List of cervids

Conservation status codes listed follow the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List of Threatened Species. Range maps are provided wherever possible; if a range map is not available, a description of the cervid's range is provided. Ranges are based on the IUCN Red List for that species unless otherwise noted. All extinct species or subspecies listed alongside extant species went extinct after 1500 CE, and are indicated by a dagger symbol "".

The family Cervidae consists of 53 extant species belonging to 18 genera in 3 subfamilies and divided into dozens of extant subspecies. This does not include hybrid species or extinct prehistoric species. Additionally, one species, Schomburgk's deer, went extinct in 1938.[2]

The following classification is based on the taxonomy described by Mammal Species of the World (2005), with augmentation by generally accepted proposals made since using molecular phylogenetic analysis. This includes merging the two moose species of Alces into one and splitting out the genus Hyelaphus from Axis. There are several additional proposals which are disputed, such as splitting out the monotypic Panolia genus from Rucervus, combining the monotypic subfamily Hydropotinae with Capreolinae, or the addition of the fair brocket to the Mazama genus, which are not included here.[3][4]

Subfamily Capreolinae

Main article: Capreolinae

Genus Alces (Gray, 1821) – one species

Common name	Scientific name and subspecies	Range	Size and ecology	IUCN status and estimated population
Moose	A. alces Linnaeus, 1758 Nine subspecies A. a. alces (European elk) A. a. americanus (Eastern moose) A. a. andersoni (Western moose) A. a. buturlini (Chukotka elk) A. a. caucasicus (Caucasian moose) A. a. cameloides (Ussuri elk) A. a. gigas (Alaskan moose) A. a. pfizenmayeri (Yakutia elk) A. a. shirasi (Shiras' moose)	North America, Europe, and Asia	Size: 230–340 cm (91–134 in) long, plus 8–12 cm (3–5 in) tail; up to 230 cm (91 in) tall at shoulder[5] Habitat: Forest and inland wetlands[6] Diet: Vegetative parts of trees, as well as shrubs, herbs, and aquatic plants[6]	LC  2,000,000[6][7] [6]

Genus Blastocerus (Wagner, 1844) – one species

Common name	Scientific name and subspecies	Range	Size and ecology	IUCN status and estimated population
Marsh deer	B. dichotomus Illiger, 1815	Scattered parts of central South America (former range in red)	Size: 153–191 cm (60–75 in) long, plus 12–16 cm (5–6 in) tail; 110–127 cm (43–50 in) tall at shoulder[8] Habitat: Savanna, shrubland, and inland wetlands[9] Diet: Grasses, reeds and aquatic plants, as well as shrubs and vines[9]	VU  Unknown [9]

Genus Capreolus (Gray, 1821) – two species

Common name	Scientific name and subspecies	Range	Size and ecology	IUCN status and estimated population
Roe deer	C. capreolus Linnaeus, 1758 Four subspecies C. c. canus C. c. capreolus C. c. caucasicus C. c. italicus	Europe	Size: 104–124 cm (41–49 in) long, plus 2–3 cm (1–1 in) tail; 66–84 cm (26–33 in) tall at shoulder[10] Habitat: Forest, shrubland, grassland, and inland wetlands[11] Diet: Wide variety of plants[11][10]	LC  15,000,000 [11]
Siberian roe deer	C. pygargus Pallas, 1771 Four subspecies C. p. bedfordi C. p. mantschuricus C. p. ochraceus C. p. pygargus	Central and northeastern Asia	Size: 95–140 cm (37–55 in) long, plus 20–40 cm (8–16 in) tail; 65–95 cm (26–37 in) tall at shoulder[12] Habitat: Forest, shrubland, grassland, and inland wetlands[13] Diet: Grasses[13]	LC  Unknown [13]

