List of Symphyotrichum species

NatureServe conservation categories
NatureServe conservation categories
Conservation status
GX	Presumed Extinct (0 species)
GH	Possibly Extinct (0 species)
G1	Critically Imperiled (3 species)
G2	Imperiled (9 species)
G3	Vulnerable (7 species)
G4	Apparently Secure (21 species)
G5	Secure (37 species)
Other categories
GNA	Not Applicable (8 species)
GNR	Not Ranked (0 species)
NL	Not listed (25 species)

Symphyotrichum genus
	Some Symphyotrichum species left–right, top–bottom are shown: S. carnerosanum, S. chilense, S. adnatum, S. lateriflorum, S. concolor, S. ericoides, S. defoliatum, S. ciliatum, S. novae-angliae.
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Plantae
Clade:	Tracheophytes
Clade:	Angiosperms
Clade:	Eudicots
Clade:	Asterids
Order:	Asterales
Family:	Asteraceae
Subfamily:	Asteroideae
Tribe:	Astereae
Subtribe:	Symphyotrichinae
Genus:	Symphyotrichum; Nees

Symphyotrichum is a genus of flowering plants in the tribe Astereae which includes the commonly cultivated New York aster (S. novi-belgii) and New England aster (S. novae-angliae). Its species are widespread in the Americas, including as far north as subarctic North America to as far south as Chile, Argentina, and the Falkland Islands. One species has a native range extending into eastern Eurasia.

Most of the species in the genus are perennials. The flower heads have white, pink, purple, or blue ray florets surrounding white to yellow disk florets. The disk floret corollas become pink, purple, or brown after pollination. The three species in section Conyzopsis have reduced or absent ray florets.[1]

Symphyotrichum is the type genus of subtribe Symphyotrichinae.[2] There are 98 species in the genus, some with varieties, and twelve named hybrids. The genus is split into five subgenera: Chapmaniana, Astropolium, Virgulus, Ascendentes, and Symphyotrichum. Most of the species had been classified within the genus Aster until it was confirmed to be polyphyletic. The American asters now are separated into monophyletic genera based on multiple phylogenetic studies.

Conventions

NatureServe conservation categories

Conservation status codes follow the NatureServe conservation (NS) rounded global status scheme. Hybrids have a column for parents in place of conservation status. Not listed (NL) is not a NatureServe category but is used here to represent those left out of global status rankings up to G5 (including GNA and GNR) and those not in NatureServe. Type species for each clade are in a separate table.

Legend
Scientific name and picture	Author citation	Basionym	Year	Common name(s) [and varieties]	NS	Habitat	Distribution
Abbreviated scientific name, link to species article,[lower-alpha 1] and picture, if available	Author citation	Basionym	Year of the original species description	Common name(s) and varieties, if applicable	NatureServe rounded global conservation status	Habitat	Distribution map

Classification

Classification of Symphyotrichum

Subtribe Symphyotrichinae contains six genera. In addition to Symphyotrichum, these are Almutaster, Ampelaster, Canadanthus, Psilactis,[3] and Sanrobertia,[4] with Symphyotrichum being the largest at 98 species and twelve named hybrids. The cladogram presented here for the subtribe is based on a combination of cytotaxonomic and morphologic data reported in multiple studies.[3][4][5]

	Almutaster

	Psilactis

Symphyotrichum

(other subtribes)

Classification within Symphyotrichum

Most of the species had been classified within the genus Aster until it was confirmed to be polyphyletic. The American asters were then separated based on morphological characteristics and phylogenetic studies.[6][7] S. novae-angliae and S. turbinellum are monotypic within sections. S. novae-angliae is classified in the subgenus Virgulus. In 1994, it was placed in section Grandiflori, subsection Polyligulae.[8] In 2002, it was segregated within its own section Polyliguli.[9] The list follows the 2002 circumscription of section Polyliguli for the species. S. turbinellum is classified in the subgenus Symphyotrichum. It has been placed within its own section Turbinelli.[9] It was previously placed in section Symphyotrichum, subsection Turbinelli.[10] The list follows the more recent circumscription of section Turbinelli for the species.

Clades

Symphyotrichum subg. Chapmaniana (Semple) Semple[9]
Symphyotrichum subg. Astropolium (Nutt.) Semple[9]
Symphyotrichum subg. Virgulus (Raf.) G.L.Nesom[11]
- sect. Ericoidei (Torr. & A.Gray) G.L.Nesom[12]
- sect. Patentes (Torr. & A.Gray) G.L.Nesom[12]
  - subsect. Brachyphylli (Torr. & A.Gray) G.L.Nesom[12]
  - subsect. Patentes[12]
- sect. Grandiflori (Torr. & A.Gray) G.L.Nesom[8]
  - subsect. Mexicanae G.L.Nesom[8]
  - subsect. Grandiflori (Torr. & A.Gray) G.L.Nesom[8]
- sect. Polyliguli (Semple & Brouillet) Semple[9]
- sect. Concolores (Torr. & A.Gray) G.L.Nesom[13]
Symphyotrichum subg. Ascendentes (Rydb.) Semple[9]
Symphyotrichum subg. Symphyotrichum[14]
- sect. Conyzopsis (Torr. & A.Gray) G.L.Nesom[15]
- sect. Occidentales (Rydb.) G.L.Nesom[15]
- sect. Turbinelli (Rydb.) Semple[9]
- sect. Symphyotrichum[16]
  - subsect. Dumosi (Torr. & A.Gray) G.L.Nesom[10]
  - subsect. Heterophylli (Nees) Semple[9]
    - series Concinni (Nees) Semple[9]
    - series Cordifolii (G.Don in Loudon) Semple[9]
  - subsect. Porteriani (Rydb.) G.L.Nesom[17]
  - subsect. Symphyotrichum
    - series Punicei (House) Semple[9]
    - series Symphyotrichum

Type species
Clade	Type species	Source
Genus Symphyotrichum	S. novi-belgii	[14]
Subgenus Chapmaniana	S. chapmanii	[9]
Subgenus Astropolium	S. tenuifolium	[9]
Subgenus Virgulus	S. concolor	[11]
Section Ericoidei	S. ericoides	[12]
Section Patentes	S. patens	[12]
Subsection Brachyphylli	S. walteri	[12]
Subsection Patentes	S. patens	[12]
Section Grandiflori	S. grandiflorum	[8]
Subsection Mexicanae	S. moranense	[8]
Subsection Grandiflori	S. grandiflorum	[8]
Section Polyliguli	S. novae-angliae	[9]
Section Concolores	S. concolor	[13]
Subgenus Ascendentes	S. ascendens	[9]
Subgenus Symphyotrichum	S. novi-belgii	[16]
Section Conyzopsis	S. ciliatum	[15]
Section Occidentales	S. spathulatum	[15]
Section Turbinelli	S. turbinellum	[9]
Section Symphyotrichum	S. novi-belgii	[16]
Subsection Dumosi	S. dumosum	[10]
Subsection Heterophylli	S. cordifolium	[9]
Series Concinni	S. laeve	[9]
Series Cordifolii	S. cordifolium	[9]
Subsection Porteriani	S. porteri	[17]
Subsection Symphyotrichum	S. novi-belgii
Series Punicei	S. puniceum	[9]
Series Symphyotrichum	S. novi-belgii

Species classifications

Symphyotrichum

subg. Chapmaniana

S. chapmanii

subg. Astropolium

	S. divaricatum

	S. glabrifolium

	S. graminifolium

	S. martii

	S. parviflorum

	S. patagonicum

	S. peteroanum

	S. potosinum

	S. regnellii

	S. subulatum

	S. tenuifolium

	S. vahlii

subg. Virgulus

sect. Ericoidei

	S. ericoides

	S. falcatum

sect. Patentes

subsect. Brachyphylli

	S. adnatum

	S. walteri

subsect. Patentes

	S. georgianum

	S. patens

	S. phlogifolium

sect. Grandiflori

subsect. Mexicanae

	S. bimater

	S. chihuahuense

	S. hintonii

	S. moranense

	S. purpurascens

	S. trilineatum

	S. turneri

subsect. Grandiflori

	S. campestre

	S. estesii

	S. fendleri

	S. fontinale

	S. grandiflorum

	S. oblongifolium

	S. pygmaeum

	S. yukonense

sect. Polyliguli

S. novae-angliae

sect. Concolores

	S. concolor

	S. lucayanum

	S. plumosum

	S. pratense

	S. sericeum

subg. Ascendentes

	S. ascendens

	S. defoliatum

subg. Symphyotrichum

sect. Conyzopsis

	S. ciliatum

	S. frondosum

	S. laurentianum

sect. Occidentales

	S. chilense

	S. eatonii

	S. foliaceum

	S. greatae

	S. hallii

	S. hendersonii

	S. jessicae

	S. lentum

	S. molle

	S. spathulatum

	S. subspicatum

sect. Turbinelli

S. turbinellum

sect. Symphyotrichum

subsect. Dumosi

	S. boreale

	S. bullatum

	S. burgessii

	S. carnerosanum

	S. dumosum

	S. eulae

	S. lanceolatum

	S. lateriflorum

	S. leone

	S. nahanniense

	S. ontarionis

	S. praealtum

	S. racemosum

	S. schaffneri

	S. simmondsii

	S. tradescantii

	S. welshii

subsect. Heterophylli

ser. Concinni

	S. laeve

	S. oolentangiense

ser. Cordifolii

	S. anomalum

	S. ciliolatum

	S. cordifolium

	S. drummondii

	S. shortii

	S. undulatum

	S. urophyllum

subsect. Porteriani

	S. depauperatum

	S. parviceps

	S. pilosum

	S. porteri

	S. priceae

subsect. Symphyotrichum

ser. Punicei

	S. elliottii

	S. firmum

	S. prenanthoides

	S. puniceum

	S. rhiannon

ser. Symphyotrichum

	S. anticostense

	S. novi-belgii

	S. retroflexum

	S. robynsianum

Species list

Subgenus Chapmaniana

Subgenus *Chapmaniana* (Semple) Semple[9] – one species
Scientific name and picture	Author citation [18]	Basionym [19]	Year [19]	Common name(s) [20]	NS [21]	Habitat [20]	Distribution
S. chapmanii	(Torr. & A.Gray) Semple & Brouillet	Aster chapmanii	1841	Savanna aster	G2	Wetlands, bogs, acid swamps 0–30 m (0–100 ft)	[22]

