Recognition of same-sex unions in the Americas

Recognition of same-sex unions in the Americas is widespread, with a majority of people in both North America and South America living in jurisdictions providing marriage rights to LGBT citizens.

Part of the LGBT rights series
Marriage
Civil unions and
registered partnerships
Common-law marriage
Minimal recognition
See also
Notes
  1. Performed statewide in 25 of 31 states and in Mexico City, in certain municipalities in one other state, and recognized by all states in such cases.
  2. Performed in the Netherlands proper, including the Caribbean Netherlands. Registered in Aruba, Curaçao and Sint Maarten in such cases, but the rights of marriage are not guaranteed.
  3. Neither performed nor recognized in Niue, Tokelau, or the Cook Islands.
  4. Neither performed nor recognized in six British Overseas Territories.
  5. Neither performed nor recognized in American Samoa or some tribal nations.
  6. Cohabitation. Registered foreign marriages confer limited rights. Marriage recognized in some cities.
  7. Degree of recognition unknown. No actual cases to date.
  8. The Coman v. Romania ruling of the European Court of Justice obliges the state to provide residency rights for the foreign spouses of EU citizens.
  9. Legal guardianships (nationwide, except Hong Kong and Macau), residency rights for foreign spouses of legal residents (Hong Kong).
  10. Unregistered cohabitation or Maitri Karar–type contractual relationships.
  11. Some cities and prefectures issue certificates for same-sex couples, but they are not legally binding.
  12. Foreign same-sex spouses are eligible for a "Non-Tourist Visa" as a dependent.
* Not yet in effect
LGBT portal

In North America, same-sex marriages are recognized and performed in Canada, Costa Rica, the United States,[nb 1] 25 Mexican states, and Mexico City. Elsewhere in Mexico, same-sex marriages are recognized by all states, and same-sex couples may get married in any jurisdiction via court injunction ("amparo").

Same-sex marriages are also performed in the Dutch territories of Bonaire, Sint Eustatius and Saba, the Danish autonomous territory of Greenland, and in all French overseas departments (Guadeloupe, Martinique, Saint Barthélemy, Saint Martin and Saint Pierre and Miquelon). Furthermore, Aruba, Curaçao, and Sint Maarten recognize same-sex marriages performed in the Netherlands, and Aruba also performs domestic partnerships. The British Territories of Bermuda and the Cayman Islands also perform civil partnerships.

In South America, same-sex marriage is currently legal in Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador and Uruguay as well as the jurisdictions of French Guiana, the Falkland Islands and South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands.

On 8 January 2018, the Inter-American Court of Human Rights (IACHR) ruled that the American Convention on Human Rights mandates and requires the legalization of same-sex marriage. The landmark ruling was fully binding on Costa Rica and set a binding precedent in the other signatory countries. The Court recommended that governments issue temporary decrees legalizing same-sex marriage until new legislation is brought in. The ruling applies to Barbados, Bolivia, Costa Rica, the Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, Guatemala, Haiti, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru and Suriname.

Maps
State recognition of same-sex relationships in North America & Hawaii
  Same-sex marriage
  Other type of partnership
  Same-sex marriages recognized, but not performed
  Binding decision overturning a ban on same-sex marriage not in effect
Status of same-sex marriage in the United States
  Performed and recognized
  Recognized when performed elsewhere
  Only recognized by the state and federal governments
  (mixed jurisdiction; not performed by tribal government)
  (mixed jurisdiction; not performed or recognized by tribal government)
Recognition of same-sex unions in South America
  Marriage
  Other type of partnership
  Country subject to IACHR ruling
  Unrecognized
  Constitution limits marriage to opposite-sex couples
  Same-sex sexual activity illegal, though penalties not enforced
Homosexuality laws in Central America and the Caribbean Islands.
  Same-sex marriage
  Other type of partnership
  Unregistered cohabitation
  Country subject to IACHR ruling
  No recognition of same-sex couples
  Constitution limits marriage to opposite-sex couples
  Same-sex sexual activity illegal but law not enforced
Recognition of same-sex unions in the Lesser Antilles
  Same-sex marriage
  Other type of partnership
  Unregistered cohabitation
  No recognition of same-sex couples
  Constitutional ban on same-sex marriage
  Same-sex sexual activity illegal but penalties not enforced
  Island subject to IACHR ruling, penalty not enforced
State recognition of same-sex relationships in Latin America and the Caribbean

