Wind power in Turkey

Wind power generates about 10% of Turkey's electricity, mainly in the west in the Aegean and Marmara regions, and is gradually becoming a larger share of renewable energy in the country. As of 2022 Turkey has 11 gigawatts (GW) of wind turbines.[1] The Energy Ministry plans to have another 10GW installed in the 2020s,[2] but the International Energy Agency says that is not enough,[3] and there is techno-economic potential for much more.[3]

Average annual wind speeds at 50 m above ground

The state-owned Electricity Generation Company (EÜAŞ) has about 20% of the market,[4] and there are many private companies.[1] The highest ever daily share of wind was 25%, in 2022.[5]

Building new wind and solar power in Turkey is cheaper than running existing coal plants which depend on imported coal.[6] And according to modelling by Carbon Tracker new wind will be cheaper than all existing coal plants by 2027.[7][8]

History
Historical wind mill in Bodrum
Most wind power is in the west and Bozcaada island is very far west

The first wind farm was built in Izmir in 1998.[9] A wind turbine factory was completed in 2019, also in İzmir.[10]: 57  19 MW of wind power was installed by 2006, almost 140 MW by 2007, then 1,265 MW at the end of 2010 and 1,645 MW by 2011. In 2020 1.6 billion euros were invested in wind power.[11] Hybrid generation became more popular in the early 2020s.[12]

Current and planned capacity

Capacity factor is high.[13] In 2021 total installed capacity passed 10 GW.[1] There are about 300 wind farms, all on shore,[14] totalling about 4000 wind turbines.[15] Some high wind speed areas are on bird migration routes.[13] It has been estimated that there is potential for about 240 million tons of green hydrogen to be electrolysed by wind power.[16] For an off grid zero energy house an islanded hybrid system with solar and battery has been suggested.[17] Over half of the supply chain is local, from about 80 companies.[11] In 2021 the sector was estmated to employ 18 thousand people.[11] The company with the most wind power (nine wind farms as of 2022) is Borusan EnBW Enerji, a joint venture between Borusan and Germany power utility Energie Baden-Wurttemberg.[18] A HVDC link from the windy islands of Bozcaada and Gokceada to Istanbul has been suggested.[19]

Offshore wind

Technical potential is 12 GW fixed and 63GW floating.[10]: 61  There is collaboration with Denmark to plan offshore wind power,[20] the Marmara Sea is considered most suitable,[21] but the Black Sea is also possible location,[22] as is the Aegean near Çanakkale.[23] Floating turbines have been modelled because off many coasts depths increase quickly.[24] A 2022 study suggested that the grid code needed improvements.[25]

Economics

The Turkish Wind Energy Association said in 2021 that over 20 thousand people were directly employed by the sector.[26] Green hydrogen production may be viable.[27]

Feed in tariff

From 2005 there was a feed-in tariff in lira, but from 2011 to 2020 it was in dollars and then lira again but with different rules.[13] The feed in tariff applies for 10 years.[13] There are extra payments for domestic content.[11] The maximum power of unlicensed installations is 5 MW.[13]

Auctions

In 2017, the Ministry of Energy and Natural Resources launched a US$1 billion wind power investment project, and issued a request for tender. The project, titled YEKA, was for wind farms in five different regions in the country with a total power capacity of 1 GW and at least 3 TWh energy generated annually,[28] an extra 1% of electricity in Turkey.

The German-Turkish consortium of Siemens-Türkerler-Kalyon bid lowest at 34.8 US$ per MWh. The consortium will carry out research and development, for ten years, on wind turbine blades, generator design, material technologies and production techniques, software and innovative gearboxes. The R&D activities will be performed by fifty technical personnel consisting of 80% domestic engineers, with a budget of US$5 million per year.[28]

In 2019 the second 1GW tender was won for 4 equal capacity projects in Balıkesir, Çanakkale, Aydın and Muğla.[29]

In 2019 the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development invested US$100 million in wind and solar power in Turkey.[30] As of 2020 auction prices were around US$40 per MWh.[31] Nacelles are manufactured locally by Siemens,[32] but most wind turbines are imported.[13]

Electricity generation by wind (green) is increasing

See also

References
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