namur, Spanish Netherlands to forces of the Grand Alliance, led by King William III of England, Stadtholder of the Dutch Republic, following the 2-month Siege of Namur.[49]
• September 7 – English pirate Henry Every perpetrates one of the most profitable raids in history, with the capture of the Grand Mughal ship Ganj-i-Sawai. In response, Emperor Aurangzeb threatens to put an end to all English trading in India.
• September 24 – All but eight of the remaining 305 crew of the Royal Navy ship HMS Winchester (1693) are killed when the ship founders in the Florida Keys. According to the ship's logbook, an epidemic of yellow fever began on August 1 and had killed 45 people before the hurricane struck, and left all but seven crew members too ill to walk.[51][52][53]

• October 11 – King William III of England dissolves Parliament in the wake of a scandal involving former Speaker of the House of Commons John Trevor and other Tory MPs.
• October 25 – The 48-gun English Navy ship HMS Berkeley Castle is captured by the French Navy.
• November 22 – The new Parliament, with 513 members of the House of Commons is opened by King William III. Commons is composed of 257 Whigs (who hold a majority of one), 203 Tories and 53 members of other parties or independents.
• December 31 – A window tax is imposed in England.[49] Some windows are bricked up to avoid it.

• English manufacturers call for an embargo on Indian cloth, and silk weavers picket the House of Commons of England.
• A £2 fine is imposed for swearing in England.
• After 23 years of construction, Spain completes Castillo de San Marcos to protect St. Augustine, Florida, from foreign threats.
• After many years of construction, the Potala Palace in Lhasa is completed.
• Gold is discovered in Brazil.
• Johanne Nielsdatter is executed for witchcraft, the last such confirmed execution in Norway.
• In Amsterdam, the bank Wed. Jean Deutz & Sn. floats the first sovereign bonds on the local market. The scheme is designed to fund a 1.5 million guilder loan to the Holy Roman Emperor. From this date on, European leaders commonly take advantage of the low interest rates available in the Dutch Republic, and borrow several hundred millions on the Dutch capital market.[54]
• The Great Famine of 1695–1697 begins as the Great Famine of Estonia (1695–97) in Swedish Estonia and spreads across Finland, Latvia, Norway and Sweden, while the "seven ill years" of famine in Scotland are ongoing.

• January 21 – The Recoinage Act, passed by the Parliament of England to pull counterfeit silver coins out of circulation, becomes law.[55]
• January 27 – In England, the ship HMS Royal Sovereign (formerly HMS Sovereign of the Seas, 1638) catches fire and burns at Chatham, after 57 years of service.
• January 31 – In the Netherlands, undertakers revolt after funeral reforms in Amsterdam.
• January – Colley Cibber's play Love's Last Shift is first performed in London.[56]
• February 8 (January 29 old style) – Peter the Great who had jointly reigned since 1682 with his mentally-ill older half-brother, Tsar Ivan V, becomes the sole Tsar of Russia when Ivan dies at the age of 29.
• February 15 – A plot to ambush and assassinate King William III of England, in order to restore King James and the House of Stuart to the throne. The plot is foiled when the King cancels his usual plan to return from a hunting trip by way of the road between Turnham Green and Brentford. The King's guard is alerted by the Earl of Portland, William Bentinck, who had been approached on February 13 by Sir Thomas Prendergast.[57]
• February 23 – A royal proclamation is issued to arrest suspected Jacobite conspirators who had plotted the assassination of King William III, including gunman Robert Charnock and organizers George Barclay, and Sir John Fenwick. Barclay eludes capture, but Charnock and Fenwick are executed.[57]
• March 7 – King William III of England departs from the Netherlands.
• March 9 – Spanish missionaries in the province of Santa Fe de Nuevo México in North America first learn of plans for a revolt among the Pueblo Indians and send warnings to the Governor, asking for Spanish troops. The uprising begins on June 4.[58]
• March 18 – Robert Charnock, who had been arrested for the Jacobite plot to kill King William is hanged at the Tower of London.