Genus Hippocamelus (Leuckart, 1816) – two species

Common name	Scientific name and subspecies	Range	Size and ecology	IUCN status and estimated population
South Andean deer	H. bisulcus Molina, 1782	Southern Andes mountains	Size: 144–156 cm (57–61 in) long, plus 12–13 cm (5–5 in) tail; 80–90 cm (31–35 in) tall at shoulder[14] Habitat: Forest, shrubland, grassland, inland wetlands, rocky areas, and desert[15] Diet: Varied range of grasses and other plants[15]	EN  1,000–1,500 [15]
Taruca	H. antisensis d'Orbigny, 1834	Andes mountains	Size: 69–77 cm (27–30 in) tall at shoulder[16] Habitat: Shrubland, grassland, rocky areas, and other[17] Diet: Sedges and grasses[16][17]	VU  4,200–5,700 [17]

Genus Mazama (Rafinesque, 1817) – nine species

Common name	Scientific name and subspecies	Range	Size and ecology	IUCN status and estimated population
Amazonian brown brocket	M. nemorivaga F. Cuvier, 1817	Northern and central South America	Size: 75–100 cm (30–39 in) long, plus 6–11 cm (2–4 in) tail; 50 cm (20 in) tall at shoulder[18] Habitat: Forest and shrubland[19] Diet: Fruit, as well as leaves and shoots[18]	LC  Unknown [19]
Central American red brocket	M. temama Kerr, 1792 Three subspecies M. t. cerasina M. t. reperticia M. t. temama	Central America	Size: 80–110 cm (31–43 in) long, plus 10–14 cm (4–6 in) tail; 60–70 cm (24–28 in) tall at shoulder[18] Habitat: Forest, shrubland, grassland, and inland wetlands[20] Diet: Fruit, as well as seeds, grass, shoots, vines, and sometimes crops such as beans[18]	DD  Unknown [20]
Dwarf brocket	M. chunyi Hershkovitz, 1959	Central Andes mountains	Size: About 70 cm (28 in) long; about 38 cm (15 in) tall at shoulder[21] Habitat: Forest, shrubland, and grassland[22] Diet: Fruit and shrubs[22]	VU  Unknown [22]
Gray brocket	M. gouazoubira Fischer von Waldheim, 1814 Eleven subspecies M. g. cita M. g. gouazoubira M. g. medemi M. g. mexianae M. g. murelia M. g. nemorivaga M. g. permira M. g. sanctaemartae M. g. rondoni M. g. superciliaris M. g. tschudii	Eastern South America	Size: 85–105 cm (33–41 in) long[18] Habitat: Forest, savanna, shrubland, and inland wetlands[23] Diet: Wide variety of plants as well as fruit[23]	LC  Unknown [23]
Little red brocket	M. rufina Bourcier, Pucheran, 1852	Northern Andes mountains	Size: About 78 cm (31 in) long, plus 8 cm (3 in) tail; about 45 cm (18 in) tall at shoulder[24] Habitat: Forest, shrubland, and grassland[25] Diet: Herbs as well as other plants[25]	VU  Unknown [25]
Mérida brocket	M. bricenii Thomas, 1908	Northern Andes mountains	Size: 80–95 cm (31–37 in) long, plus 8–9 cm (3–4 in) tail; 45–50 cm (18–20 in) tall at shoulder[18] Habitat: Forest, shrubland, grassland, and rocky areas[26] Diet: Fruit and shrubs[26]	VU  Unknown [26]
Pygmy brocket	M. nana Hensel, 1872	Southeastern South America (possible range in yellow)	Size: About 78 cm (31 in) long, plus 8 cm (3 in) tail; less than 50 cm (20 in) tall at shoulder[24] Habitat: Forest[27] Diet: Unknown[18][27]	VU  Unknown [27]
Red brocket	M. americana Erxleben, 1777 Twelve subspecies M. a. americana M. a. carrikeri M. a. gualea M. a. jucunda M. a. rosii M. a. rufa M. a. sarae M. a. sheila M. a. trinitatis M. a. whitelyi M. a. zamora M. a. zetta	Northern and central South America	Size: 103–146 cm (41–57 in) long, plus 8–15 cm (3–6 in) tail; 65–80 cm (26–31 in) tall at shoulder[28] Habitat: Forest[29] Diet: Fruit and shrubs[29]	DD  Unknown [29]
Small red brocket	M. bororo Duarte, 1996	Atlantic Forest in southeastern Brazil (possible range in yellow)	Size: 85 cm (33 in) long, plus 11–14 cm (4–6 in) tail; 50–60 cm (20–24 in) tall at shoulder[18] Habitat: Forest[30] Diet: Fruit, leaves, and sprouts[18]	VU  8,500 [30]