Subgenus Astropolium

Subgenus *Astropolium* (Nutt.) Semple[9] – twelve species
Scientific name and picture	Author citation [18]	Basionym [19]	Year [19]	Common name(s) and varieties	NS [21]	Habitat	Distribution [18]
S. divaricatum	(Nutt.) G.L.Nesom	Tripolium divaricatum	1840	Southern annual saltmarsh asterCITEREFUSDA2021	G5	Marshy habitats, roadsides, lawns, and waste places 0–1,500 m (0–4,921 ft)[20]	[23][24]
S. glabrifolium	(DC.) G.L.Nesom	Erigeron glabrifolius	1836		NL	Wet meadows and stream edges 1,500–2,400 m (4,920–7,870 ft)[25]	[25]
S. graminifolium	(Spreng.) G.L.Nesom	Conyza graminifolia	1826		NL	Humid places[26]
S. martii	(Baker) G.L.Nesom	Aster martii	1882		NL	Cerrado savanna, grasslands[27]	[27]
S. parviflorum	(Nees) G.L.Nesom	Aster parviflorus	1818	Southwestern annual saltmarsh aster[28]	NL	Marshy habitats and roadsides 0–1,100 m (0–3,609 ft)[29]	[30]
S. patagonicum	(Cabrera) G.L.Nesom	Aster patagonicus	1971		NL	Mallines and lagoon edges 500–2,500 m (1,640–8,200 ft)[31]	[31]
S. peteroanum	(Phil.) G.L.Nesom	Aster peteroanus	1894		NL	Humid montane ecosystems 1,000–2,200 m (3,280–7,220 ft)[32]	[32]
S. potosinum	(A.Gray) G.L.Nesom	Aster potosinus	1880	Santa Rita Mountain aster[20]	G2	Muddy and wet soils on stream banks 1,500–1,900 m (4,920–6,230 ft)[20]	[21][33]
S. regnellii	(Baker) G.L.Nesom	Aster regnellii	1882		NL	Swamps or damp savanna soils[34]	[34][18]
S. subulatum	(Michx.) G.L.Nesom	Aster subulatus	1803	Annual saltmarsh aster Eastern annual saltmarsh aster[20] Three varieties[35] S. s. var. subulatum S. s. var. elongatum (Bahaman aster) S. s. var. squamatum (southeastern annual saltmarsh aster)	G5	Brackish marshes, salt marshes, roadsides 0–4,000 m (0–13,120 ft)[35]
S. tenuifolium	(L.) G.L.Nesom	Aster tenuifolius	1753	Perennial saltmarsh aster[20] Two varieties[36] S. t. var. tenuifolium S. t. var. aphyllum (Brace’s aster)	G5	Coastal salt marshes, brackish marshes, low pine woods 0–10 m (0–30 ft)[36]
S. vahlii	(Gaudich.) G.L.Nesom	Erigeron vahlii	1825	Margarita Marsh daisy[37] Two varieties[18] S. v. var. vahlii S. v. var. tenuifolium	NL	Grassland, heathland, peaty soil, sandy soil 20–1,200 m (70–3,940 ft)[38]

Subgenus Virgulus

Subgenus Virgulus (Raf.) G.L.Nesom[11]

Section Ericoidei

Section *Ericoidei* (Torr. & A.Gray) G.L.Nesom[12] – two species
Scientific name and picture	Author citation [18]	Basionym [19]	Year [19]	Common name(s) and varieties [20]	NS [21]	Habitat	Distribution
S. ericoides	(L.) G.L.Nesom	Aster ericoides	1753	White heath aster Two varieties[18] S. e. var. ericoides S. e. var. pansum	G5	Open locations with sandy, gravelly, or disturbed soil 30–2,400 m (100–7,870 ft)[39]	[18][40]
S. falcatum	(Lindl.) G.L.Nesom	Aster falcatus	1834	Western heath aster White prairie aster Two varieties[18] S. f. var. falcatum S. f. var. commutatum	G5	Well-drained soils, stream banks and slopes, and others 200–2,500 m (660–8,200 ft)[39]	[18][41]

Section Patentes

Section Patentes (Torr. & A.Gray) G.L.Nesom[12]

Subsection Brachyphylli

Subsection *Brachyphylli* (Torr. & A.Gray) G.L.Nesom[12] – two species
Scientific name and picture	Author citation [18]	Basionym [19]	Year [19]	Common name(s) [20]	NS [21]	Habitat [20]	Distribution [18]
S. adnatum	(Nutt.) G.L.Nesom	Aster adnatus	1834	Scaleleaf aster	G4	Sandy soils, scrub, woods 0–100 m (0–330 ft)
S. walteri	(Alexander) G.L.Nesom	Aster walteri	1933	Walter's aster	G4	Sandy and clay soils, woods edges, open areas 0–100 m (0–330 ft)

Subsection Patentes

Subsection *Patentes* – three species
Scientific name and picture	Author citation [18]	Basionym [19]	Year [19]	Common name(s) and varieties [20]	NS [21]	Habitat [20]	Distribution [18]
S. georgianum	(Alexander) G.L.Nesom	Aster georgianus	1933	Georgia aster	G3	Sandy or clay soil, woodlands, mostly Piedmont 0–300 m (0–980 ft)
S. patens	(Aiton) G.L.Nesom	Aster patens	1789	Late purple aster Spreading aster Three varieties[18] S. p. var. patens S. p. var. gracile S. p. var. patentissimum	G5	Dry woodlands, sandy or clay soils, fields 0–1,000 m (0–3,280 ft)[39]	[18][42]
S. phlogifolium	(Muhl. ex Willd.) G.L.Nesom	Aster phlogifolius	1803	Thinleaf late purple aster	G5	Various soils, rich mesic hardwood forests 0–1,100 m (0–3,610 ft)

Section Grandiflori

Section Grandiflori (Torr. & A.Gray) G.L.Nesom[8]

Subsection Mexicanae

Subsection *Mexicanae* G.L.Nesom[8] – seven species
Scientific name and picture	Author citation [18]	Basionym [19]	Year [19]	NS [21]	Habitat	Distribution
S. bimater	(Standl. & Steyerm.) G.L.Nesom	Aster bimater	1944	NL	Pine-oak woods, ravines, slopes, grassy openings 1,000–2,150 m (3,280–7,050 ft)[43]	[43]
S. chihuahuense	G.L.Nesom		2018	NL	Grassland, oak-pine woods 1,800–2,500 m (5,910–8,200 ft)[44]	[44]
S. hintonii	(G.L.Nesom) G.L.Nesom	Aster hintonii	1989	NL	Oak and oak-pine woods 1,400–2,200 m (4,590–7,220 ft)[45]	[45]
S. moranense	(Kunth) G.L.Nesom	Aster moranensis	1818	NL	Grassland, woodlands 1,000–2,750 m (3,280–9,020 ft)[46]	[46]
S. purpurascens	(Sch.Bip.) G.L.Nesom	Aster purpurascens	1854	NL	Open woods 1,500–2,850 m (4,920–9,350 ft)[47]	[44]
S. trilineatum	(Sch.Bip. ex Klatt) G.L.Nesom	Aster trilineatus	1884	NL	Mountains (sierra)[48] 975–2,840 m (3,200–9,320 ft)[49]	[49][18]
S. turneri	(S.D.Sundb. & A.G.Jones) G.L.Nesom	Aster moranensis var. turneri	1986	NL	Woods, along waterways, and in wet pastures 2,050–2,750 m (6,730–9,020 ft)[45]	[45]

Subsection Grandiflori

Subsection *Grandiflori* (Torr. & A.Gray) G.L.Nesom[8] – eight species
Scientific name and picture	Author citation [18]	Basionym [19]	Year [19]	Common name(s) [20]	NS [21]	Habitat [20]	Distribution [18]
S. campestre	(Nutt.) G.L.Nesom	Aster campestris	1840	Western meadow aster	G5	Dry habitats, rocky and sandy soils near ponds and streams 1,500–2,500 m (4,920–8,200 ft)
S. estesii	Semple[50]		2019[50]	May Prairie aster Estes's aster[51]	G1	Hydroxeric soils in open, sunny, flat prairies Approx. 330 m (1,070 ft)[lower-alpha 2][52]	May Prairie State Natural Area Coffee County, Tennessee (US)[51]
S. fendleri	(A.Gray) G.L.Nesom	Aster fendleri	1849	Fendler's aster	G4	Open, sandy, silty, shaly, often rocky soils and similar 600–2,000 m (1,970–6,560 ft)
S. fontinale	(Alexander) G.L.Nesom	Aster fontinalis	1933	Florida water aster	G3	Marshes, sandhills, hammocks, flood plains, streams 0–50 m (0–160 ft)	[53][54][55]
S. grandiflorum	(L.) G.L.Nesom	Aster grandiflorus	1753	Large-flowered aster	G4	Sandy soils and hills, thickets, roadsides 0–200 m (0–660 ft) and higher
S. oblongifolium	(Nutt.) G.L.Nesom	Aster oblongifolius	1818	Aromatic aster Oblong-leaved aster	G5	Open and dry, rocky or sandy soils 100–1,500 m (330–4,920 ft)	[20]
S. pygmaeum	(Lindl.) Brouillet & Selliah	Aster pygmaeus	1834	Pygmy aster	G4	Sandy or silty wet areas, gravelly tundra, tundra slopes 0–200 m (0–660 ft)	[56]
S. yukonense	(Cronquist) G.L.Nesom	Aster yukonensis	1945	Yukon aster	G3	Mud flats, rocky or silty lakeshores 300–1,500 m (980–4,920 ft)	[57]