• April 23 – Russo-Turkish War (1686–1700): Russia begins the second of the Azov campaigns (1695–96).
• April – A fire destroys the Gra Bet (Left Quarter) of Gondar, the capital of Ethiopia. The fire starts "in the house of a prostitute" and destroys many buildings, including the churches of St. George, Takla Haymanot and Iyasu.[59]
• May 31 – John Salomonsz is elected chief of Sint Eustatius in the Caribbean Netherlands.
• June 4 – A second Pueblo Revolt occurs in Santa Fe de Nuevo México. The Tiwas of Taos and Picuris, the Tewas of San Ildefonso and Nambe, the Tanos of Jemez and San Cristobal, and the Keres of Santo Domingo and Cochiti attack during the full moon and kill 21 Spanish civilians and five priests.[60]
• June 12 – China's Kangxi Emperor leads troops in the Battle of Jao Modo (about 37 miles (60 km) from the modern Mongolain capital, Ulan Bator and defeats 5,000 Mongolian troops of the Dzungar Khanate, under the command of Galdan Boshugtu Khan. Galdan escapes capture.
• June 17 – The throne of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth becomes vacant with the death of Jan Sobieski, prompting a competition between Friedrich Augustus, Elector of Saxony and Prince François Louis of France to compete under the Commonwealth's "Golden Liberty" system for an elective monarchy of the new King by the nobility. Jerzy Albrecht Denhoff, the Grand Chancellor, remains the head of the Polish-Lithuanian government during the vacancy of the ceremonial throne.

• July 18 – Azov campaign: The Russian fleet occupies Azov at the mouth of the river Don.
• July 29 – King Louis XIV of France and Victor Amadeus, Duke of Savoy, sign the Treaty of Turin, ending Savoy's involvement in the Nine Years' War.
• August 13 – The Dutch state of Drenthe makes William III of Orange its Stadtholder.
• August 22 – Forces of the Republic of Venice and the Ottoman Empire clash near Andros.
• August 29 – The Treaty of Turin between France and the Duchy of Savoy, ending Savoy's participation in the Nine Years' War. In return for Savoy's withdrawal from the Grand Alliance and the dismantling of its fortifications at Pinerolo, France returns all parts of Savoy captured during the war.
• September 8 – The Parliament of Scotland passes the Education Act 1696, providing for locally-funded, Church-supervised schools to be established in every parish in Scotland.
• September 11 – England's Royal Navy scuttles and deliberately sinks its 32-gun battleship HMS Sapphire in the Bay Bulls Harbour in Newfoundland, rather than let it be captured by the French Navy following a disastrous battle.
• September 17 – On Canada's Hudson Bay, in what is now the province of Manitoba, the English Navy recaptures the York Factory from France, three years after the French had captured it and renamed the site "Fort Bourbon".[61]

• October 7 – The Convention of Vigevano is signed, bringing a general ceasefire in Italy and an end to the Nine Years' War between France and the remaining members of the Grand Alliance (the Holy Roman Empire and Spain.
• October 20 – The Imperial Russian Navy is founded on the recommendation of Tsar Peter the Great and approval by the Russian Parliament, the Duma.
• November 21 – John Vanbrugh's play The Relapse, or Virtue in Danger is first performed in London.
• November 25 – In England, the House of Commons approves the bill of attainder to convict Sir John Fenwick of high treason for plotting to lead the assassination of and coup d'etat against King William III, on its third and final reading, voting 187 to 161 in favor of conviction. The measure then moves to the House of Lords.[62]
• November 30 – Pierre Le Moyne d'Iberville captures and destroys St. John's, Newfoundland after a three-day siege.[63]
• December 7 – Connecticut Route 108, one of Connecticut's oldest highways is laid-out to Trumbull.
• December 19 – Jean-François Regnard's verse comedy Le Joueur ("The Gamester") premieres in Paris.
• December 23 – By a vote of 66 to 60, the English House of Lords narrowly approves the bill of attainder for the conviction of Sir John Fenwick for high treason. The measure then moves to the House of Lords.[64] Fenwick is beheaded on January 28, 1697.
• December 24 – The Inquisition in Portugal carries out the sentence of burning at the stake against several Marrano Jews in Évora.