Genus Odocoileus (Rafinesque, 1832) – three species

Common name	Scientific name and subspecies	Range	Size and ecology	IUCN status and estimated population
Mule deer	O. hemionus Rafinesque, 1817 Ten subspecies O. h. californicus (California mule deer) O. h. cerrosensis (Cedros Island mule deer) O. h. columbianus (Black-tailed deer) O. h. eremicus (desert mule deer) O. h. fuliginatus (southern mule deer) O. h. hemionus (Rocky Mountain mule deer) O. h. inyoensis (Inyo mule deer) O. h. peninsulae (peninsular mule deer) O. h. sheldoni (Tiburon Island mule deer) O. h. sitkensis (Sitka deer)	Western North America	Size: 152–203 cm (60–80 in) long; 80–106 cm (31–42 in) tall at shoulder[31] Habitat: Forest, savanna, shrubland, grassland, inland wetlands, desert, and intertidal marine[32] Diet: Leaves, twigs, acorns, legume seeds, and fleshy fruits[31][32]	LC  Unknown [32]
Yucatan brown brocket	O. pandora Merriam, 1901	Yucatán Peninsula	Size: About 105 cm (41 in) long, plus 8 cm (3 in) tail[33] Habitat: Forest, shrubland, and grassland[34] Diet: Fruit, as well as other plants[18]	VU  Unknown [34]
White-tailed deer	O. virginianus Rafinesque, 1832 38 subspecies O. v. acapulcensis O. v. borealis (northern white-tailed deer) O. v. cariacou O. v. carminis (Carmen Mountains white-tailed deer) O. v. chiriquensis O. v. clavium (Key deer) O. v. couesi (Coues' white-tailed deer) O. v. curassavicus O. v. dacotensis (Dakota white-tailed deer) O. v. goudotii O. v. gymnotis (South American white-tailed deer) O. v. hiltonensis (Hilton Head white-tailed deer) O. v. leucurus (Columbian white-tailed deer) O. v. macrourus (Kansas white-tailed deer) O. v. margaritae O. v. mcilhennyi (Avery Island white-tailed deer) O. v. mexicanus O. v. miquihuanensis O. v. nelsoni O. v. nemoralis (Nicaraguan white-tailed deer) O. v. nigribarbis (Blackbeard Island white-tailed deer) O. v. oaxacensis O. v. ochrourus (northwestern white-tailed deer) O. v. osceola (Florida coastal white-tailed deer) O. v. peruvianus (South American white-tailed deer) O. v. rothschildi O. v. seminolus (Florida white-tailed deer) O. v. sinaloae O. v. taurinsulae (Bulls Island white-tailed deer) O. v. texanus (Texas white-tailed deer) O. v. thomasi O. v. toltecus O. v. tropicalis O. v. ustus O. v. venatorius (Hunting Island white-tailed deer) O. v. veraecrucis O. v. virginianus (Virginia white-tailed deer) O. v. yucatanensis	North America and northern South America	Size: 150–200 cm (59–79 in) long, plus 10–28 cm (4–11 in) tail[35] Habitat: Forest, savanna, shrubland, grassland, inland wetlands, desert, neritic marine, intertidal marine, and coastal marine[36] Diet: Wide variety of vegetation and grasses[36]	LC  Unknown [36]

Genus Ozotoceros (Ameghino, 1891) – one species

Common name	Scientific name and subspecies	Range	Size and ecology	IUCN status and estimated population
Pampas deer	O. bezoarticus Linnaeus, 1758 Five subspecies O. b. arerunguaensis O. b. bezoarticus O. b. celer O. b. leucogaster O. b. uruguayensis	Scattered central South America	Size: 110–140 cm (43–55 in) long; 70–75 cm (28–30 in) tall at shoulder[37] Habitat: Savanna, grassland, and inland wetlands[38] Diet: Grasses and shrubs[37][38]	NT  20,000–80,000 [38]