Section Polyliguli

Section *Polyliguli* (Semple & Brouillet) Semple[9] – one species
Scientific name and picture	Author citation [18]	Basionym [19]	Year [19]	Common name(s) [20]	NS [21]	Habitat [20]	Distribution [20]
S. novae-angliae	(L.) G.L.Nesom	Aster novae-angliae	1753	New England aster	G5	Open, typically moist habitats 0–1,600 m (0–5,250 ft)

Section Concolores

Section *Concolores* (Torr. & A.Gray) G.L.Nesom[13] – five species
Scientific name and picture	Author citation [18]	Basionym [19]	Year [19]	Common name(s) and varieties [20]	NS [21]	Habitat [20]	Distribution [18]
S. concolor	(L.) G.L.Nesom	Aster concolor	1753	Eastern silver aster Two varieties[18] S. c. var. concolor S. c. var. devestitum	G5	Scrub, flatwoods, fields, roadsides 0–600 m (0–1,970 ft)[39]
S. lucayanum	(Britton) G.L.Nesom	Aster lucayanus	1906	Pineland aster[58]	NL	Pine woodlands and wetland edges[58] 0–12 m (0–40 ft)[lower-alpha 3]	Endemic to the island of Grand Bahama[58]
S. plumosum	(Small) Semple	Aster plumosus	1924		G2	Deep, sandy soils, pine flatwoods, pine-scrub oak woods 0–40 m (0–130 ft)	[21]
S. pratense	(Raf.) G.L.Nesom	Aster pratensis	1817	Barrens silky aster	G4	Prairies and fields, woodland and scrub, roadsides 0–500 m (0–1,640 ft)
S. sericeum	(Vent.) G.L.Nesom	Aster sericeus	1800	Western silvery aster	G5	Many open habitats 100–500 m (330–1,640 ft)

Subgenus Virgulus named hybrids

Subgenus *Virgulus* named hybrids – three
Scientific name and picture	Author citation [18]	Basionym [19]	Year [19]	Common name(s)	Parents	Habitat
S. × amethystinum	(Nutt.) G.L.Nesom	Aster amethystinus	1840	Amethyst aster[59]	S. ericoides × S. novae-angliae[60]	Prairies or fields, disturbed ground, near parent plants 200–400 m (660–1,310 ft)[59]
S. × batesii	(Rydb.) G.L.Nesom	Aster batesii	1931		S. ericoides × S. oblongifolium[61]
S. × columbianum	(Piper) G.L.Nesom	Aster columbianus	1913		S. campestre × S. ericoides[62]

Subgenus Ascendentes

Subgenus *Ascendentes* (Rydb.) Semple[9] – two species
Scientific name and picture	Author citation [18]	Basionym [19]	Year [19]	Common name(s) [20]	NS [21]	Habitat	Distribution
S. ascendens	(Lindl.) G.L.Nesom	Aster ascendens	1834	Long-leaved aster Intermountain aster Western aster	G5	Grasslands, sagebrush steppe, meadows 500–3,200 m (1,640–10,500 ft)[20]	[18]
S. defoliatum	(Parish) G.L.Nesom	Aster defoliatus	1904	San Bernardino aster	G2	Seeps, marshes, swamps, meadows, montane forests, coastal scrubs[63] 0–2,050 m (0–6,730 ft)[64]	[64]

Section Conyzopsis

Section *Conyzopsis* (Torr. & A.Gray) G.L.Nesom[15] – three species
Scientific name and picture	Author citation [18]	Basionym [19]	Year [19]	Common name(s) [20]	NS [21]	Habitat [20]	Distribution [20]
S. ciliatum	(Ledeb.) G.L.Nesom	Erigeron ciliatus	1829	Rayless annual aster Rayless alkali aster	G5	Moist prairies, steppes, salty areas (natural or manmade) 0–2,000 m (0–6,560 ft)	[18]
S. frondosum	(Nutt.) G.L.Nesom	Tripolium frondosum	1840	Short-rayed alkali aster	G4	Wet meadows, marshes, saline conditions 10–2,200 m (30–7,220 ft)
S. laurentianum	(Fernald) G.L.Nesom	Aster laurentianus	1914	Gulf of St. Lawrence aster	G1	Brackish or salty marshes, shores, and dunes Sea level (0 m (0 ft))

Section Occidentales

Section *Occidentales* (Rydb.) G.L.Nesom[15] – eleven species
Scientific name and picture	Author citation [18]	Basionym [19]	Year [19]	Common name(s) and varieties [20]	NS [21]	Habitat [20]	Distribution [18]
S. chilense	(Nees) G.L.Nesom	Aster chilensis	1832	Pacific aster Common California aster	G5	Coastal salt marshes, dunes and banks, grasslands, coniferous forests 0–500 m (0–1,640 ft)	[20][65]
S. eatonii	(A.Gray) G.L.Nesom	Aster foliaceus var. eatonii	1884	Eaton's aster	G5	Sunny wetlands 500–3,100 m (1,640–10,170 ft)
S. foliaceum	(Lindl. ex DC.) G.L.Nesom	Aster foliaceus	1836	Alpine leafybract aster Leafy aster Leafy-bracted aster Five varieties[18] S. f. var. foliaceum S. f. var. apricum S. f. var. canbyi S. f. var. cusickii (Cusick's aster)[lower-alpha 4][66] S. f. var. parryi	G5	Meadows, open areas in woods, slopes, grasslands 1,000–3,600 m (3,280–11,810 ft)[39][66]
S. greatae	(Parish) G.L.Nesom	Aster greatae	1902	Greata's aster[67]	G2	Damp places in canyons of the south slopes of the San Gabriel Mountains of California 300–2,000 m (980–6,560 ft)[67]	[67]
S. hallii	(A.Gray) G.L.Nesom	Aster hallii	1872	Hall's aster	G4	Grasslands and meadows with summer dryness 0–500 m (0–1,640 ft)	[68][20]
S. hendersonii	(Fernald) G.L.Nesom	Aster hendersonii	1895	Henderson's aster	G4	Meadows, forest openings, banks 1,000–1,500 m (3,280–4,920 ft) and higher	[20]
S. jessicae	(Piper) G.L.Nesom	Aster jessicae	1898	Jessica's aster	G2	Dry grasslands, meadows, banks, woodland openings 500–1,200 m (1,640–3,940 ft)	[20][69]
S. lentum	(Greene) G.L.Nesom	Aster lentus	1894	Suisun marsh aster	G2	Freshwater marshes and swamps[70] 0–300 m (0–980 ft)[71]	[70]
S. molle	(Rydb.) G.L.Nesom	Aster mollis	1901	Soft aster	G3	Dry montane meadows 2,000–3,000 m (6,560–9,840 ft)	[72][20]
S. spathulatum	(Lindl.) G.L.Nesom	Aster spathulatus	1834	Western mountain aster Three varieties[73] S. s. var. spathulatum S. s. var. intermedium S. s. var. yosemitanum (western bog aster)	G5	Montane meadows, open woodlands 100–2,900 m (330–9,510 ft)[73]
S. subspicatum	(Nees) G.L.Nesom	Aster subspicatus	1832	Douglas's aster	G5	Disturbed and weedy open areas, marshes, thickets 0–1,000 m (0–3,280 ft)

Section Turbinelli

Section *Turbinelli* (Rydb.) Semple[9] – one species
Scientific name and picture	Author citation [18]	Basionym [19]	Year [19]	Common name(s) [20]	NS [21]	Habitat [20]	Distribution [20]
S. turbinellum	(Lindl.) G.L.Nesom	Aster turbinellus	1835	Prairie aster	G4	Generally dry, acidic soils 60–900 m (200–2,950 ft)

Subsection Dumosi

Subsection *Dumosi* (Torr. & A.Gray) G.L.Nesom[10] – seventeen species
Scientific name and picture	Author citation [18]	Basionym [19]	Year [19]	Common name(s) and varieties [20]	NS [21]	Habitat [20]	Distribution [18]
S. boreale	(Torr. & A.Gray) Á.Löve & D.Löve	Aster laxifolius var. borealis	1841	Rush aster Slender white aster Northern bog aster	G5	Calcareous areas, wetland areas 0–1,500 m (0–4,920 ft)
S. bullatum	(Klatt) G.L.Nesom	Aster bullatus	1894		NL	Wet ledges[74] 37–1,750 m (120–5,740 ft)[75]
S. burgessii	(Britton) G.L.Nesom	Aster burgessii	1914		NL	Rocky river banks[76]	[77][18]
S. carnerosanum	(S.Watson) G.L.Nesom	Aster carnerosanus	1891		NL	495–2,850 m (1,620–9,350 ft)[78]
S. dumosum	(L.) G.L.Nesom	Aster dumosus	1753	Bushy aster	G5	Wetlands, muddy or mucky areas, sand, woods 0–700 m (0–2,300 ft)
S. eulae	(Shinners) G.L.Nesom	Aster eulae	1950	Eula's aster	G4	Part shade, soils with clay or silt, bottom areas or stream banks 0–100 m (0–330 ft)	[79]
S. lanceolatum	(Willd.) G.L.Nesom	Aster lanceolatus	1803	Lance-leaved aster Panicled aster White panicled aster Five varieties[80] S. l. var. lanceolatum S. l. var. hesperium S. l. var. hirsuticaule S. l. var. interior S. l. var. latifolium	G5	Stream banks, thickets, borders, ditches, meadows, mucky soils (depending on variety) 10–2,700 m (30–8,860 ft)[80]	[18][81]
S. lateriflorum	(L.) Á.Löve & D.Löve	Solidago lateriflora	1753	Calico aster White woodland aster Side-flowering aster	G5	Mostly shade, dry to humid soils, woodland edges 0–400 m (0–1,310 ft)
S. leone	(Britton) G.L.Nesom	Aster leonis	1920		NL	Marshes[82]
S. nahanniense	(Cody) Semple	Aster nahanniensis	1974	Nahanni aster	G3	Stream banks near hot mineral springs About 1,000 m (3,280 ft)	Nahanni National Park Reserve Northwest Territories (Canada)[83][20]
S. ontarionis	(Wiegand) G.L.Nesom	Aster ontarionis	1928	Ontario aster Bottomland aster Two varieties[18] S. o. var. ontarionis S. o. var. glabratum	G5	Moist soils or shores, other wetlands, field edges 10–300 m (30–980 ft)[39]
S. praealtum	(Poir.) G.L.Nesom	Aster praealtus	1811	Willowleaf aster Willow aster	G5	Usually moist and wet areas 0–400 m (0–1,310 ft)	[20]
S. racemosum	(Elliott) G.L.Nesom	Aster racemosus	1823	Small white aster Smooth white oldfield aster	G4	Moist to wet, often brackish, soils 0–200 m (0–660 ft)	[20]
S. schaffneri	(S.D.Sundb. & A.G.Jones) G.L.Nesom	Aster schaffneri	1986		NL	Disturbed oak forests, secondary vegetation areas, mountain mesophilic forests, rich black or brown soils[84] 120–2,500 m (390–8,200 ft)[85]	[86]
S. simmondsii	(Small) G.L.Nesom	Aster simmondsii	1913	Simmonds' aster	G4	Moist to dry soils 0–50 m (0–160 ft)	[87]
S. tradescantii	(L.) G.L.Nesom	Aster tradescantii	1753	Tradescant's aster Shore aster	G4	Shores, streams, freshwater estuaries 0–200 m (0–660 ft)
S. welshii	(Cronquist) G.L.Nesom	Aster welshii	1994	Welsh's aster	G2	Wet soils in dry areas 1,300–2,300 m (4,270–7,550 ft)

