Simultaneous hermaphroditism

Simultaneous hermaphroditism is one of the two types of hermaphroditism, the other type being sequential hermaphroditism. In this form of hermaphroditism an individual has sex organs of both sexes and can produce both gamete types.[1]

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The distinction between simultaneous hermaphroditism and sequential hermaphroditism isn’t always clear.[2] But unlike sequential hermaphrodites, simultaneous hermaphrodites are both male and female at sexual maturity. Also sex determination does not apply to simultaneous hermaphrodites (except in species with mix mating systems).[3]

In simultaneous hermaphrodites, self-fertilization is possible in some species, where in others it is absent.[4] Simultaneous hermaphrodites produce can both types of gametes in a breeding season.[5]

Plants

Most plants are simultaneous hermaphrodites[6] with it occurring in 80% of angiosperms.[4]

Animals

Simultaneous hermaphroditism is one of the most common sexual systems in animals.[7] The majority of Cocculinoidea are simultaneous hermaphrodites[8] and it occurs in over 67% of coral species.[9]

In crustaceans simultaneous hermaphroditism can be found in groups that are sessile or live in environments with limited mating opportunities.[10]

References
  1. Cabej, Nelson R. (2013-04-01). Building the Most Complex Structure on Earth: An Epigenetic Narrative of Development and Evolution of Animals. Newnes. p. 101. ISBN 978-0-12-401729-0.
  2. Ponder, Winston Frank; Lindberg, David R.; Ponder, Juliet Mary (2019-11-18). Biology and Evolution of the Mollusca, Volume 1. CRC Press. p. 439. ISBN 978-1-351-11565-0.
  3. Fusco, Giuseppe; Minelli, Alessandro (2019-10-10). The Biology of Reproduction. Cambridge University Press. pp. 299–300. ISBN 978-1-108-49985-9.
  4. Rosenfield, Kevin A. (2018), "Hermaphrodite", in Vonk, Jennifer; Shackelford, Todd (eds.), Encyclopedia of Animal Cognition and Behavior, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 1–2, doi:10.1007/978-3-319-47829-6_329-1, ISBN 978-3-319-47829-6, retrieved 2021-09-24
  5. Charnov, Eric L. (2020-03-31). The Theory of Sex Allocation. (MPB-18), Volume 18. Princeton University Press. p. 7. ISBN 978-0-691-21005-6.
  6. Doust, Jon Lovett; Doust, Lesley Lovett (1988). Plant Reproductive Ecology: Patterns and Strategies. Oxford University Press. p. 142. ISBN 978-0-19-506394-3.
  7. Leonard J, Cordoba-Aguilar A (2010-07-19). The Evolution of Primary Sexual Characters in Animals. Oxford University Press, USA. p. 20. ISBN 978-0-19-532555-3.
  8. Leonard, Janet; Cordoba-Aguilar, Alex (2010-07-16). The Evolution of Primary Sexual Characters in Animals. Oxford University Press. p. 130. ISBN 978-0-19-971703-3.
  9. Avise, John C. (2011-03-18). Hermaphroditism: A Primer on the Biology, Ecology, and Evolution of Dual Sexuality. Columbia University Press. p. 83. ISBN 978-0-231-52715-6.
  10. Beukeboom, Leo; Perrin, Nicolas (2014-06-12). The Evolution of Sex Determination. OUP Oxford. pp. 29–30. ISBN 978-0-19-163139-9.
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