Genus Pudu (Gray, 1852) – two species

Common name	Scientific name and subspecies	Range	Size and ecology	IUCN status and estimated population
Northern pudú	P. mephistophiles Winton, 1896	Northern Andes mountains	Size: 60–85 cm (24–33 in) long plus 3–5 cm (1–2 in) tail; 32–35 cm (13–14 in) tall at shoulder[39][40] Habitat: Forest, shrubland, and grassland[41] Diet: Leaves of ferns, trees, vines, herbs and shrubs[41][42]	DD  Unknown [41]
Southern pudú	P. puda Molina, 1782	Southern Andes mountains	Size: 60–85 cm (24–33 in) long plus 3–5 cm (1–2 in) tail; 35–45 cm (14–18 in) tall at shoulder[39][40] Habitat: Forest and shrubland[43] Diet: Leaves of ferns, trees, vines, herbs and shrubs[42][43]	NT  Unknown [43]

Genus Rangifer (H. Smith, 1827) – one species

Common name	Scientific name and subspecies	Range	Size and ecology	IUCN status and estimated population
Reindeer	R. tarandus Linnaeus, 1758 Fourteen subspecies R. t. buskensis (Busk reindeer) R. t. caboti (Labrador caribou) R. t. caribou (Boreal woodland caribou) R. t. dawsoni (Queen Charlotte Islands caribou) R. t. fennicus (Finnish forest reindeer) R. t. groenlandicus (Barren-ground caribou) R. t. osborni (Osborn's caribou) R. t. pearsoni (Novaya Zemlya reindeer) R. t. pearyi (Peary caribou) R. t. phylarchus (Kamchatkan reindeer) R. t. platyrhynchus (Svalbard reindeer) R. t. sibiricus (Siberian tundra reindeer) R. t. tarandus (Mountain reindeer) R. t. terraenovae (Newfoundland caribou)	Arctic North America, Europe, and Asia	Size: 150–230 cm (59–91 in) long; up to 120 cm (47 in) tall at shoulder[44] Habitat: Forest and grassland[45] Diet: Lichen, forbs, sedges, grasses, and shrubs[45]	VU  2,890,000 [45]

Subfamily Cervinae

Main article: Cervinae

Genus Axis (H. Smith, 1827) – four species

Common name	Scientific name and subspecies	Range	Size and ecology	IUCN status and estimated population
Chital	A. axis Erxleben, 1777	Indian subcontinent	Size: 70 cm (28 in) long plus 20 cm (8 in) tail; 35–38 cm (14–15 in) tall at shoulder[46][47] Habitat: Forest, savanna, and grassland[48] Diet: Wide variety of grasses as well as fallen leaves, flowers, and fruit[48]	LC  Unknown [48]
Calamian deer	A. calamianensis Heude, 1888	Calamian Islands of the Philippines	Size: 100–175 cm (39–69 in) long, plus 12–38 cm (5–15 in) tail; 60–100 cm (24–39 in) tall at shoulder[49] Habitat: Forest, savanna, and grassland[50] Diet: Leaves[50]	EN  Unknown [50]
Bawean deer	A. kuhlii Temminck, 1836	Bawean island of Indonesia	Size: 100–175 cm (39–69 in) long[51] Habitat: Forest and grassland[52] Diet: Herbs and grasses, as well as young leaves and twigs[52]	CR  200–500 [52]
Indian hog deer	A. porcinus Zimmermann, 1780	Southern and southeast Asia	Size: 105–115 cm (41–45 in) long, plus 20 cm (8 in) tail; 60–72 cm (24–28 in) tall at shoulder[53] Habitat: Savanna, shrubland, grassland, and inland wetlands[54] Diet: Young grasses, as well as herbs, flowers, fruit, and shrubs[54]	EN  Unknown [54]