Subsection Heterophylli

Subsection Heterophylli (Nees) Semple[9]

Series Concinni

Series *Concinni* (Nees) Semple[9] – two species
Scientific name and picture	Author citation [18]	Basionym [19]	Year [19]	Common name(s) and varieties [20]	NS [21]	Habitat [20]	Distribution
S. laeve	(L.) Á.Löve & D.Löve	Aster laevis	1753	Smooth aster Four varieties[88] S. l. var. laeve S. l. var. concinnum S. l. var. geyeri (Geyer’s aster) S. l. var. purpuratum	G5	Open and dry habitats 0–2,400 m (0–7,870 ft)	[18][89][90]
S. oolentangiense	(Riddell) G.L.Nesom	Aster oolentangiensis	1835	Azure aster Skyblue aster	G5	Dry or dry to wet habitats 50–500 m (160–1,640 ft)	[18][20]

Series Cordifolii

Series *Cordifolii* (G.Don in Loudon) Semple[9] – seven species
Scientific name and picture	Author citation [18]	Basionym [19]	Year [19]	Common name(s) and varieties [20]	NS [21]	Habitat [20]	Distribution [18]
S. anomalum	(Engelm.) G.L.Nesom	Aster anomalus	1843	Manyray aster	G4	Dry soils over limestone, acid soils 50–500 m (160–1,640 ft)	[20]
S. ciliolatum	(Lindl.) Á.Löve & D.Löve	Aster ciliolatus	1836	Lindley's aster Fringed blue aster	G5	Rich, open deciduous forests, trails, stream banks 0–2,000 m (0–6,560 ft)
S. cordifolium	(L.) G.L.Nesom	Aster cordifolius	1753	Heartleaf aster Common blue wood aster	G5	Mostly rich, moist soils and woods 0–1,200 m (0–3,940 ft)
S. drummondii	(Lindl.) G.L.Nesom	Aster drummondii	1835	Drummond's aster Two varieties[91] S. d. var. drummondii S. d. var. texanum (Texas aster)	G5	Old fields, woodlands, savannas depending on variety[92] 0–500 m (0–1,640 ft)[91]	[18][39]
S. shortii	(Lindl.) G.L.Nesom	Aster shortii	1834	Short's aster	G5	Thin rocky soils of woodlands and thickets often around limestone bluffs 100–500 m (330–1,640 ft)
S. undulatum	(L.) G.L.Nesom	Aster undulatus	1753	Wavyleaf aster	G5	Dry or well-drained loamy or rocky soils 200–1,500 m (660–4,920 ft)
S. urophyllum	(Lindl.) G.L.Nesom	Aster urophyllus	1836	White arrowleaf aster Arrowleaf aster	G4	Open, dry to mesic habitats 40–300 m (130–980 ft) and higher

Subsection Porteriani

Subsection *Porteriani* (Rydb.) G.L.Nesom[17] – five species
Scientific name and picture	Author citation [18]	Basionym [19]	Year [19]	Common name(s) and varieties [20]	NS [21]	Habitat [20]	Distribution [18]
S. depauperatum	(Fernald) G.L.Nesom	Aster depauperatus	1908	Serpentine aster Starved aster	G2	Serpentine or diabasic soils 400–1,000 m (1,310–3,280 ft)	[93][21][18]
S. parviceps	(E.S.Burgess) G.L.Nesom	Aster ericoides var. parviceps	1898	Smallhead aster Small white aster	G4	Dry, sandy, or loamy soils; barrens, fields, roadsides, old cemeteries 200–400 m (660–1,310 ft)
S. pilosum	(Willd.) G.L.Nesom	Aster pilosus	1803	Hairy aster Frost aster Hairy white oldfield aster Two varieties[94] S. p. var. pilosum S. p. var. pringlei (Pringle's aster)	G5	Various and many, depending on variety 0–1,100 m (0–3,610 ft)	[94]
S. porteri	(A.Gray) G.L.Nesom	Aster porteri	1881	Porter's aster Smooth white aster	G3	Rocky Mountain foothills 1,800–2,900 m (5,910–9,510 ft)	[95][20]
S. priceae	(Britton) G.L.Nesom	Aster priceae	1901	Miss Price's aster[96] Price's aster Lavender oldfield aster	G4	Broken limestone on cedar glades and roadsides 200–400 m (660–1,310 ft)

Series Punicei

Series *Punicei* (House) Semple[9] – five species
Scientific name and picture	Author citation [18]	Basionym [19]	Year [19]	Common name(s) and varieties [20]	NS [21]	Habitat [20]	Distribution [18]
S. elliottii	(Torr. & A.Gray) G.L.Nesom	Aster elliottii	1841	Elliott's aster	G4	Swamps, bogs, marshes, brackish marshes 0–50 m (0–160 ft)	[20]
S. firmum	(Nees) G.L.Nesom	Aster firmus	1818	Glossy-leaved aster	G5	Wet soils, fens, marshes 100–400 m (330–1,310 ft)
S. prenanthoides	(Muhl. ex Willd.) G.L.Nesom	Aster prenanthoides	1803	Crookedstem aster	G4	Mostly wetlands such as swamps and seeps 100–1,500 m (330–4,920 ft)
S. puniceum	(L.) Á.Löve & D.Löve	Aster puniceus	1753	Purplestem aster Red-stemmed aster Swamp aster Two varieties[97] S. p. var. puniceum S. p. var. scabricaule (roughstem aster)	G5	Wetlands 0–2,000 m (0–6,560 ft)[97]
S. rhiannon	Weakley & Govus		2004	Rhiannon's aster Buck Creek aster[21]	G1	Serpentine barrens 900–1,300 m (2,950–4,270 ft)	Buck Creek Serpentine Barrens,[98] Clay County, North Carolina (US)[99]

Series Symphyotrichum

Series *Symphyotrichum* – four species
Scientific name and picture	Author citation [18]	Basionym [19]	Year [19]	Common name(s) and varieties [20]	NS [21]	Habitat [20]	Distribution [18]
S. anticostense	(Fernald) G.L.Nesom	Aster anticostensis	1915	Anticosti aster	G3	Calcareous river shores, limestone lake shores 0–100 m (0–330 ft)	[20]
S. novi-belgii	(L.) G.L.Nesom	Aster novi-belgii	1753	New York aster Four varieties[18] S. n. var. novi-belgii S. n. var. crenifolium S. n. var. elodes S. n. var. villicaule	G5	Mostly sea or stream shores, thickets, dunes, barrens (depending on variety) 0–800 m (0–2,620 ft)[39]
S. retroflexum	(Lindl.) G.L.Nesom	Aster retroflexus	1836	Rigid whitetop aster	G4	Moist or dry wooded areas, moist meadows 400–1,500 m (1,310–4,920 ft)	[100][101]
S. robynsianum	(J.Rousseau) Brouillet & Labrecque	Aster robynsianus	1957	Robyn's aster	G5	Moist, open, sandy, gravelly, or rocky habitats 10–400 m (30–1,310 ft)

Subgenus Symphyotrichum named hybrids

Subgenus *Symphyotrichum* named hybrids – nine
Scientific name and picture	Author citation [18]	Basionym [19]	Year [19]	Common name(s)	Parents	Habitat	Distribution [18]
S. × finkii	(Rydb.) G.L.Nesom	Aster finkii	1931		S. cordifolium × S. shortii[102]	Wooded bluffs and fencerows[103]	[lower-alpha 5][102]
S. × gravesii	(E.S.Burgess) G.L.Nesom	Aster gravesii	1901	Graves' aster[105]	S. dumosum × S. laeve[106]	Dry woods[105]
S. × longulum	(E.Sheld.) G.L.Nesom	Aster longulus	1894		S. boreale × S. puniceum[107]	Swampy and marshy areas[108]
S. × salignum	(Willd.) G.L.Nesom	Aster salignus	1803		S. lanceolatum var. lanceolatum × S. novi-belgii var. novi-belgii[109]		[lower-alpha 6]
S. × schistosum	(E.S.Steele) G.L.Nesom	Aster schistosus	1911		S. cordifolium × S. laeve[110]	Shale gravel, dry hills[111]
S. × subgeminatum	(Fernald) G.L.Nesom	Aster foliaceus var. subgeminatus	1915		S. ciliolatum × S. novi-belgii var. novi-belgii[112]	"Damp bushy ravine in the limestone tableland" 200–300 m (660–980 ft)[113]
S. × tardiflorum	(L.) Greuter, M.V.Agab. & Wagenitz	Aster tardiflorus	1763		S. cordifolium × S. puniceum[114]	Along streams[115]
S. × versicolor	(Willd.) G.L.Nesom	Aster versicolor	1803	Late Michaelmas daisy[116]	S. laeve var. laeve × S. novi-belgii var. novi-belgii[117]
S. × woldenii	(Rydb.) G.L.Nesom	Aster woldenii	1931		S. laeve × S. praealtum[118]