• The Great Famine of 1695–1697 wipes out almost a third of the population of Finland, while the Great Famine of Estonia (1695–97) takes out a fifth of the population of Estonia; and the "seven ill years" of famine in Scotland are ongoing.
• Polish replaces Ruthenian as an official language of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania.
• Abington, Pennsylvania, is settled.
• William Penn offers an elaborate plan for intercolonial cooperation largely in trade, defense, and criminal matters.
• Edward Lloyd (coffeehouse owner) probably begins publication of Lloyd's News, a predecessor of Lloyd's List, in London.

• January 8 – Scottish student Thomas Aikenhead is hanged outside Edinburgh, becoming the last person in Great Britain to be executed for blasphemy.
• January 11 – French writer Charles Perrault, through publisher Claude Barbin, releases the book Histoires ou contes du temps passé (literally "Tales of Past Times"), known in England as "Mother Goose tales") in Paris, a collection of popular fairy tales, including Cinderella, Puss in Boots, Red Riding Hood, The Sleeping Beauty and Bluebeard. [65]
• February 8 – The English infantry regiment of Arthur Chichester, 3rd Earl of Donegall is disbanded four years after it was first raised. Donegall will raise a second regiment in 1701.
• February 22 – Gerrit de Heere becomes the new Governor of Dutch Ceylon (primarily the coast, but not the interior of modern Sri Lanka), succeeding Thomas van Rhee and administering the colony for almost six years until his death.
• February 26 – Spanish conquistador Martín de Ursúa y Arizmendi and 114 soldiers arrive at Lake Petén Itzá in what is now Guatemala and begin the conquest of the Mayas with an attack on the capital of the Itza people there before moving northward to the Yucatan peninsula.
• March 9 – Grand Embassy of Peter the Great: Tsar Peter the Great of Russia sets out to travel in Europe incognito, as Artilleryman Pjotr Mikhailov.
• March 13 – The Spanish conquest of Petén, and of Yucatán, is completed with the fall of Nojpetén, capital of the Itza Maya Kingdom, the last independent Maya state.
• March 22 – Charles II of Spain issues a Royal Cedula extending to the indigenous nobles of the Spanish Crown colonies, as well as to their descendants, the preeminence and honors customarily attributed to the Hidalgos of Castile.
• March 26 – Safavid occupation of Basra: Safavid government troops take control of Basra.

• April 5 – Charles XII, the Swedish Meteor, becomes king of Sweden at age 14 on the death of his father, Charles XI.
• April 23 – As Chinese troops from the Manchu Dynasty (ruled by the Emperor Kangxi) complete their conquest of Mongolia, Galdan Boshugtu Khan, ruler of the last part of Mongolia to be conquered, the Dzungar Khanate, poisons himself, ending the resistance to conquest. [66]
• May 6 – General Bernard Desjean, Baron de Pointis of France carries out an attack and pillaging on the Spanish fort of Cartagena de Indias (now the city of Cartagena in Colombia) with 1,200 soldiers and 650 pirate mercenaries and overwhelms the city over the next 18 days. The Baron cheats the pirates and reneges on a contract to share the wealth, and the pirates come back to Cartagena a second time and makes a more violent attack.
• May 17 (May 7 Old Style) – The 13th century royal Tre Kronor ("Three Crowns") castle in Stockholm burns to the ground. A large portion of the royal library is destroyed.
• June 10 – The last mass execution for witchcraft in western Europe when five Paisley witches are hanged and then burned in Scotland.
• June 27 – Augustus II the Strong is elected King of Poland after converting to Roman Catholicism on June 2.
• June 30 – The earliest reported first-class cricket match takes place in Sussex in England. The Foreign Post of July 7, 1697, notes that "The middle of last week a great match at cricket was played in Sussex; there were eleven of a side, and they played for fifty guineas apiece".