Genus Cervus (Linnaeus, 1758) – five species

Common name	Scientific name and subspecies	Range	Size and ecology	IUCN status and estimated population
Thorold's deer	C. albirostris Przhevalsky, 1883	Central China	Size: 155–210 cm (61–83 in) long, plus 10–13 cm (4–5 in) tail; 115–140 cm (45–55 in) tall at shoulder[55] Habitat: Forest, shrubland, and grassland[56] Diet: Grass, herbs, lichens, leaves, and bark of trees and bushes[56]	VU  Unknown [56]
Elk	C. canadensis Erxleben, 1777 Thirteen subspecies C. c. alashanicus (Alashan wapiti) C. c. canadensis (Eastern elk) C. c. kansuensis (Kansu red deer) C. c. macneilli (Sichuan deer) C. c. manitobensis (Manitoban elk) C. c. merriami (Merriam's elk) C. c. nannodes (Tule elk) C. c. nelsoni (Rocky Mountain elk) C. c. roosevelti (Roosevelt elk) C. c. sibiricus (Altai wapiti) C. c. songaricus (Tian Shan wapiti) C. c. wallichii (Tibetan red deer) C. c. xanthopygus (Manchurian wapiti)	North America and Asia (former range in light green)	Size: 210–280 cm (83–110 in) long plus 10–22 cm (4–9 in) tail; 120–175 cm (47–69 in) tall at shoulder[57][58] Habitat: Forest, shrubland, and grassland[59] Diet: Shrub and tree shoots, as well as grasses, sedges, and shrubs[59]	LC  Unknown [59]
Red deer	C. elaphus Linnaeus, 1758 Nine subspecies C. e. atlanticus (Norwegian red deer) C. e. barbarus (Barbary stag) C. e. brauneri (Crimean red deer) C. e. corsicanus (Corsican red deer) C. e. elaphus C. e. hispanicus (Spanish red deer) C. e. maral (Caspian red deer) C. e. nannodes C. e. pannoniensis	Europe and western Asia (former range in light green)	Size: 160–270 cm (63–106 in) long; 75–150 cm (30–59 in) tall at shoulder[60] Habitat: Forest, shrubland, grassland, and rocky areas[61] Diet: Shrub and tree shoots, as well as grasses, sedges, shrubs, fruit, and seeds[61]	LC  Unknown [61]
Central Asian red deer	C. hanglu Wagner, 1844 Three subspecies C. h. bactrianus (Bactrian deer) C. h. hanglu (Kashmir stag) C. h. yarkandensis (Yarkand deer)	Central Asia	Size: Habitat: Forest, shrubland, grassland, and inland wetlands[62] Diet: Branches of young deciduous trees[62]	LC  2,000-2,500+ [62]
Sika deer	C. nippon Temminck, 1838 Sixteen subspecies C. n. aplodontus C. n. grassianus (Shanxi sika deer) C. n. hortulorum C. n. keramae (Kerama deer) C. n. kopschi (South China sika deer) C. n. mageshimae C. n. mandarinus (North China sika deer) C. n. mantchuricus (Manchurian sika deer) C. n. nippon C. n. pseudaxis (Vietnamese sika deer) C. n. pulchellus C. n. sichuanicus (Sichuan sika deer) C. n. soloensis C. n. taiouanus (Formosan sika deer) C. n. yakushimae C. n. yesoensis (Yezo sika deer)	East Asia	Size: 95–180 cm (37–71 in) long plus 7–13 cm (3–5 in) tail; 64–109 cm (25–43 in) tall at shoulder[63] Habitat: Forest, shrubland, and grassland[64] Diet: Grass, as well as shrubs and fruit[64]	LC  Unknown [64]

