Narchat

Narchat, Narchatka, Naricha [6] (Moksha: Нарчат, Нарчатка, Нарича, romanized: Narchat, Narchatka, Naricha) was a Moksha princess,[7] ruler of the Murunza kingdom in Mokshaland, Middle Volga.[8] She was the daughter and successor of king Puresh and sister of Atämaz. She led the uprising against Mongols in 1242 and was slain in Sernya battle in 1242.

Narchat
Princess of Murunza and Burtas
Monument to Princess Narchat near Ancient Noronshasht, Penza region, Russia
Regency
Reign1237–1241
Kanazor (King)Puresh
KhanÖz Beg Khan
Born
Died20 November 1242(1242-11-20) (aged 25–26)
Moksha river
House
FatherPuresh
ReligionTorah Judaism[3]
OccupationPrincess of Murunza and Burtas[4][5]

Historical Personality

Russian professor from Penza State Pedagogical University Vitaliy Lebedev wrote:

All legends of Narchat mention that there was a battle of local population with Tatar-Mongols. The battle took place in winter time <...> Almost in all legends she is known as Mordvin princess and in one as Burtass

— Vitaliy Lebedev, Лебедев В. И. Загадочный город Мохши[7]

Doctor of Sciences Dmitriy Madurov of Chuvash state Institute of Humanities writes:

She might be only Moksha. First she was daughter of king Puresh, second war was waged in Mokshaland, third other ethnic groups are known they might have had a female as the head of state but not the army[9]

Indeed, it is known the Burtas had been ruled by elders.[10]

Ethnographer Vladimir Aunovsky wrote that he encountered coins with Narchatka portrait in traditional Moksha woman's headdress and they say: "This is our queen".[11] These coins are called mordovkas in slang, or silver coins type A as they are described by Bogdan Zaikovsky with inscription in Moksha Cyrillic (Moksha: МОЛИ АНСИ ОКАНЬ ПЕЛКИ 'goes only for half gold [coin]') and might be dated as 13th century.[12] Triangle coins, probabaly pre-Mongolian mordovkas «of silver and copper, 22x23 mm size, with a depiction of a woman in a headdress» are described by Vyacheslav Zavaryukhin as he specifes they should be referred to as Mukhsha coinage according to the Christian Frähn's list.[13]

Mongol Invasion

In September 1237 the Mongols invaded kingdom Murunza (Moxel 'Moksha Kingdom' in Latin sources[14]). They seized the capital Noronshasht and killed all the city dwellers. Narchat's father and brother together with Murunza army joined the Mongol hordes on their way to Europe.[15] As soon as she found out her father, brother and many Moksha warriors were killed in Germany[16] she attacked the Mongol convoys passing Mokshaland. On their way from Europe, Mongols returned to Murunza and seized Sernya. The city was burnt down, all the defenders were killed. Princess Narchat with a small group of warriors broke out of the burning fortress but Mongols chased her. Her men were slain and she jumped into the ice-hole in river Moksha and drowned together with her horse.[9][17]

See also

Literature
  • Masztorava, Erza és moksa népköltészeti anyag feldolgozásával írta Alekszandr Markovics Saronov, Budapest, 2010
  • Лебедев В. И. Нарчатка / Пензенская энциклопедия. М.: Научное издательство «Большая Российская энциклопедия», 2001, с. 376
  • Алихова А. Е., М. Ф. Жиганов, П. Д. Степанов. Из древней и средневековой истории мордовского народа. Саранск, 1959.
  • Пудалов Б. М., Начальный период истории древнейших городов Среднего Поволжья. (XII ѕ первая треть XIII в.) Нижний Новгород, 2003
  • Фомин В. В., Пургасова Русь. Институт Российской истории РАН, 2007.
  • Устно-поэтическое творчество мордовского народа в 12 томах, Саранск, 1963-2003
  • Мордовская мифология/ Энциклопедия. Саранск, 2013

References
  1. Shterenshis 2013, p. 18
  2. Mayorov 2021
  3. Shterenshis 2013, p. 18
  4. Lebedev V. I. Legends of Burtas Tsarina Narchatka. Problems of Volga-Don Ethnic History in Middle Ages and Burtas Problem. Penza, 1990
  5. Minorsky & al-ʿĀlam 1952
  6. Inzhevatov & Pomerantseva 1983, p. 49
  7. Лебедев В. И. Загадочный город Мохши, Пенза, 1958, p.15
  8. Карамзин Н. М. История государства Российского. Т. II. Москва, 1991, ISBN 978-5-02-009493-2
  9. Мадуров Д. Ф. Волжские земли в истории и культуре России: Материалы Всероссийской научной конференции//Мадуров Д. Ф. События XIII века в истории эрзи и мокши., О сражении на Золотарёвском городище осенью 1237 г. [Dmitry Madurov. 13th Century Events in Moksha and Erzya History., Sernya battle in autumn 1237, Mordovian State University, Saransk: Krasnyy Oktyabr, 2004. Part I — p. 264]
  10. Brasos — Moscow: Soviet Encyclopedia, 1971. — 600 с. — (Soviet Encyclopedia, 30 volumes / chief editor А. М. Prokhorov ; 1969—1978, Vol. 4)
  11. Aunovsky 1869, pp. 85–108
  12. Зайковский Б. В. «К вопросу о мордовках» Труды Нижне-Волжского областного научного общества краеведения. Вып. 36, часть 1. Саратов, 1929
  13. Заварюхин В.Ю. Памятники нумизматики и бонистики в региональном историко-культурном процессе. Саранск, 2006
  14. Itinerarium fratris Willielmi de Rubruquis de ordine fratrum Minorum, Galli, Anno gratia 1253. ad partes Orientales.
  15. John Bridges. The «Opus Majus» of Roger Bacon. Elibron Classics, 2000, ISBN 978-1-4021-9735-2
  16. Itinerarium fratris Willielmi de Rubruquis de ordine fratrum Minorum, Galli, Anno gratia 1253. ad partes Orientales
  17. Крюков Н. Серня - город ювелиров/Наша Пенза, № 30, 17 июля 2008

Sources
  • Shtereshis, Michael (2013), Tamerlane and the Jews, London and New York: Routlege
  • Minorsky, Vladimir; al-ʿĀlam, Ḥudūd (1952), Ḥudūd al-ʿĀlam. The regions of the world: a Persian geography, 372 A.H./982 A.D para 52. The Alān Capital *Magas and the Mongol Campaign, Cambridge University Press
  • Inzhevatov, I.K.; Pomerantseva, E.V., eds. (1983) [First published 1963]. "UPTMN". Oral Poetry Of Mordvin people, 1963–2003. Vol. 10. Mordovian Research Institute for Language, Literature, and Economy. p. 255.
  • Aunovsky, V (1869), Ethnograpical Essay Of Mordva-Moksha. Simbirsk Governorate Memorial Book for 1869, Simbirsk, pp. 85–108

Mayorov, Aleksandr (2021). "Woman, Diplomacy and War. Russian Princes In Negotiations With Batu Before Mongol Invasion". Steps Journal.

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