• July 4 – A Byzantine icon, the "Weeping Madonna of Pócs, arrives in Vienna after a five-month journey following its forced removal from the Hungarian village of Pócs by order of the Holy Roman Emperor, Leopold I. It has been housed for more than 320 years in St. Stephen's Cathedral.
• July 6 – A major naval battle takes place between the Republic of Venice and the Ottoman Empire with each side having 25 battleships, supplemented by smaller vessels. The Venetian Navy, under the command of Admiral Bartolomeo Contarini, suffers 71 deaths and 163 injuries, and even worse casualties in a second engagement on September 20. The extent of Turkish casualties is not reported. [67]
• July 27 – Mahmud Shah II, the Sultan of Johor and Pahang (now part of Malaysia) takes on full power upon the death of the regent, the Bendahara Paduka Raja. Mahmud II was only 10 years old when he became the Sultan upon the assassination of his father, Ibrahim Shah in 1685.
• July 28 – The opera Vénus et Adonis, composed by Henri Desmarets with libretto by Jean-Baptiste Rousseau, receives its first performance, premiering at the Théâtre du Palais-Royal in Paris. After 250 years of obscurity, it will be revived in 2006.
• August 10 – The Siege of Barcelona, ends in Spain after 52 days as Louis Joseph, Duke of Vendôme of France obtains the surrender of Barcelona from the Austrian General, Prince George of Hesse-Darmstadt.
• September 5 (August 25 old style) – During the Nine Years' War, the Battle of Hudson's Bay is fought between English and French ships in Hudson Bay near what is now the Canadian province of Manitoba; The French warship Pélican captures York Factory, a trading post of the English Hudson's Bay Company in modern-day Manitoba (Canada).
• September 11 – Battle of Zenta: Prince Eugene of Savoy crushes the Ottoman army of Mustafa II, and effectively ends Turkish hopes of recovering lost ground in Hungary.
• September 17 – Amcazade Köprülü Hüseyin Pasha becomes the new Grand Vizier of the Ottoman Empire in the wake of the disastrous Ottoman defeat at Zenta, replacing Grand Vizier Elmas Mehmed Pasha, who was killed in the battle by his own troops.
• September 20 – The Treaty of Ryswick is signed by France and the Grand Alliance, to end both the Nine Years' War and King William's War. The conflict having been inconclusive, the treaty is proposed because the combatants have exhausted their national treasuries. Louis XIV of France recognises William III as King of England & Scotland, and both sides return territories they have taken in battle. In North America, the treaty returns Port-Royal (Acadia) to France. In practice, the treaty is little more than a truce; it does not resolve any of the fundamental colonial problems, and the peace lasts only five years.