Genus Dama (Frisch, 1775) – two species

Common name	Scientific name and subspecies	Range	Size and ecology	IUCN status and estimated population
European fallow deer	D. dama Linnaeus, 1758	Europe and west Asia; introduced scattered areas worldwide (in teal)	Size: 130–175 cm (51–69 in) long, plus 15–23 cm (6–9 in) tail; 90–100 cm (35–39 in) tall at shoulder[65] Habitat: Forest, shrubland, and grassland[66] Diet: Grasses, mast, and shrubs, as well as leaves, buds, shoots, and bark[65][66]	LC  Unknown [66]
Persian fallow deer	D. mesopotamica Brooke, 1875	Iran and Israel	Size: 130–175 cm (51–69 in) long, plus 15–23 cm (6–9 in) tail; 90–100 cm (35–39 in) tall at shoulder[65] Habitat: Forest, savanna, and shrubland[67] Diet: Grasses, mast, and shrubs, as well as leaves, buds, shoots, and bark[67]	EN  Unknown [67]

Genus Elaphodus (H. Milne-Edwards, 1872) – one species

Common name	Scientific name and subspecies	Range	Size and ecology	IUCN status and estimated population
Tufted deer	E. cephalophus H. Milne-Edwards, 1872 Four subspecies E. c. cephalophus E. c. fociensis E. c. ichangensis E. c. michianus	Central China and northeastern Myanmar	Size: 110–160 cm (43–63 in) long, plus 7–16 cm (3–6 in) tail; 50–70 cm (20–28 in) tall at shoulder[68] Habitat: Forest and shrubland[69] Diet: Grass, as well as shrubs, fruits, bamboo, and herbs[69]	NT  Unknown [69]

Genus Elaphurus (H. Milne-Edwards, 1872) – one species

Common name	Scientific name and subspecies	Range	Size and ecology	IUCN status and estimated population
Père David's deer	E. davidianus Milne-Edwards, 1866	China	Size: 183–216 cm (72–85 in) long, plus 22–36 cm (9–14 in) tail[70] Habitat: Grassland, inland wetlands, and intertidal marine[71] Diet: Grass, reeds, and bush leaves[71]	EW  Unknown [71]

Genus Muntiacus (Rafinesque, 1815) – eleven species

Common name	Scientific name and subspecies	Range	Size and ecology	IUCN status and estimated population
Bornean yellow muntjac	M. atherodes Groves, Grubb, 1982	Borneo	Size: 90–100 cm (35–39 in) long, plus 14–20 cm (6–8 in) tail; 65 cm (26 in) tall at shoulder[72][73] Habitat: Forest[74] Diet: Herbs, seeds, grass, buds, leaves, and fruit[72]	NT  Unknown [74]
Fea's muntjac	M. feae Thomas, Doria, 1889	Southern Myanmar and Thailand	Size: 90–100 cm (35–39 in) long, plus 10–17 cm (4–7 in) tail; 50–60 cm (20–24 in) tall at shoulder[72] Habitat: Forest[75] Diet: Fruit and leaves, as well as grass and shoots[72]	DD  Unknown [75]
Giant muntjac	M. vuquangensis Tuoc, Dung, Dawson, Arctander, & Mackinnon, 1994	Northern Vietnam and Laos	Size: 110–115 cm (43–45 in) long, plus 17 cm (7 in) tail; 65–70 cm (26–28 in) tall at shoulder[72] Habitat: Forest[76] Diet: Fruit and leaves[72]	CR  Unknown [76]
Gongshan muntjac	M. gongshanensis Ma, 1990	South-central China	Size: 95–105 cm (37–41 in) long, plus 9–16 cm (4–6 in) tail; 55–57 cm (22–22 in) tall at shoulder[77] Habitat: Forest[78] Diet: Unknown[72][78]	DD  Unknown [78]
Hairy-fronted muntjac	M. crinifrons P. L. Sclater, 1885	Southeastern China	Size: 98–113 cm (39–44 in) long, plus 21 cm (8 in) tail[79] Habitat: Forest and shrubland[80] Diet: Wide variety of tree leaves and twigs, forbs, grass, and fruit[80]	VU  Unknown [80]
Indian muntjac	M. muntjak Zimmermann, 1780 Eleven subspecies M. m. annamensis M. m. aureus M. m. curvostylis M. m. guangdongensis M. m. malabaricus M. m. menglalis M. m. montanus (Sumatran muntjac) M. m. muntjak M. m. nigripes M. m. vaginalis M. m. yunnanensis	Southern and Southeast Asia	Size: 89–135 cm (35–53 in) long, plus 13–23 cm (5–9 in) tail; 40–65 cm (16–26 in) tall at shoulder[81] Habitat: Forest[82] Diet: Fruit, buds, tender leaves, flowers, herbs, and young grass[82]	LC  Unknown [82]
Leaf muntjac	M. putaoensis Amato, Egan & Rabinowitz, 1999	Myanmar	Size: 77–83 cm (30–33 in) long, plus 8–12 cm (3–5 in) tail; 50 cm (20 in) tall at shoulder[83] Habitat: Forest[84] Diet: Fruit and a range of plant materials[84]	DD  Unknown [84]
Pu Hoat muntjac	M. puhoatensis Trai, 1997	Vietnam	Size: Small and similar to the Truong Son muntjac, but specific measurements not available[72] Habitat: Forest[85] Diet: Unknown[72][85]	DD  Unknown [85]
Reeves's muntjac	M. reevesi Ogilby, 1839 Three subspecies M. r. jiangkouensis M. r. micrurus M. r. reevesi	Eastern China; introduced to Britain and Japan	Size: 70–113 cm (28–44 in) long, plus 10 cm (4 in) tail; 43–45 cm (17–18 in) tall at shoulder[86] Habitat: Forest, shrubland, and grassland[87] Diet: Bamboo, seeds, bark, fruit and foliage, as well as eggs, carrion, small mammals, and ground-nesting birds[86][87]	LC  Unknown [87]
Roosevelt's muntjac	M. rooseveltorum Osgood, 1932		Size: Small with shoulder height estimated at about 40 cm (16 in), but specific measurements not available[72] Habitat: Forest[88] Diet: Leaves and fruit[72]	DD  Unknown [88]
Truong Son muntjac	M. truongsonensis Giao, Tuoc, Dung, Wikramanayake, Amato, Arctander, & Mackinnon, 1997	Southern Vietnam	Size: Small with shoulder height estimated at about 40 cm (16 in), but specific measurements not available[72] Habitat: Forest[89] Diet: Leaves and fruit[72]	DD  Unknown [89]