Current situation

National level
Status Country Legal since Country population
(Last count, 2015 est.)
Marriage
(9 countries)		 Argentina 2010[1] 43,590,400
Brazil 2013[2] 205,574,000
Canada 2005[3] 35,819,000
Chile 2022[4][5] 18,191,900
Colombia 2016[6] 48,509,200
Costa Rica 2020[7] 4,851,000
Ecuador 2019[8] 16,278,844
United States 2015[9][10] 321,234,000
Uruguay 2013[11] 3,480,222
Subtotal — — 697,528,566
(69.5% of the American population)
Marriage recognized nationwide; legal in some jurisdictions; allowed by injunction in others
(1 country)
† Country subject to IACHR ruling on same-sex marriage		 Mexico † 2010[12] 121,006,000
Subtotal — — 121,006,000
(12.35% of the American population)
Total — — 818,534,566
(83.47% of the American population)
No recognition
(20 countries)
† Country subject to IACHR ruling on same-sex marriage		 Homosexuality is legal
Bahamas — 379,000
Belize — 369,000
Cuba[13] — 11,252,000
El Salvador † — 6,460,000
Guatemala † — 16,176,000
Haiti † — 10,994,000
Nicaragua † — 6,514,000
Panama † — 3,764,000
Peru † — 31,488,700
Suriname † — 534,189
Trinidad and Tobago — 1,357,000
Venezuela — 31,648,930
Homosexuality is illegal but legislation is not enforced
Antigua and Barbuda — 89,000
Barbados † — 283,000
Saint Kitts and Nevis — 46,000
Homosexuality is illegal
Dominica — 71,000
Grenada — 104,000
Guyana — 746,900
Saint Lucia — 172,000
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines — 110,000
Subtotal — — 122,558,719
(12.34% of the American population)
Constitutional ban on marriage
(5 countries)
** Homosexuality is illegal
† Country subject to IACHR ruling on same-sex marriage		 Bolivia † 2009[14] 10,985,059
Dominican Republic † 2010[15] 9,980,000
Honduras † 2005[16][17] 8,950,000
Jamaica** 2011[18] 2,729,000
Paraguay † 1992[19] 6,854,536
Subtotal — — 39,498,595
(3.98% of the American population)
Total — — 162,057,314
(16.52% of the American population)

Sub-national level

[note 1]

Status Country Jurisdiction Legal since
Marriage
(79 jurisdictions)
Denmark 2016
France 2013
Mexico Varies
Netherlands 2012
United Kingdom Varies
United States 2015
Varies
Other type of partnership
(3 jurisdictions)
Mexico Varies
Netherlands 2016
United Kingdom Varies
Marriage recognized,
but not performed
(3 jurisdictions)		 Netherlands 2007
No recognition
(4 jurisdictions)		 United Kingdom —

2018 Inter-American Court of Human Rights ruling

On 9 January 2018, the Inter-American Court of Human Rights issued an advisory opinion that states party to the American Convention on Human Rights must grant same-sex couples accession to all existing domestic legal systems of family registration, including marriage, along with all rights that derive from marriage. The opinion was issued after the Government of Costa Rica sought clarification of its obligations to LGBT people under the convention.[87] The opinion sets precedent for all 23 member states, 19 of which did not recognize same-sex marriage at the time of the ruling: Barbados, Bolivia, Chile, Costa Rica, Dominica, the Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, Guatemala, Grenada, Haiti, Honduras, Jamaica, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, and Suriname. Of these, all but Dominica, Grenada and Jamaica recognize the jurisdiction of the Court.[88] However, states must each individually apply the ruling before it takes effect.

Future legislation

Government proposals or proposals with a parliamentary majority

Cuba: In September 2021, the National Assembly presented a proposal for a new Family Code, including the legalization of same-sex marriage. The new Family Code will have to pass a national referendum,[89] which will likely take place in 2022.

Mexico: A decision of the Mexico Supreme Court on 12 June 2015 ruled that state bans on same-sex marriage were unconstitutional. The court's ruling is a "jurisprudential thesis" and does not invalidate any state laws, meaning same-sex couples denied the right to wed would still have to seek individual injunctions (Spanish: amparo). The ruling standardized the procedures for judges and courts throughout Mexico to approve all applications for same-sex marriage, and made the approval mandatory.[90][91] In September 2018, PRD Senator Juan Zapeda Hernández introduced a draft proposal to legalize same-sex marriage nationwide in Mexico.[92] Debates on same-sex marriage are ongoing in many of the six states that have not yet fully legalized it.

Venezuela: In October 2020, President Nicolás Maduro called on Congress to debate a same-sex marriage bill.[93]

Government proposals or proposals with a parliamentary majority

Barbados: On 15 September 2020, the government announced its intention to pass a form of civil union in order to end discrimination on the island, and also said it would not legislate same-sex marriage without holding a referendum on the issue.[94] The government is also bound by the IACHR ruling on same-sex marriage, and it has not announced plans to repeal the buggery law.

Government proposals or proposals with a parliamentary majority

Panama: On 16 January 2018, the Panamanian Government welcomed the Inter-American Court of Human Rights ruling for same-sex marriage and Vice President Isabel Saint Malo announced that the state would fully abide by it. Official notices, requiring compliance with the ruling, were sent out to various government departments that same day.[95][96] After a change of government, the National Assembly of Panama approved a constitutional amendment to ban same-sex marriage, though the changes were put on hold after a series of popular protests erupted over several controversial proposed constitutional reforms.[97][98][99]