Notes

Hybrids do not have their own articles
Elevation in the May Prairie State Natural Area
Elevation on the island of Grand Bahama
In FNA as Symphyotrichum cusickii[66]
The locations are from the USDA PLANTS Database with added county information from two sources. Iowa[18][102] — Fayette;[104] West Virginia — no county information;[102] Wisconsin — Eau Claire, Grant,[103] and Waupaca.[102]
There is also an extensive presence of Symphyotrichum × salignum in Europe and western Asia in the following countries: Assam, Austria, Baltic States, Belarus, Belgium, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Great Britain, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Kazakhstan, Krym, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Romania, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Tadzhikistan, Ukraine, Uzbekistan, and Yugoslavia.[18]

Citations

Brouillet et al. 2006.
Nesom 1994a, p. 212.
Morgan & Holland 2012.
Nesom 2018a, p. 1.
Brouillet et al. 2009, p. 610.
Löve 1982, pp. 358–359.
Nesom 1994b.
Nesom 1994b, p. 273.
Semple, Heard & Brouillet 2002, p. 133.
Nesom 1994b, p. 269.
Nesom 1994b, p. 272.
Nesom 1994b, p. 274.
Nesom 1994b, p. 275.
Nesom 1994b, p. 267.
Nesom 1994b, p. 271.
Nesom 1994b, p. 268.
Nesom 1994b, p. 270.
POWO 2021.
IPNI 2021.
Brouillet et al. 2006, search for species name.
NatureServe 2021.
USDA 2014c.
Hassler 2021, Symphyotrichum subulatum var. ligulatum.
USDA 2021.
Sancho & Ariza Espinar 2003, p. 10 as Aster glabrifolius.
Sancho & Ariza Espinar 2003, pp. 9–10 as Aster cabrerae.
Heiden 2020.
USDA 2021, Symphyotrichum expansum.
Brouillet et al. 2006, search for Symphyotrichum subulatum var. parviflorum.
Hassler 2021, Symphyotrichum parviflorum.
Sancho & Ariza Espinar 2003, pp. 10–11 as Aster patagonicus.
Sancho & Ariza Espinar 2003, p. 11 as Aster peteroanus.
Hassler 2021, Symphyotrichum potosinum.
Sancho & Ariza Espinar 2003, p. 11 as Aster regnellii.
Brouillet et al. 2006, Symphyotrichum subulatum varieties except ligulatum and parviflorum.
Brouillet et al. 2006, Symphyotrichum tenuifolium varieties.
Hind & Strange 2019, p. 390.
Hind & Strange 2019, pp. 387–390.
Brouillet et al. 2006, search for species name and varieties.
Brouillet et al. 2006, Symphyotrichum ericoides var. ericoides.
Brouillet et al. 2006, Symphyotrichum falcatum var. commutatum.
USDA 2014a.
Nesom 2018b, p. 6.
Nesom 2018b, p. 5.
Nesom 2018b, p. 3.
Nesom 2018b, p. 2.
Nesom 2018b, pp. 4–5.
Nesom 1989.
GBIF.org 2021b.
Semple 2019a, p. 1.
Semple 2019b.
Semple 2019a, pp. 1, 7, 9.
GBIF.org 2021c.
SERNEC 2021.
Semple 2019c.
Semple 2014a.
Semple 2014b.
Leon Levy Native Plant Preserve n.d.
Brouillet et al. 2006, Symphyotrichum × amethystinum.
USDA 2014b.
USDA 2014h.
USDA 2014n.
CNPS 2021a.
Allen 2012, Symphyotrichum defoliatum.
Allen 2012, Symphyotrichum chilense.
Brouillet et al. 2006, Symphyotrichum cusickii.
Allen 2012, Symphyotrichum greatae.
USDA 2014d.
USDA 2014o.
CNPS 2021b.
Allen 2012, Symphyotrichum lentum.
Montana Natural Heritage Program n.d.
Brouillet et al. 2006, Symphyotrichum spathulatum varieties.
Fernald 1900, as Aster jalapensis.
GBIF.org 2021a.
Britton 1914, pp. 14–15.
GBIF.org 2021e.
GBIF.org 2021d.
USDA 2022.
Brouillet et al. 2006, Symphyotrichum lanceolatum varieties.
Brouillet et al. 2006, Symphyotrichum lanceolatum var. hesperium.
Britton 1920, p. 114.
Parks Canada 2021.
TORCH 2022.
GBIF.org 2022a.
Sundberg & Jones 1986, pp. 175–176.
Semple 2021a.
Brouillet et al. 2006, Symphyotrichum laeve varieties.
Brouillet et al. 2006, Symphyotrichum laeve var. geyeri.
Brouillet et al. 2020.
Brouillet et al. 2006, Symphyotrichum drummondii varieties.
Wilhelm & Rericha 2017, p. 1098.
Gustafson & Latham 2005, p. 1447.
Brouillet et al. 2006, Symphyotrichum pilosum varieties.
USDA 2014e.
Britton 1901, p. 960.
Brouillet et al. 2006, Symphyotrichum puniceum varieties.
Kauffman et al. 2004.
USDA 2014f.
USDA 2014p.
Semple 2021b.
USDA 2014g.
Shinners 1941, p. 407.
Rydberg 1931, p. 102.
Britton 1901, pp. 961–962.
USDA 2014i.
USDA 2014j.
Sheldon 1894.
Verloove 2014a.
USDA 2014k.
Steele 1911, p. 373.
Brouillet et al. 2006, Symphyotrichum ciliolatum.
Fernald 1915, p. 16.
USDA 2014l.
Gray 1884, p. 194.
GRIN n.d.
Verloove 2014b.
USDA 2014m.

