National Key Universities

National Key Universities (Chinese: 国家重点大学) previously referred to universities recognized as prestigious and which received a high level of support from the central government of the People's Republic of China.[1] The term is no longer in official use by 1990s as these schools have been coordinated into Project 211 or Project 985.[2][3] However, it remains part of the vernacular, as evidenced by numerous Chinese media articles which still refer to "National Key Universities".[1][4]

A list of 16 National Key Universities was first promulgated by the Chinese government in 1959,[5] and included Peking University, Tsinghua University, University of Science and Technology of China, Renmin University, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing Normal University, Beijing Institute of Aeronautics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing Medical University, Fudan University, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, East China Normal University, Shanghai First Medical College, Tianjin University, Harbin Institute of Technology, Xi'an Jiao Tong University and Northwestern Polytechnical University.[6]

By the end of 1960, another 44 universities were added into the list, including Peking Union Medical College, Zhejiang University, Nanjing University, Sun Yat-sen University and others.[5][7][8]

By the end of 1965, there were 68 National Key Universities. By 1978, there were 88 National Key Universities.[5][7][9] At the end of the 20th century, after reforms to the system of higher education in China, the Chinese government instituted a two-tier system of universities, namely universities managed by the central government and universities managed by provincial governments. The majority of universities would be managed by provincial governments. A small number of universities which affected national development or were highly specialized would be managed by the Chinese Ministry of Education or a few other ministries.[1][7]

The term "National Key Universities" then became defunct, and these schools are now normally referred to as "Double First Class Universities“, based on the China state Double First Class University Plan.[2]

The term "zhòngdiǎn" 重点, translated here as "key," in this phrase can also be translated as "major," "priority," or "focal."[10]

In October 2015, The State Council of People's Republic of China published the 'Overall Plan for Promoting the Construction of World First Class Universities and First Class Disciplines (Double First Class Universities Plan)' , which made new arrangements for the development of higher education in China, replacing previous projects of Chinese higher education. A total of 140 Double First Class Universities were approved to be included in the state Double First Class University Plan by the central government of China in 2017, representing the top 5% of the higher education institutions (3,012) in this country.[11]

At present, the 147 Double First Class Universities are considered as the most elite part of higher education in Mainland China.

See also

References
  1. ROBINSON, BIN W. U. AND BERNADETTE (2015), "Social justice through financial distribution at China's universities: a student survey in Shaanxi Province", Chinese Higher Education Reform and Social Justice, Routledge, doi:10.4324/9781315884691
  2. Li, Jian; Xue, Eryong (2021), Li, Jian; Xue, Eryong (eds.), "The Policy Analysis of Creating World-Class Universities in China", Creating World-Class Universities in China : Ideas, Policies, and Efforts, Singapore: Springer, pp. 1–33, doi:10.1007/978-981-16-6726-8_1
  3. Yang, Guangliang (2014-09-01). "Are all admission sub-tests created equal? — Evidence from a National Key University in China". China Economic Review. 30: 600–617. doi:10.1016/j.chieco.2013.12.002.
  4. Liu, Ye (2016-10-08). Higher Education, Meritocracy and Inequality in China. Springer. p. 99. ISBN 978-981-10-1588-5.
  5. Yang, Ming; Ni, Hao (2018-09-07). Educational Governance in China. Springer. p. 112. ISBN 978-981-13-0842-0.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link)
  6. "建国以来重要文献选编第十二册". web.archive.org. 2019-04-25.
  7. Curaj, Adrian; Georghiou, Luke; Harper, Jennifer Cassingena; Egron-Polak, Eva (2015-03-31). Mergers and Alliances in Higher Education: International Practice and Emerging Opportunities. Springer. p. 131. ISBN 978-3-319-13135-1.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link)
  8. "中共中央关于增加全国重点高等学校的决定". www.ce.cn. 2007-06-11. Retrieved 2022-04-30.
  9. "教育部直属高等学校". web.archive.org. 2009-08-22.
  10. The Chinese-English Dictionary (Heian International Pub. Co., 1979).
  11. "教育部 财政部 国家发展改革委关于公布世界一流大学和一流学科建设高校及建设学科名单的通知 - 中华人民共和国教育部政府门户网站". www.moe.gov.cn. Retrieved 2022-01-12.
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