Genus Rucervus (Hodgson, 1838) – three species

Common name	Scientific name and subspecies	Range	Size and ecology	IUCN status and estimated population
Barasingha	R. duvaucelii Cuvier, 1823 Three subspecies R. d. branderi (Southern swamp deer) R. d. duvaucelii (Western swamp deer) R. d. ranjitsinhi (Eastern swamp deer)	Scattered parts of south Asia (historical range in yellow)	Size: About 180 cm (71 in) long; 119–124 cm (47–49 in) tall at shoulder[90] Habitat: Forest, savanna, grassland, and inland wetlands[91] Diet: Grass and aquatic plants[91]	VU  Unknown [91]
Eld's deer	R. eldii McClelland, 1842 Three subspecies R. e. eldii (Sangai) R. e. siamensis (Burmese brow-antlered deer) R. e. thamin (Thai brow-antlered deer)	Scattered parts of southeast Asia	Size: Males 160–170 cm (63–67 in) long, plus 22–25 cm (9–10 in) tail; 115–130 cm (45–51 in) tall at shoulder. Females 140–150 cm (55–59 in) long, plus 22–25 cm (9–10 in) tail; 90–100 cm (35–39 in) tall at shoulder.[92] Habitat: Forest, savanna, shrubland, grassland, and inland wetlands[93] Diet: A variety of grasses, fruit, and herbaceous and wetland plants[94][93]	EN  Unknown [93]
Schomburgk's deer	R. schomburgki Blyth, 1863	Central Thailand	Size: Unknown Habitat: Grassland and inland wetlands[95] Diet: Unknown[95]	EX  0 [95]