References

Allen, G.A. (2012). In Jepson Flora Project (ed.). Jepson eFlora. The Jepson Herbarium, University of California, Berkeley.
Britton, N.L. (1901). Manual of the Flora of the Northern States and Canada. New York: H. Holt and Co. Retrieved 27 August 2021 – via Biodiversity Heritage Library.
Britton, N.L. (January 1914). "Studies of West Indian Plants—V". Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club. New York. 41 (1): 1–24. doi:10.2307/2479432. JSTOR 2479432.
Britton, N.L. (1920). "Descriptions of Cuban Plants New to Science". Memoirs of the Torrey Botanical Club. Seeman Printery. 16 (2): 114. ISSN 0097-3807. LCCN gs14000849. OCLC 1767639. Retrieved 26 August 2021 – via Biodiversity Heritage Library.
Brouillet, L.; Desmet, P.; Coursol, F.; Meades, S.J.; Favreau, M.; Anions, M.; Bélisle, P.; Gendreau, C.; Shorthouse, D. (4 September 2020). "Symphyotrichum laeve (Linnaeus) Á. Löve & D. Löve". data.canadensys.net. Database of Vascular Plants of Canada (VASCAN). Retrieved 14 September 2021.
Brouillet, L.; Lowrey, T.K.; Urbatsch, L.E.; Karaman-Castro, V.; Sancho, G.; Wagstaff, S.J.; Semple, J.C. (2009). "Chapter 37: Astereae". In Funk, V.A.; Susanna, A.; Stuessy, T.F.; Bayer, R.J. (eds.). Systematics, Evolution and Biogeography of the Compositae. Vienna: International Association for Plant Taxonomy. pp. 449–489. ISBN 978-3-9501754-3-1. Retrieved 21 September 2021 – via ResearchGate.
Brouillet, L.; Semple, J.C.; Allen, G.A.; Chambers, K.L.; Sundberg, S.D. (2006). "Symphyotrichum". In Flora of North America Editorial Committee (ed.). Flora of North America North of Mexico (FNA). Vol. 20. New York and Oxford. Retrieved 5 August 2021 – via eFloras.
CNPS (2021a). "Symphyotrichum defoliatum". rareplants.cnps.org. Retrieved 4 August 2021.
CNPS (2021b). "Symphyotrichum lentum". rareplants.cnps.org. Retrieved 5 August 2021.
Fernald, M.L. (1900). "III. Some Undescribed Mexican Phanerogams, Chiefly Labiatae and Solanaceae". Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. Boston: Metcalf and Co. 35 (25): 572–573. doi:10.2307/25129968. JSTOR 25129968. Retrieved 19 August 2021 – via Biodiversity Heritage Library.
Fernald, M.L. (1915). "I. Some New or Unrecorded Compositae Chiefly of Northeastern America". Rhodora. Boston: Preston and Rounds Co. 17 (193): 1–20. Retrieved 8 November 2021 – via Biodiversity Heritage Library.
GBIF.org (2021a). "Search of preserved specimen records of Symphyotrichum bullatum (with taxonomic synonyms)". Retrieved 19 August 2021.
GBIF.org (28 August 2021b). GBIF Occurrence Download [Symphyotrichum trilineatum]. doi:10.15468/dl.nqq5e8.
GBIF.org (28 August 2021c). GBIF Occurrence Download [Symphyotrichum fontinale]. doi:10.15468/dl.szzc9y.
GBIF.org (29 August 2021d). GBIF Occurrence Download [Symphyotrichum carnerosanum]. doi:10.15468/dl.fyecyj.
GBIF.org (29 August 2021e). GBIF Occurrence Download [Symphyotrichum burgessii]. doi:10.15468/dl.hmn3ab.
GBIF.org (9 January 2022a). GBIF Occurrence Download [Symphyotrichum schaffneri]. doi:10.15468/dl.byy6re.
Gray, A. (1884). Synoptical Flora of North America. Vol. 1:2. Washington: Smithsonian Institution. Retrieved 17 September 2021 – via Biodiversity Heritage Library.
GRIN (n.d.). "Symphyotrichum × versicolor (Willd.) G. L. Nesom". Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN). Agricultural Research Service (ARS), United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). Retrieved 8 November 2021.
Gustafson, D.J.; Latham, R.E. (June 2005). "Is the Serpentine Aster, Symphyotrichum depauperatum (Fern.) Nesom, a Valid Species and Actually Endemic to Eastern Serpentine Barrens?". Biodiversity and Conservation. 14 (6): 1445–1452. doi:10.1007/s10531-004-9670-x. S2CID 32930093. Archived (PDF) from the original on 5 September 2021. Retrieved 5 September 2021 – via ResearchGate.
Hassler, M. (8 December 2021). "Search for Symphyotrichum taxon specified in citation – World Plants: Synonymic Checklists of the Vascular Plants of the World". In Bánki, O.; Roskov, Y.; Döring, M.; Ower, G.; Vandepitte, L.; Remsen, D.; Hobern, D.; Schalk, P.; DeWalt, R.E.; Keping, M.; Miller, J.; Orrell, T.; Aalbu, R.; Adlard, R.; Adriaenssens, E.; Aedo, C.; Aescht, E.; Akkari, N.; Alonso-Zarazaga, M.A.; et al. (eds.). Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life, 18 December 2021. Catalogue of Life. Leiden, Netherlands: Naturalis Biodiversity Center. ISSN 2405-8858. Retrieved 30 December 2021.
Heiden, G. (2020). "Symphyotrichum martii". reflora.jbrj.gov.br (in Portuguese). Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro [Rio de Janeiro Botanical Garden]. Retrieved 11 August 2021.
Hind, N.; Strange, K. (4 January 2019). "Symphyotrichum vahlii". Curtis's Botanical Magazine. 35 (4): 380–395. doi:10.1111/curt.12259. S2CID 91385545.
IPNI (2021). "International Plant Names Index". Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew; Harvard University Herbaria & Libraries; Australian National Botanic Gardens.
Kauffman, G.L.; Nesom, G.L.; Weakley, A.S.; Govus, T.E.; Cotterman, L.M. (2004). "A New Species of Symphyotrichum (Asteraceae: Astereae) from a Serpentine Barren in Western North Carolina". SIDA, Contributions to Botany. 21: 827–839. ISSN 0036-1488. Retrieved 8 September 2021 – via Biodiversity Heritage Library.
Leon Levy Native Plant Preserve (n.d.). "Symphyotrichum lucayanum". www.levypreserve.org. Nassau: Bahamas National Trust. Retrieved 10 September 2021.
Löve, Á. (May 1982). "IOPB Chromosome Number Reports LXXV". Taxon. Utrecht, Netherlands: International Bureau for Plant Taxonomy and Nomenclature. 31 (2): 342–368. doi:10.1002/j.1996-8175.1982.tb02378.x. ISSN 0040-0262. JSTOR 1220008.
Montana Natural Heritage Program (n.d.). "Montana Field Guide: Soft Aster — Symphyotrichum molle". fieldguide.mt.gov. Retrieved 30 October 2021.
Morgan, D.R.; Holland, B. (2012). "Systematics of Symphyotrichinae (Asteraceae: Astereae): Disagreements Between Two Nuclear Regions Suggest a Complex Evolutionary History". Systematic Botany. American Society of Plant Taxonomists. 37 (3): 818–832. doi:10.1600/036364412X648760. JSTOR 41515169. S2CID 84007309.
NatureServe (2 October 2021). "NatureServe Explorer". Arlington, Virginia.
Nesom, G.L. (1989). "A New Species of Aster (Asteraceae: Astereae) from México". Phytologia. 67 (4): 342–345. ISSN 0031-9430. Retrieved 5 September 2021 – via Biodiversity Heritage Library.
Nesom, G.L. (March 1994a). "Subtribal classification of the Astereae (Asteraceae)". Phytologia. 76 (3): 193–274. ISSN 0031-9430. Retrieved 12 November 2021 – via Biodiversity Heritage Library.
Nesom, G.L. (September 1994b). "Review of the Taxonomy of Aster sensu lato (Asteraceae: Astereae), Emphasizing the New World Species". Phytologia (published 31 January 1995). 77 (3): 141–297. ISSN 0031-9430. Retrieved 23 August 2021 – via Biodiversity Heritage Library.
Nesom, G.L. (30 May 2018a). "Aster gypsophilus (Asteraceae) Segregated as the Monotypic Genus Sanrobertia" (PDF). Phytoneuron. 2018 (25): 1–8. eISSN 2153-733X. Retrieved 25 November 2020 – via www.phytoneuron.net.
Nesom, G.L. (19 June 2018b). "Taxonomic Review of the Symphyotrichum moranense Group (Asteraceae)" (PDF). Phytoneuron. Fort Worth, Texas: Guy L. Nesom. 2018 (38): 1–20. eISSN 2153-733X. Retrieved 3 August 2021 – via phytoneuron.net.
USDA, NRCS (2014a). "Symphyotrichum patens". The PLANTS Database (plants.usda.gov). Greensboro, North Carolina: National Plant Data Team. Retrieved 23 December 2019.
USDA, NRCS (2014b). "Symphyotrichum ×amethystinum". The PLANTS Database (plants.usda.gov). Greensboro, North Carolina: National Plant Data Team. Retrieved 11 September 2021.
USDA, NRCS (2014c). "Eurybia chapmanii". The PLANTS Database (plants.usda.gov). Greensboro, North Carolina: National Plant Data Team. Retrieved 29 August 2021.
USDA, NRCS (2014d). "Symphyotrichum hallii". The PLANTS Database (plants.usda.gov). Greensboro, North Carolina: National Plant Data Team. Retrieved 31 August 2021.
USDA, NRCS (2014e). "Symphyotrichum porteri". The PLANTS Database (plants.usda.gov). Greensboro, North Carolina: National Plant Data Team. Retrieved 7 September 2021.
USDA, NRCS (2014f). "Symphyotrichum rhiannon". The PLANTS Database (plants.usda.gov). Greensboro, North Carolina: National Plant Data Team. Retrieved 8 September 2021.
USDA, NRCS (2014g). "Symphyotrichum ×finkii". The PLANTS Database (plants.usda.gov). Greensboro, North Carolina: National Plant Data Team. Retrieved 11 September 2021.
USDA, NRCS (2014h). "Symphyotrichum ×batesii". The PLANTS Database (plants.usda.gov). Greensboro, North Carolina: National Plant Data Team. Retrieved 11 September 2021.
USDA, NRCS (2014i). "Symphyotrichum ×gravesii". The PLANTS Database (plants.usda.gov). Greensboro, North Carolina: National Plant Data Team. Retrieved 11 September 2021.
USDA, NRCS (2014j). "Symphyotrichum ×longulum". The PLANTS Database (plants.usda.gov). Greensboro, North Carolina: National Plant Data Team. Retrieved 11 September 2021.
USDA, NRCS (2014k). "Symphyotrichum ×schistosum". The PLANTS Database (plants.usda.gov). Greensboro, North Carolina: National Plant Data Team. Retrieved 11 September 2021.
USDA, NRCS (2014l). "Symphyotrichum ×tardiflorum". The PLANTS Database (plants.usda.gov). Greensboro, North Carolina: National Plant Data Team. Retrieved 11 September 2021.
USDA, NRCS (2014m). "Symphyotrichum ×woldenii". The PLANTS Database (plants.usda.gov). Greensboro, North Carolina: National Plant Data Team. Retrieved 11 September 2021.
USDA, NRCS (2014n). "Symphyotrichum ×columbianum". The PLANTS Database (plants.usda.gov). Greensboro, North Carolina: National Plant Data Team. Retrieved 11 September 2021.
USDA, NRCS (2014o). "Symphyotrichum jessicae". The PLANTS Database (plants.usda.gov). Greensboro, North Carolina: National Plant Data Team. Retrieved 12 September 2021.
USDA, NRCS (2014p). "Symphyotrichum retroflexum". The PLANTS Database (plants.usda.gov). Greensboro, North Carolina: National Plant Data Team. Retrieved 13 November 2021.
USDA, NRCS (2021). "Symphyotrichum divaricatum". The PLANTS Database (plants.usda.gov). Greensboro, North Carolina: National Plant Data Team. Retrieved 17 December 2021.
USDA, NRCS (2022). "Symphyotrichum eulae". The PLANTS Database (plants.usda.gov). Greensboro, North Carolina: National Plant Data Team. Retrieved 6 January 2022.
Parks Canada (2021). Management Plan for the Nahanni Aster (Symphyotrichum nahanniense) in Canada (Report). Species at Risk Act Management Plan Series. Catalogue no. En3-5/115-2021E-PDF. Ottawa: Parks Canada Agency. ISBN 978-0-660-38590-7. Archived from the original on 31 August 2021. Retrieved 31 August 2021.
POWO (2021). "Plants of the World Online". Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
Rydberg, P.A. (1931). "Taxonomic Notes on the Flora of the Prairies and Plains of Central North America". Brittonia. New York Botanical Garden Press. 1 (2): 79–104. doi:10.2307/2804786. JSTOR 2804786. S2CID 40538498.
Sancho, G.; Ariza Espinar, L. (2003). "Asteraceae part 16. Tribu: Astereae, parte B. Subtribus: Bellidinae–Asterinae (excepto Grindelia y Haplopappus)" (PDF). In Hunziker, A.T. (ed.). Flora Fanerogámica Argentina (in Spanish). Vol. 81. pp. 1–102. Retrieved 14 July 2021.
Semple, J.C. (21 February 2014a). "Symphyotrichum pygmaeum Pygmy Aster". www.uwaterloo.ca. Ontario. Archived from the original on 23 July 2021. Retrieved 10 September 2021.
Semple, J.C. (21 February 2014b). "Symphyotrichum yukonense Yukon Aster". www.uwaterloo.ca. Ontario. Archived from the original on 23 July 2021. Retrieved 10 September 2021.
Semple, J.C. (16 October 2019a). "Symphyotrichum estesii, a New Species of Virguloid Aster from Tennessee (Asteraceae: Astereae)" (PDF). Phytoneuron. Fort Worth, Texas: Guy L. Nesom. 2019 (36): 1–10. eISSN 2153-733X. Retrieved 23 November 2020.
Semple, J.C. (16 October 2019b). "Symphyotrichum estesii May Prairie Aster, Estes's Aster". www.uwaterloo.ca. Ontario. Archived from the original on 23 July 2021. Retrieved 28 August 2021.
Semple, J.C. (16 October 2019c). "Symphyotrichum fontinale Florida Water Aster". www.uwaterloo.ca. Ontario. Archived from the original on 23 July 2021. Retrieved 28 August 2021.
Semple, J.C. (6 May 2021a). "Symphyotrichum simmondsii Simmonds's Aster". www.uwaterloo.ca. Ontario. Archived from the original on 9 September 2021. Retrieved 9 September 2021.
Semple, J.C. (6 May 2021b). "Symphyotrichum retroflexum Ridge Whitetop Aster". www.uwaterloo.ca. Ontario. Archived from the original on 6 October 2021. Retrieved 13 November 2021.
Semple, J.C.; Heard, S.B.; Brouillet, L. (2002). "Cultivated and Native Asters of Ontario (Compositae: Astereae)". University of Waterloo Biology Series. 41: 1–134.
SERNEC (28 August 2021). "Data portal search for Symphyotrichum fontinale". www.sernecportal.org. Retrieved 28 August 2021.
Sheldon, E.P. (16 January 1894). MacMillan, C. (ed.). "Some Extensions of Plant Ranges". Minnesota Botanical Studies. Minneapolis: Geological and Natural History Survey of Minnesota. 1: 18. Retrieved 13 September 2021 – via Biodiversity Heritage Library.
Shinners, L.H. (1941). "The Genus Aster in Wisconsin". The American Midland Naturalist. South Bend, Indiana: The University of Notre Dame. 26 (2): 398–420. doi:10.2307/2420967. JSTOR 2420967.
Steele, E.S. (1911). "New or Noteworthy Plants from the Eastern United States". Contributions from the United States National Herbarium. Washington: Smithsonian Institution Press. 13: 373–374. Retrieved 13 September 2021 – via Biodiversity Heritage Library.
Sundberg, S.D.; Jones, A.G. (1986). "Two New Taxa of Aster (Asteraceae) from Mexico". Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club. New York. 113 (2): 173–177. doi:10.2307/2995942. JSTOR 2995942.
TORCH (8 January 2022). "Search of preserved specimen records of Symphyotrichum schaffneri (with taxonomic synonyms)". Retrieved 8 January 2022.
Verloove, F. (19 December 2014a). "Symphyotrichum × salignum". alienplantsbelgium.be. Belgium: Botanic Garden Meise. Retrieved 20 August 2021.
Verloove, F. (19 December 2014b). "Symphyotrichum × versicolor". alienplantsbelgium.be. Belgium: Botanic Garden Meise. Retrieved 20 August 2021.
Wilhelm, G.; Rericha, L. (2017). Flora of the Chicago Region: A Floristic and Ecological Synthesis. Illustrated by Lowther, M.M. Indianapolis: Indiana Academy of Science. ISBN 978-1883362157. OCLC 983207050.

