Urhobo language

Urhobo is a South-Western Edoid language[2] spoken by the Urhobo people of southern Nigeria.[3][4]

Urhobo
Native toNigeria
RegionDelta and Bayelsa States
EthnicityUrhobo people
Native speakers
(2,000,000 cited 1993)[1]
Niger–Congo?
Language codes
ISO 639-3urh
Glottologurho1239

From the region of Delta and Bayelsa State.[5] They are also known as fishermen.[6] Their neighbours[7] are the Isoko to the South East, the Itsekiri to the West, Ijaw to the South and Ukwuani people to the North East.

Phonology

Urhobo has a rather reduced system of sound inventory[8] compared[9] to proto-Edoid. The inventory of Urhobo consists of seven vowels; which form two harmonic sets,[10] /i e a o u/ and /i ɛ a ɔ u/.[11]

It has a conservative[12] consonant inventory[13] for an Edoid language. It maintains [14]three nasals, and only five oral consonants,[15] /ɺ, l, ʋ, j, w/, have nasal allophones[16] before nasal vowels.[17]

  Labial Labiodental Alveolar Palatal Velar Labio-velar Glottal
Nasal m n ɲ      
Plosive p  b t  d c  ɟ k  ɡ k͡p  ɡ͡b  
Fricative ɸ   f  v s  z ɕ  ʑ   ɣ   h
Trill   r̝        
Flap   ɺ [ɾ̃]        
Approximant   ʋ [ʋ̃] l [n] j [ɲ]   w [ŋʷ]  

Dictionaries

Urhobo dictionaries have been compiled by Ukere, Osubele, Ebireri Okrokoto of Urhobo Language Institute,[18] and Julius Arerierian.[19] A wordlist of Nouns and verbs of Okpe, Urhobo and Uvwie was compiled by Akpobọmẹ Diffrẹ-Odiete with funding from Foundation for Endangered Languages.

Syntax

Urhobo has the SVO constituent order type as illustrated with the example below:

Òtítí

Otiti

ò

3SG

chó

steal.PST

ọhọ

hen

ná

DET

Òtítí ò chó ọhọ ná

Otiti 3SG steal.PST hen DET

‘Otiti stole the hen.’

References
  1. Urhobo at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
  2. Elugbe, B. O. 1989. Edoid: Phonology and Lexicon. Port Harcourt: University of Port Harcourt Press
  3. "Nigeria | History, Population, Flag, Map, Languages, Capital, & Facts | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 2022-03-09.
  4. "Supplemental Information 3: An excerpt from Data Downloads page, where users can download original datasets". dx.doi.org. Retrieved 2022-03-30.
  5. "Bayelsa State Government – The Glory of all Lands". Retrieved 2022-03-10.
  6. van der Hoop, Julie (2017). Effects of added drag on cetaceans : fishing gear entanglement and external tag attachment (Thesis). Woods Hole, MA: Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution. doi:10.1575/1912/8468.
  7. "Definition of neighbor | Dictionary.com". www.dictionary.com. Retrieved 2022-03-10.
  8. "What Is Inventory?". Investopedia. Retrieved 2022-03-10.
  9. "Definition of compare | Dictionary.com". www.dictionary.com. Retrieved 2022-03-11.
  10. Rolle, N. 2013. “Phonetics and phonology of Urhobo.”UC Berkeley Phonology Lab Annual Report, 2013: 281-326.
  11. Archangeli & Pulleyblank, 1994. Grounded phonology, p 181ff
  12. "Conservative - Definition, Meaning & Synonyms". Vocabulary.com. Retrieved 2022-03-11.
  13. "What Is Inventory?". Investopedia. Retrieved 2022-03-10.
  14. "Maintain - Definition, Meaning & Synonyms". Vocabulary.com. Retrieved 2022-03-10.
  15. "consonant | phonetics | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 2022-03-10.
  16. "Definition of allophone | Dictionary.com". www.dictionary.com. Retrieved 2022-03-10.
  17. admin (2016-04-07). "Urhobo Alphabets". Urhobo.UK. Retrieved 2021-09-16.
  18. "Urhobo to English Dictionary" (PDF). urhobolanguageinstitute.com. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 20 November 2016.
  19. Okeke, Chizoro. "Urhobo Dictionary by Ebireri Okrokoto Urhobo Language Institute". {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)

Sources


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