• October 7 – The opera Issé, composed by André Cardinal Destouches with libretto by Antoine Houdar de la Motte, premieres at the Palace of Fontainebleau in France.
• October 16 – The Norwegian Code, promulgated by King Christian V of Denmark for Norway in 1687, is amended to provide for torture of condemned criminals in certain capital offenses in Norway, with permission for burning with hot irons, or cutting off the prisoner's right hand while the prisoner is being transported for decapitation. [68]
• October 19 – Misión Loreto, the first Roman Catholic mission on Mexico's Baja California Peninsula, is founded by Spanish missionary Juan María de Salvatierra.
• October 24 – The first opéra-ballet, combining elements of both mediums of entertainment, is performed as L'Europe galante makes its debut at the Salle du Palais-Royal in Paris. Composed by André Campra, with libretto by Antoine Houdar de la Motte, the opera and ballet is conducted by Marin Marais.
• October 30 – The Nine Years' War, between France and the Grand Alliance (England, Spain, Austria, and the Dutch Republic) comes to an end with the signing of the signing of the last pacts of the Peace of Ryswick in the Dutch city of Rijswijk as Leopold I of Austria accedes two days before a deadline that had been set by the other members of the Grand Alliance. The areas of the Duchy of Lorraine (Lotharingen), Freiburg im Breisgau, and Vieux-Brisach (Breisach) are returned by France to Leopold's control.
• November 18 – Robert Bedingfield, a high-ranking member of the Worshipful Company of Merchant Taylors, is knighted in England by King William III.
• November 24 – The elaborate burial of the late King Charles XI of Sweden takes place more than seven months after his April 5 death, with interment at the Riddarholmen Church on the island of Riddarholmen near Stockholm.
• November 30 – Prince Eugene of Savoy, a field marshal within the Holy Roman Empire, purchases a large tract of land in Vienna for construction of the Belvedere Palace.
• December 2 – First service (to celebrate the Treaty of Ryswick) held in St Paul's Cathedral since rebuilding work after the Great Fire of London began.[69]
• December 7 – Louis, Duke of Burgundy, and Marie Adélaïde of Savoy marry in the royal chapel at the Palace of Versailles in France.
• December 8 – Tsangyang Gyatso is installed in Tibet as the 6th Dalai Lama in a ceremony at Lhasa, filling a vacancy that had existed since 1682. [70]
• December 11 – A ball in the Hall of Mirrors at the Palace of Versailles is held to celebrate the Duke of Burgundy and Marie Adélaïde's wedding.
• December 14 – The coronation ceremony takes place for King Charles XII of Sweden.

• The Manchus of the Qing dynasty conquer Outer Mongolia.
• The British government passes the Trade with Africa Act 1697 (An Act to settle the Trade to Africa), confirming the Royal African Company's loss of monopoly on the Atlantic slave trade.
• Christopher Polhem starts Sweden's first technical school.
• Heinrich Escher, Mayor of Zürich, introduces chocolate to Switzerland from Brussels.[71]
• The use of "litters" (wheel-less transports that carried by four servants) increases in Europe.

• January 1 – The Abenaki tribe and the Massachusetts colonists sign a treaty, ending the conflict in New England.
• January 4 – The Palace of Whitehall in London, England is destroyed by fire.[72]
• January 23 – George Louis (who in 1714 will become King George I of Great Britain) becomes Elector of Hanover upon the death of his father, Ernest Augustus. Because the widow of Ernest Augustus, George's mother Sophia, was heiress presumptive as the cousin of Anne, Queen of Great Britain, and Anne's closest eligible heir, George will become King of Great Britain.
• January 30 – William Kidd, who initially seized foreign ships under authority as a privateer for the British Empire before becoming a pirate, becomes an outlaw and uses his ship, the Adventure Galley, to capture a French an Indian ship, the valuable Quedagh Merchant, near India.
• February 17 – In what is now the Tamil Nadu state of India, the Maratha Empire fort at Gingee falls after a siege of almost nine years by the Mughal Empire as King Rajaram escapes to safety. General Swarup Singh Bundela, who led the scaling of the fortress walls and Gingee's capture, is rewarded by Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb with command of the area. [73]
• March 8 – The Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge, the oldest Anglican mission organization in the world, is founded by English clergyman Thomas Bray and four other people at Lincoln's Inn in London, along with Sir Humphrey Mackworth, Maynard Colchester, Lord Guilford and John Hooke.
• March – English Bishop Jeremy Collier publishes his pamphlet A Short View of the Immorality and Profaneness of the English Stage, accusing several contemporary playwrights of undermining public morality in their popular comedies by using profanity, blasphemy and indecency.
• March – Samuel Cranston becomes the governor of the Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations (now the U.S. state of Rhode Island) and goes on to serve for the next 29 years until his death on April 26, 1727.