External links

Wikispecies list of Symphyotrichum species

This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

[3] Hybrids do not have their own articles

[53] Elevation in the May Prairie State Natural Area

[61] Elevation on the island of Grand Bahama

[70] In FNA as Symphyotrichum cusickii[66]

[109] The locations are from the USDA PLANTS Database with added county information from two sources. Iowa[18][102] — Fayette;[104] West Virginia — no county information;[102] Wisconsin — Eau Claire, Grant,[103] and Waupaca.[102]

[115] There is also an extensive presence of Symphyotrichum × salignum in Europe and western Asia in the following countries: Assam, Austria, Baltic States, Belarus, Belgium, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Great Britain, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Kazakhstan, Krym, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Romania, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Tadzhikistan, Ukraine, Uzbekistan, and Yugoslavia.[18]

[FOOTNOTEBrouilletSempleAllenChambers2006-1] Brouillet et al. 2006.

[FOOTNOTENesom1994a[httpswwwbiodiversitylibraryorgpage13797384_212]-2] Nesom 1994a, p. 212.

[FOOTNOTEMorganHolland2012-4] Morgan & Holland 2012.

[FOOTNOTENesom2018a1-5] Nesom 2018a, p. 1.

[FOOTNOTEBrouilletLowreyUrbatschKaraman-Castro2009610-6] Brouillet et al. 2009, p. 610.

[FOOTNOTELöve1982358–359-7] Löve 1982, pp. 358–359.

[FOOTNOTENesom1994b-8] Nesom 1994b.

[FOOTNOTENesom1994b[httpswwwbiodiversitylibraryorgpage12960072_273]-9] Nesom 1994b, p. 273.

[FOOTNOTESempleHeardBrouillet2002133-10] Semple, Heard & Brouillet 2002, p. 133.

[FOOTNOTENesom1994b[httpswwwbiodiversitylibraryorgpage12960068_269]-11] Nesom 1994b, p. 269.

[FOOTNOTENesom1994b[httpswwwbiodiversitylibraryorgpage12960071_272]-12] Nesom 1994b, p. 272.

[FOOTNOTENesom1994b[httpswwwbiodiversitylibraryorgpage12960073_274]-13] Nesom 1994b, p. 274.

[FOOTNOTENesom1994b[httpswwwbiodiversitylibraryorgpage12960074_275]-14] Nesom 1994b, p. 275.

[FOOTNOTENesom1994b[httpswwwbiodiversitylibraryorgpage12960066_267]-15] Nesom 1994b, p. 267.

[FOOTNOTENesom1994b[httpswwwbiodiversitylibraryorgpage12960070_271]-16] Nesom 1994b, p. 271.

[FOOTNOTENesom1994b[httpswwwbiodiversitylibraryorgpage12960067_268]-17] Nesom 1994b, p. 268.

[FOOTNOTENesom1994b[httpswwwbiodiversitylibraryorgpage12960069_270]-18] Nesom 1994b, p. 270.

[FOOTNOTEPOWO2021-19] POWO 2021.

[FOOTNOTEIPNI2021-20] IPNI 2021.

[FOOTNOTEBrouilletSempleAllenChambers2006search_for_species_name-21] Brouillet et al. 2006, search for species name.

[FOOTNOTENatureServe2021-22] NatureServe 2021.

[FOOTNOTEUSDA2014c-23] USDA 2014c.

[FOOTNOTEHassler2021[httpswwwcatalogueoflifeorgdatataxon5RQBK_''Symphyotrichum_subulatum''_var._''ligulatum'']-24] Hassler 2021, Symphyotrichum subulatum var. ligulatum.

[FOOTNOTEUSDA2021-25] USDA 2021.

[FOOTNOTESanchoAriza_Espinar200310_as_''Aster_glabrifolius''-26] Sancho & Ariza Espinar 2003, p. 10 as Aster glabrifolius.

[FOOTNOTESanchoAriza_Espinar20039–10_as_''Aster_cabrerae''-27] Sancho & Ariza Espinar 2003, pp. 9–10 as Aster cabrerae.

[FOOTNOTEHeiden2020-28] Heiden 2020.

[FOOTNOTEUSDA2021[httpsplantsscegovusdagovhomeplantProfilesymbolSYEX_''Symphyotrichum_expansum'']-29] USDA 2021, Symphyotrichum expansum.

[FOOTNOTEBrouilletSempleAllenChambers2006search_for_''Symphyotrichum_subulatum''_var._''parviflorum''-30] Brouillet et al. 2006, search for Symphyotrichum subulatum var. parviflorum.

[FOOTNOTEHassler2021[httpswwwcatalogueoflifeorgdatataxon8S8YZ_''Symphyotrichum_parviflorum'']-31] Hassler 2021, Symphyotrichum parviflorum.

[FOOTNOTESanchoAriza_Espinar200310–11_as_''Aster_patagonicus''-32] Sancho & Ariza Espinar 2003, pp. 10–11 as Aster patagonicus.

[FOOTNOTESanchoAriza_Espinar200311_as_''Aster_peteroanus''-33] Sancho & Ariza Espinar 2003, p. 11 as Aster peteroanus.

[FOOTNOTEHassler2021[httpswwwcatalogueoflifeorgdatataxon53Q93_''Symphyotrichum_potosinum'']-34] Hassler 2021, Symphyotrichum potosinum.

[FOOTNOTESanchoAriza_Espinar200311_as_''Aster_regnellii''-35] Sancho & Ariza Espinar 2003, p. 11 as Aster regnellii.

[FOOTNOTEBrouilletSempleAllenChambers2006[httpwwweflorasorgflorataxonaspxflora_id1taxon_id250049273_''Symphyotrichum_subulatum'']_varieties_except_''ligulatum''_and_''parviflorum''-36] Brouillet et al. 2006, Symphyotrichum subulatum varieties except ligulatum and parviflorum.

[FOOTNOTEBrouilletSempleAllenChambers2006[httpwwweflorasorgflorataxonaspxflora_id1taxon_id250067689_''Symphyotrichum_tenuifolium'']_varieties-37] Brouillet et al. 2006, Symphyotrichum tenuifolium varieties.

