Nucleoplasm

The nucleoplasm is a type of protoplasm that makes up the cell nucleus, the most prominent organelle of the eukaryotic cell. It is enclosed by the nuclear envelope, also known as the nuclear membrane.[1] The nucleoplasm resembles the cytoplasm of a eukaryotic cell in that it is a gel-like substance found within a membrane, although the nucleoplasm only fills out the space in the nucleus and has its own unique functions. The nucleoplasm suspends structures within the nucleus that are not membrane-bound and is responsible for maintaining the shape of the nucleus.[1] The structures suspended in the nucleoplasm include chromosomes, nuclear bodies, nucleoporins, and nuclear speckles.[1]

The protoplasmic material of the nucleus including the nucleolus labelled as nucleoplasm.

Nucleoplasm is also known as karyoplasm,[2][3] karyolymph or nucleus sap. The soluble, liquid portion of the nucleoplasm is called the nucleosol[4] or nuclear hyaloplasm.

Role

There are many important cell functions that take place in the nucleus, more specifically in the nucleoplasm. The main function of the nucleoplasm is to provide the proper environment for essential processes that take place in the nucleus and to store the structures that are used in these processes.[1] In fact, 34% of proteins encoded in the human genome are ones that localize to the nucleoplasm.[1] These proteins take part in transcription and gene regulation in the nucleoplasm.[1] Proteins located in the nucleoplasm are involved in the activation of genes that are used in the cell cycle.[5] Some nucleoporins which typically make up the nuclear pore, can be mobile and participate in the regulation of gene expression in the nucleoplasm.[5][6] The nuclear pore is where molecules travel from inside the nucleoplasm to the cytoplasm and vice versa.[6] The nucleoplasm is also a route for many molecules to travel through.[6] Smaller molecules are able to pass freely through the nuclear pore to get into and out of the nucleoplasm, while larger proteins need the help of receptors on the surface of the nuclear envelope.[6]

References
  1. "The human cell in nucleoplasm". Human Protein Atlas.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  2. Flemming, Walter (1879) [1878]. "Beiträge zur Kenntniss der Zelle und ihrer Lebenserscheinungen". Archiv für mikroskopische Anatomie (in German). Verlag von Max Cohen & Sohn. 16: 360 – via Biodiversity Heritage Library. (whole article:pp302-436)
  3. Battaglia, Emilio (2010-01-20). "Caryoneme alternative to chromosome and a new caryological nomenclature" (PDF). Caryologia. University of Florence. 62 (4, Suppl. 1). p70 Table 10, p64 Table 1. ISSN 0008-7114. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2021-04-14. Retrieved 2021-06-22. (whole article: pp1-83)
  4. Usage example: Schweiger, A; Mazur, G (1974-09-15) [1974]. "Mammalian proteins with affinity to polynucleotides: Isolation by affinity chromatography from rat liver cytosol and nucleosol". FEBS Letters. 46 (1–2). p. 255, right column, line 11. doi:10.1016/0014-5793(74)80381-9. PMID 4417675. A soluble fraction of rat liver nuclei (nucleosol) was...
  5. Kalverda, Bernike; Pickersgill, Helen; Shloma, Victor V.; Fornerod, Maarten (2010). "Nucleoporins Directly Stimulate Expression of Developmental and Cell-Cycle Genes Inside the Nucleoplasm". Cell. 140 (3): 306–383. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2010.01.011. PMID 20144760. S2CID 17260209.
  6. Khan, Asmat Ullah; Qu, Rongmei; Ouyang, Jun; Dai, Jingxing (2020-04-03). "Role of Nucleoporins and Transport Receptors in Cell Differentiation". Frontiers in Physiology. 11: 239. doi:10.3389/fphys.2020.00239. PMC 7145948. PMID 32308628.
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