• April 1 – Scottish pirate Captain Kidd, and his crew arrive at Île Sainte-Marie off of the coast of Madagascar in Kidd's Adventure Galley and bringing with them the cargo of the captured ships Quedagh Merchant and Rouparelle. Upon arrival, all but 13 of Kidd's crew desert to work for another pirate, Robert Culliford. The Adventure Galley, which is leaking and falling apart, sinks and the Rouparelle is sunk by the deserters. Kidd and his 13 henchmen depart on Quedah Merchant.
• May 1 – The Banishment Act of 1697 goes into effect for Roman Catholic church officials in Ireland, having been the deadline for all "popish archbishops, bishops, vicars general, deans, jesuits, monks, friars, and other regular popish clergy" to have reported to Irish ports for deportation. Re-entry to Ireland after May 4, 1698, is a criminal offense with a penalty of 12 months imprisonment and expulsion, while a second re-entry is punishable by death as treason.
• May 4 – At the imperial capital at Inwa, Sanay Min of the Toungoo dynasty becomes the new King of Burma upon the death of his father, Minye Kyawhtin.
• June 21 – John Churchill, Earl of Marlborough is reinstated in the English Army, after a period in disgrace, with readmission to the Privy Council by King William III. On July 26, he is selected as one of the Lords Justice. [74]
• June 24 – The Trade with Africa Act 1697 goes into effect in the British Empire, ending the monopoly of the Royal African Company in the African slave trade by opening trade to any English merchants who pay a 10 percent fee to the company.

• July 7 – The English House of Commons is dissolved,[75] and new elections are held between July 19 and August 10 for a parliament to be summoned on August 24. [76]
• July 14 – Darien scheme: The first Scottish settlers leave for an ill-fated colony in Panama.
• July 25 – English engineer Thomas Savery obtains a patent for a steam pump.[77]
• August 24 – King William III opens the newly elected House of Commons at Westminster. [76]
• August 25 – Peter the Great arrives back in Moscow; General Patrick Gordon has already crushed the Streltsy Uprising, with 341 rebels sentenced to be decapitated (tradition holds that tsar Peter decapitated some of them himself).
• September 5 –
  • In an effort to move his people away from Asiatic customs, Tsar Peter I of Russia imposes a tax on beards: all men except priests and peasants are required to pay a tax of either 100 or 60 rubles a year, depending upon status; peasants are required to pay two half kopecks each time they enter a city.
  • A charter is granted by King William III of England to the new East India Company of England, called "the New Company" or "the English Company" to break the monopoly that has existed in India since 1689 with the existing British East India Company, after lobbying by traders who were not members of the B.E.I.C. [78]

• October 11 – The Treaty of the Hague is signed between the Dutch Republic, England and France.[79]
• October 24 – Iberville and Bienville sail from Brest to the Gulf of Mexico, to defend the southern borders of New France; they will eventually found three capitals of Louisiana (New France), as the future American cities of Mobile, Biloxi & New Orleans.[80]*
• November 14 – The first Eddystone Lighthouse, built off Plymouth, England, is illuminated.[81]
• November 16 – A congress begins in Sremski Karlovci to discuss a treaty between the Ottoman Empire and the Holy League.
• November – Tani Jinzan, astronomer and calendar scholar, observes a fire destroy Tosa (now Kōchi) in Japan at the same time as a Leonid meteor shower, taking it as evidence to reinforce belief in the "Theory of Areas".
• December 8 – King William III of England issues a proclamation of "our most gracious pardon unto all such pirates in the East Indies, viz., all eastward of the Cape of Good Hope, who shall surrender themselves for piracies or robberies committed by them upon sea or land" before April 30, 1699 to Captain Thomas Warren, but specifically "excepting Henry Every, alias Bridgman, and William Kidd. [82]
• December 9 – Francis Nicholson becomes the new British colonial governor of Virginia, succeeding Sir Edmund Andros. [83] Nicholson had previously been the royal governor of Maryland since 1694.
• December 12 – In Africa, Mombasa (referred to at the time as Fort Jesus, and now part of Kenya )falls under control of the Emirate of Oman, with Imam Sa'if ibn Sultan as the first Omani Governor.