[FOOTNOTEHindStrange2019390-38] Hind & Strange 2019, p. 390.

[FOOTNOTEHindStrange2019387–390-39] Hind & Strange 2019, pp. 387–390.

[FOOTNOTEBrouilletSempleAllenChambers2006search_for_species_name_and_varieties-40] Brouillet et al. 2006, search for species name and varieties.

[FOOTNOTEBrouilletSempleAllenChambers2006[httpwwweflorasorgflorataxonaspxflora_id1taxon_id250068829_''Symphyotrichum_ericoides''_var._''ericoides'']-41] Brouillet et al. 2006, Symphyotrichum ericoides var. ericoides.

[FOOTNOTEBrouilletSempleAllenChambers2006[httpwwweflorasorgflorataxonaspxflora_id1taxon_id250068831_''Symphyotrichum_falcatum''_var._''commutatum'']-42] Brouillet et al. 2006, Symphyotrichum falcatum var. commutatum.

[FOOTNOTEUSDA2014a-43] USDA 2014a.

[FOOTNOTENesom2018b6-44] Nesom 2018b, p. 6.

[FOOTNOTENesom2018b5-45] Nesom 2018b, p. 5.

[FOOTNOTENesom2018b3-46] Nesom 2018b, p. 3.

[FOOTNOTENesom2018b2-47] Nesom 2018b, p. 2.

[FOOTNOTENesom2018b4–5-48] Nesom 2018b, pp. 4–5.

[FOOTNOTENesom1989-49] Nesom 1989.

[FOOTNOTEGBIF.org2021b-50] GBIF.org 2021b.

[FOOTNOTESemple2019a1-51] Semple 2019a, p. 1.

[FOOTNOTESemple2019b-52] Semple 2019b.

[FOOTNOTESemple2019a1,_7,_9-54] Semple 2019a, pp. 1, 7, 9.

[FOOTNOTEGBIF.org2021c-55] GBIF.org 2021c.

[FOOTNOTESERNEC2021-56] SERNEC 2021.

[FOOTNOTESemple2019c-57] Semple 2019c.

[FOOTNOTESemple2014a-58] Semple 2014a.

[FOOTNOTESemple2014b-59] Semple 2014b.

[FOOTNOTELeon_Levy_Native_Plant_Preserven.d.-60] Leon Levy Native Plant Preserve n.d.

[FOOTNOTEBrouilletSempleAllenChambers2006[httpwwweflorasorgflorataxonaspxflora_id1taxon_id250068868_''Symphyotrichum''_×_''amethystinum'']-62] Brouillet et al. 2006, Symphyotrichum × amethystinum.

[FOOTNOTEUSDA2014b-63] USDA 2014b.

[FOOTNOTEUSDA2014h-64] USDA 2014h.

[FOOTNOTEUSDA2014n-65] USDA 2014n.

[FOOTNOTECNPS2021a-66] CNPS 2021a.

[FOOTNOTEAllen2012[httpucjepsberkeleyeduefloraeflora_displayphptid80964_''Symphyotrichum_defoliatum'']-67] Allen 2012, Symphyotrichum defoliatum.

[FOOTNOTEAllen2012[httpucjepsberkeleyeduefloraeflora_displayphptid80313_''Symphyotrichum_chilense'']-68] Allen 2012, Symphyotrichum chilense.

[FOOTNOTEBrouilletSempleAllenChambers2006[httpwwweflorasorgflorataxonaspxflora_id1taxon_id250067635_''Symphyotrichum_cusickii'']-69] Brouillet et al. 2006, Symphyotrichum cusickii.

[FOOTNOTEAllen2012[httpucjepsberkeleyeduefloraeflora_displayphptid80308_''Symphyotrichum_greatae'']-71] Allen 2012, Symphyotrichum greatae.

[FOOTNOTEUSDA2014d-72] USDA 2014d.

[FOOTNOTEUSDA2014o-73] USDA 2014o.

[FOOTNOTECNPS2021b-74] CNPS 2021b.

[FOOTNOTEAllen2012[httpucjepsberkeleyeduefloraeflora_displayphptid80304_''Symphyotrichum_lentum'']-75] Allen 2012, Symphyotrichum lentum.

[FOOTNOTEMontana_Natural_Heritage_Programn.d.-76] Montana Natural Heritage Program n.d.

[FOOTNOTEBrouilletSempleAllenChambers2006[httpwwweflorasorgflorataxonaspxflora_id1taxon_id250067687_''Symphyotrichum_spathulatum'']_varieties-77] Brouillet et al. 2006, Symphyotrichum spathulatum varieties.

[FOOTNOTEFernald1900as_''Aster_jalapensis''-78] Fernald 1900, as Aster jalapensis.

[FOOTNOTEGBIF.org2021a-79] GBIF.org 2021a.

[FOOTNOTEBritton191414–15-80] Britton 1914, pp. 14–15.

[FOOTNOTEGBIF.org2021e-81] GBIF.org 2021e.

[FOOTNOTEGBIF.org2021d-82] GBIF.org 2021d.

[FOOTNOTEUSDA2022-83] USDA 2022.

[FOOTNOTEBrouilletSempleAllenChambers2006[httpwwweflorasorgflorataxonaspxflora_id1taxon_id250067656_''Symphyotrichum_lanceolatum'']_varieties-84] Brouillet et al. 2006, Symphyotrichum lanceolatum varieties.

[FOOTNOTEBrouilletSempleAllenChambers2006[httpwwweflorasorgflorataxonaspxflora_id1taxon_id250068841_''Symphyotrichum_lanceolatum''_var._''hesperium'']-85] Brouillet et al. 2006, Symphyotrichum lanceolatum var. hesperium.

[FOOTNOTEBritton1920114-86] Britton 1920, p. 114.

[FOOTNOTEParks_Canada2021-87] Parks Canada 2021.

[FOOTNOTETORCH2022-88] TORCH 2022.

[FOOTNOTEGBIF.org2022a-89] GBIF.org 2022a.

[FOOTNOTESundbergJones1986175–176-90] Sundberg & Jones 1986, pp. 175–176.

[FOOTNOTESemple2021a-91] Semple 2021a.

[FOOTNOTEBrouilletSempleAllenChambers2006[httpwwweflorasorgflorataxonaspxflora_id1taxon_id250005045_''Symphyotrichum_laeve'']_varieties-92] Brouillet et al. 2006, Symphyotrichum laeve varieties.

[FOOTNOTEBrouilletSempleAllenChambers2006[httpwwweflorasorgflorataxonaspxflora_id1taxon_id250068838_''Symphyotrichum_laeve''_var._''geyeri'']-93] Brouillet et al. 2006, Symphyotrichum laeve var. geyeri.

[FOOTNOTEBrouilletDesmetCoursolMeades2020-94] Brouillet et al. 2020.

[FOOTNOTEBrouilletSempleAllenChambers2006[httpwwweflorasorgflorataxonaspxflora_id1taxon_id250067638_''Symphyotrichum_drummondii'']_varieties-95] Brouillet et al. 2006, Symphyotrichum drummondii varieties.

[FOOTNOTEWilhelmRericha20171098-96] Wilhelm & Rericha 2017, p. 1098.

[FOOTNOTEGustafsonLatham20051447-97] Gustafson & Latham 2005, p. 1447.

[FOOTNOTEBrouilletSempleAllenChambers2006[httpwwweflorasorgflorataxonaspxflora_id1taxon_id250067670_''Symphyotrichum_pilosum'']_varieties-98] Brouillet et al. 2006, Symphyotrichum pilosum varieties.

[FOOTNOTEUSDA2014e-99] USDA 2014e.

[FOOTNOTEBritton1901[httpswwwbiodiversitylibraryorgpage39641558_960]-100] Britton 1901, p. 960.

[FOOTNOTEBrouilletSempleAllenChambers2006[httpwwweflorasorgflorataxonaspxflora_id1taxon_id250067678_''Symphyotrichum_puniceum'']_varieties-101] Brouillet et al. 2006, Symphyotrichum puniceum varieties.

[FOOTNOTEKauffmanNesomWeakleyGovus2004-102] Kauffman et al. 2004.

[FOOTNOTEUSDA2014f-103] USDA 2014f.

[FOOTNOTEUSDA2014p-104] USDA 2014p.

[FOOTNOTESemple2021b-105] Semple 2021b.

[FOOTNOTEUSDA2014g-106] USDA 2014g.

[FOOTNOTEShinners1941407-107] Shinners 1941, p. 407.

[FOOTNOTERydberg1931102-108] Rydberg 1931, p. 102.

[FOOTNOTEBritton1901[httpswwwbiodiversitylibraryorgpage39641559_961–962]-110] Britton 1901, pp. 961–962.

[FOOTNOTEUSDA2014i-111] USDA 2014i.

[FOOTNOTEUSDA2014j-112] USDA 2014j.

[FOOTNOTESheldon1894-113] Sheldon 1894.

[FOOTNOTEVerloove2014a-114] Verloove 2014a.

[FOOTNOTEUSDA2014k-116] USDA 2014k.

[FOOTNOTESteele1911[httpswwwbiodiversitylibraryorgpage368418_373]-117] Steele 1911, p. 373.

[FOOTNOTEBrouilletSempleAllenChambers2006[httpwwweflorasorgflorataxonaspxflora_id1taxon_id250067632_''Symphyotrichum_ciliolatum'']-118] Brouillet et al. 2006, Symphyotrichum ciliolatum.

[FOOTNOTEFernald1915[httpswwwbiodiversitylibraryorgpage567492_16]-119] Fernald 1915, p. 16.

[FOOTNOTEUSDA2014l-120] USDA 2014l.

[FOOTNOTEGray1884[httpswwwbiodiversitylibraryorgpage11296212_194]-121] Gray 1884, p. 194.

[FOOTNOTEGRINn.d.-122] GRIN n.d.

[FOOTNOTEVerloove2014b-123] Verloove 2014b.

[FOOTNOTEUSDA2014m-124] USDA 2014m.