Genus Rusa (H. Smith, 1827) – four species

Common name	Scientific name and subspecies	Range	Size and ecology	IUCN status and estimated population
Visayan spotted deer	R. alfredi P. L. Sclater, 1870	Philippines	Size: 120–130 cm (47–51 in) long, plus 8–13 cm (3–5 in) tail; 60–80 cm (24–31 in) tall at shoulder[96] Habitat: Forest, shrubland, and grassland[97] Diet: Cogon grass and young leaves and buds[97]	EN  700 [97]
Philippine deer	R. marianna Desmarest, 1822 Four subspecies R. m. barandana R. m. marianna R. m. nigella R. m. nigricans	Philippines	Size: 100–151 cm (39–59 in) long; 55–70 cm (22–28 in) tall at shoulder[98] Habitat: Forest and grassland[99] Diet: Grass[99]	VU  Unknown [99]
Javan rusa	R. timorensis Blainville, 1822 Seven subspecies R. t. djonga R. t. floresiensis (Flores rusa deer) R. t. macassaricus (Celebes rusa deer) R. t. moluccensis (Moluccan rusa deer) R. t. renschi R. t. russa (Javan rusa deer) R. t. timorensis (Timor rusa deer)	Indonesia and East Timor	Size: 142–185 cm (56–73 in) long, plus 10–30 cm (4–12 in) tail; 80–110 cm (31–43 in) tall at shoulder[100] Habitat: Forest, savanna, and grassland[101] Diet: Grass, herbs, the leaves and bark of shrubs, and seaweed[101]	VU  10,000 [101]
Sambar deer	R. unicolor Kerr, 1792 Seven subspecies R. u. brookei (Bornean sambar) R. u. cambojensis (Mainland Southeast Asian sambar) R. u. dejeani (South China sambar) R. u. equina (Malayan sambar) R. u. hainana (Hainan sambar) R. u. swinhoii (Formosan sambar) R. u. unicolor (Sri Lankan sambar)	South and Southeast Asia including Southern China	Size: 160–270 cm (63–106 in) long, plus 25–30 cm (10–12 in) tail; 102–160 cm (40–63 in) tall at shoulder[102] Habitat: Forest, savanna, shrubland, grassland, and inland wetlands[103] Diet: Wide variety of plants[103]	VU  Unknown [103]

• Largest cervids

• Armstrong, David M.; Fitzgerald, James P.; Meaney, Carron A. (2011). Mammals of Colorado (2nd ed.). University Press of Colorado. ISBN 978-1-60732-048-7.
• Burt, William Henry (1957). Mammals of the Great Lakes Region. University of Michigan Press. ISBN 978-0-472-06183-9.
• Ellis, Richard (2004). No Turning Back: The Life and Death of Animal Species. New York: Harper Perennial. ISBN 0-06-055804-0.
• Emanoil, Mary (ed.). Encyclopedia of Endangered Species. Vol. 1. Gale Research. ISBN 978-0-8103-8857-4.
• Eisenberg, John F.; Redford, Kent H.; Reid, Fiona; Bonner, Sigrid James (1989). Mammals of the Neotropics. Vol. 2: The Southern Cone: Chile, Argentina, Uruguay, Paraguay. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-19542-1.
• Eisenberg, John F.; Redford, Kent H.; Reid, Fiona; Bonner, Sigrid James (1989). Mammals of the Neotropics. Vol. 3: Ecuador, Bolivia, Brazil. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-19542-1.
• Geist, Valerius (1998). Deer of the World: Their Evolution, Behaviour, and Ecology. Stackpole Books. ISBN 978-0-8117-0496-0.
• Long, John L. (2003). Introduced Mammals of the World: Their History, Distribution and Influence. CABI Publishing. ISBN 978-0-643-06714-1.
• Reid, Fiona (2009). A Field Guide to the Mammals of Central America and Southeast Mexico (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-534322-9.
• Schaller, George B. (2009). The Deer and the Tiger: Study of Wild Life in India. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-73657-0.
• Smith, Andrew T.; Xie, Yan, eds. (2013). Mammals of China. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-1-4008-4688-7.
• Wilson, Don E.; Mittermeier, Russell A., eds. (2011). Handbook of the Mammals of the World. Vol. 2 (Hoofed Mammals). Lynx Edicions. ISBN 978-84-96553-77-4.