• Bucharest becomes the capital of Wallachia (part of modern-day Romania).
• In Africa, Zanzibar is captured by Oman.
• The Whigs sponsor Captain Kidd of New York as a privateer against French shipping.
• Humphrey Hody is appointed regius professor of Greek at Oxford.

• January 20 – The Parliament of England (under Tory dominance) limits the size of the country's standing army to 7,000 'native born' men;[84] hence, King William III's Dutch Blue Guards cannot serve in the line. By an Act of February 1, it also requires disbandment of foreign troops in Ireland.[85]
• January 26 – The Republic of Venice, Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth and Holy Roman Empire sign the Treaty of Karlowitz with the Ottoman Empire, marking an end to the major phase of the Ottoman–Habsburg wars, including the Morean War between Venice and the Ottomans. The Ottoman Turks cede to Austria all their former territories in Transylvania, Slavonia, Croatia and the whole of Hungary, except for the Banat of Temeswar. The Peloponnese and Dalmatia are ceded to Venice. Large parts of the Ukraine are ceded to Poland. The treaty marks a major geopolitical shift, as the Ottoman Empire subsequently abandons its expansionism and adopts a defensive posture while the Habsburg monarchy expands its influence.
• February 4 – 350 rebellious Streltsy are executed in Moscow.
• March 2 – The Edinburgh Gazette is first published in Scotland.
• March 4 – Jews are expelled from Lübeck, Germany.[86]

• April 13 – The 10th Sikh Master, Guru Gobind Singh, creates the Khalsa at Anandpur Sahib.
• May 1 – Pierre Le Moyne d'Iberville founds the first European settlement in the Mississippi River Valley, at Fort Maurepas (Ocean Springs, Mississippi).
• May 10 – Billingsgate Fish Market in London is sanctioned as a permanent institution, by an Act of Parliament, with the provision "that after the tenth of May, 1699, Billingsgate Market should be, every day in the week except Sunday, a free and open market for all sorts of fish, and that it should be lawful for any person to buy or sell any sort of fish without disturbance." The Nineteenth Century (Henry S. King & Company, 1883) p. 146
• June 11 – England, France and the Dutch Republic agree on the terms of the Treaty of London (1700) (Second Partition Treaty) for Spain.[87]
• June 14 – Thomas Savery demonstrates his first steam pump to the Royal Society of London.

• July 6 – Pirate Captain William Kidd is arrested and imprisoned in Boston, Massachusetts.
• July 26 – William Dampier's expedition to New Holland (Australia), in HMS Roebuck, reaches Dirk Hartog Island, at the mouth of what he calls Shark Bay in Western Australia, and he begins producing the first known detailed record of Australian flora and fauna.[88]
• August 25 – Christian V, King of Denmark–Norway since 1670, dies and is succeeded by his son, Frederick IV (to 1730).
• September 22 – Citizens of Rotterdam, Netherlands strike over the high price of butter.

• October 3 – The Liverpool Merchant, the first slave ship from the port of Liverpool in England, departs to imprison captured West Africans and transport them to the British colonies, arriving in Barbados on September 18, 1700 with 220 slaves.
• October 11 – The opera Marthésie, première reine des Amazones (Marthesia, First Queen of the Amazons), composed by André Cardinal Destouches, is performed for the first time, premiering at Fontainebleau near Paris
• October – An edict by King Louis XIV establishes an office of police magistrate in almost ever village in France, with the title of lieutenant general de police created, providing for nationwide law enforcement. [89]
• November 22 – The Treaty of Preobrazhenskoye, negotiated by Johann Patkul, is signed at a palace of the Tsar of Russia Peter the Great, and representatives of Augustus the Strong, Elector of Saxony, King of Poland and Elector of Saxony to provide for the partition of Swedish Empire between Saxony, the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, the Kingdom of Denmark and the Russia Empire. The attack on Sweden, which takes place on February 22, starts the Great Northern War that will last for more than 21 years.
• December 3 – Baron Jacob Hop is appointed as the treasurer-general of The Hague.
• December 20 – Peter the Great orders the Russian New Year changed, from 1 September to 1 January.

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