Public opinion
  Indicates the country/territory has legalized same-sex marriage nationwide
  Indicates that same-sex marriage is legal in certain parts of the country
  Indicates that the country has civil unions or registered partnerships
  Indicates that same-sex sexual activity is illegal
Opinion polls for same-sex marriage by country
Country Pollster Year For Against Neutral[lower-alpha 1] Margin
of error		 Source
Antigua and Barbuda AmericasBarometer 2017 12% - - [100]
Argentina Ipsos 2021 73% 10% [101]
Bahamas AmericasBarometer 2014 11% - - [102]
Belize AmericasBarometer 2014 8% - - [102]
Bolivia AmericasBarometer 2017 35% - - [100]
Brazil Ipsos 2021 50% 48% - [101]
Canada Ipsos 2021 75% 8% [101]
Chile Plaza Pública-Cadem 2021 74% 24% 2% [103]
Colombia Ipsos 2021 46% 17% - [101]
Costa Rica CIEP 2018 35% 64% 1% [104]
Cuba Gallup 2019 63.1% 36.9% [105]
Dominica AmericasBarometer 2017 10% - - [100]
Dominican Republic CDN 37 2018 45% 55% - [106]
Ecuador AmericasBarometer 2019 22.9% 51.3% 25.8% [107]
El Salvador Universidad Francisco Gavidia 2021 82.5% [108]
Grenada AmericasBarometer 2017 12% - - [100]
Guatemala AmericasBarometer 2017 23% - - [100]
Guyana AmericasBarometer 2017 21% - - [102]
Haiti AmericasBarometer 2017 5% - - [100]
Honduras CID Gallup 2018 17% 75% 8% [109]
Jamaica AmericasBarometer 2017 16% - - [100]
Mexico Ipsos 2021 63% 10% - [101]
Nicaragua AmericasBarometer 2017 25% - - [100]
Panama AmericasBarometer 2017 22% - - [100]
Paraguay AmericasBarometer 2017 26% - - [100]
Peru Ipsos 2021 35% 18% [101]
Saint Kitts and Nevis AmericasBarometer 2017 9% - - [100]
Saint Lucia AmericasBarometer 2017 11% - - [100]
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines AmericasBarometer 2017 4% - - [100]
Suriname AmericasBarometer 2014 18% - - [102]
Trinidad and Tobago AmericasBarometer 2014 16% - - [102]
United States Ipsos 2021 59% 15% [101]
Uruguay Equipos Consultores 2020 59% 28% 13% [110]
Venezuela AmericasBarometer 2017 39% - - [100]
Opinion polls for same-sex marriage by dependent territory and sub-national entities
Country Pollster Year For Against Neutral[lower-alpha 1] Margin
of error		 Source
Aguascalientes INEGI 2017 - 35.9% - [111]
Baja California INEGI 2017 - 30.7% - [111]
Baja California Sur INEGI 2017 - 42.1% - [111]
Bermuda OUTBermuda 2020 53% 35% 11% [112]
Campeche INEGI 2017 - 56.1% - [111]
Chiapas INEGI 2017 - 58.7% - [111]
Chihuahua INEGI 2017 - 36.4% - [111]
Coahuila INEGI 2017 - 46.8% - [111]
Colima INEGI 2017 - 39.2% - [111]
Durango INEGI 2017 - 38.8% - [111]
Guanajuato INEGI 2017 - 38.7% - [111]
Guerrero INEGI 2017 - 54% - [111]
Hidalgo INEGI 2017 - 41.7% - [111]
Jalisco INEGI 2017 - 34.2% - [111]
Mexico City INEGI 2017 - 28.6% - [111]
Michoacán INEGI 2017 - 46% - [111]
Morelos INEGI 2017 - 38.5% - [111]
Nayarit INEGI 2017 - 38.8% - [111]
Nuevo León INEGI 2017 - 44.4% - [111]
Oaxaca INEGI 2017 - 52.2% - [111]
Puebla INEGI 2017 - 37.1% - [111]
Puerto Rico Pew Research Center 2014 33% 55% 12% [113]
Querétaro INEGI 2017 - 32.4% - [111]
Quintana Roo INEGI 2017 - 37.9% - [111]
San Luis Potosí INEGI 2017 - 38.6% - [111]
Sinaloa INEGI 2017 - 37.7% - [111]
Sonora INEGI 2017 - 31.4% - [111]
State of Mexico INEGI 2017 - 33.8% - [111]
Tabasco INEGI 2017 - 56.5% - [111]
Tamaulipas INEGI 2017 - 44.4% - [111]
Tlaxcala INEGI 2017 - 43.9% - [111]
Veracruz INEGI 2017 - 54.3% - [111]
Yucatán INEGI 2017 - 43% - [111]
Zacatecas INEGI 2017 - 37.4% - [111]

See also

Notes
  1. Excluding certain Native American tribes. (Same-sex marriage is legal at least in 42 of them)
  1. Note: While listed here under “subnational level,” US Tribes are considered Nations both in a legal sense and when it comes to preferred language. The United States Government recognizes US Tribal Nations as “Domestic Dependent Nations” under the law in a government-to government relationship. Tribal nations exercise sovereignty, though Congress has ultimate authority under the Plenary Power Doctrine which is why tribal nations are placed here under an imperfect multi-purpose umbrella term[20][21][22]
  1. Also comprises: Don't know; No answer; Other; Refused.

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