List of Indian monarchs

The following list of Indian monarchs is one of several lists of incumbents. It includes those said to have ruled a portion of the Indian subcontinent, including Sri Lanka.

South Asia, main centre of Indian culture

The earliest Indian rulers are known only from Sanskrit literature, in particularly the epics Mahabharata and Ramayana, which both are give many details of monarchs, and their interactions with each other. Many historians regards these as most relevant sources of early historical period and these the epics were developed several centuries after the main period.

Early types of historic documentation include metal coins with an indication of the ruler, or at least the dynasty, at the time. These Punch-marked coins issued around 600 BCE and in abundance under the Maurya Empire in 300 BCE. There are also stone inscriptions and documentary records from foreign cultures from around this time.

The main imperial or quasi-imperial rulers of North India are fairly clear from this point on, but the many local rulers, and the situation in the Deccan and South India is less clear stone inscriptions from early centuries. Main sources of South Indian history is Sangam Literature dated from 300 BCE. Dates for many rulers are speculative, or at least uncertain. The early history of many dynasties of Ancient India and are currently uncertain.

Heheya Kingdom
Main article: Heheya Kingdom

Later they were divided among different sub-castes which include Kansara, Kasera, Tamrakar, Thathera, Tambat and many more.[3]

Medieval Haihayas

A number of early medieval dynasties, which include the Kalachuri and Mushika Kingdom of Kerala, claimed their descent from the Haihayas.[4]

Magadha dynasties
Main article: Magadha

This list includes the legendary kings of Magadha:

Brihadratha dynasty (c. 1700–682 BCE)
Main article: Brihadratha dynasty
  • Brihadratha
  • Jarasandha
  • Sahadeva of Magadha
  • Somadhi (1661–1603 BCE)
  • Srutasravas (1603–1539 BCE)
  • Ayutayus (1539–1503 BCE)
  • Niramitra (1503–1463 BCE)
  • Sukshatra (1463–1405 BCE)
  • Brihatkarman ( 1405–1382 BCE)
  • Senajit ( 1382–1332 BCE)
  • Srutanjaya ( 1332–1292 BCE)
  • Vipra (1292–1257 BCE)
  • Suchi (1257–1199 BCE)
  • Kshemya (1199–1171 BCE)
  • Subrata (1171–1107BCE)
  • Dharma ( 1107–1043 BCE)
  • Susuma (1008–970 BCE)
  • Dridhasena (970–912 BCE)
  • Sumati (912–879 BCE)
  • Subala (879–857 BCE)
  • Sunita (857–817 BCE)
  • Satyajit (817–767 BCE)
  • Viswajit (767–732 BCE)
  • Ripunjaya (732–682 BCE)

(He was the last ruler of Brihadratha dynasty dethorned by Pradyota in 682 BCE)

Pradyota dynasty (c. 682–544 BCE)
Main article: Pradyota dynasty
  • Pradyota Mahasena (682–659 BCE)
  • Palaka (659–635 BCE)
  • Visakhayupa (635–585 BCE)
  • Ajaka (585–564 BCE)
  • Varttivarddhana (564–544 BCE)

(last ruler of the Pradyota dynasty)

Haryanka dynasty (c. 544–413 BCE)
Main article: Haryanka dynasty

(last ruler of the Haryanka dynasty)

Shishunaga dynasty (c. 413–345 BCE)
Main article: Shaishunaga dynasty

(He was placed on the throne by the people who revolted against the Haryanka dynasty rule)

(His empire was inherited by his illegitimate son Mahapadma Nanda)

Nanda Empire (c. 345–322 BCE)
Main article: Nanda Empire

(Son of Mahanandin, founded the Nanda Empire after inheriting Mahanandin's empire)

  • Pandhukananda (340–339 BCE)
  • Panghupatinanda (339–338 BCE)
  • Bhutapalananda (338–337 BCE)
  • Rashtrapalananada (337–336 BCE)
  • Govishanakananda (336–335 BCE)
  • Dashasidkhakananda (335–334 BCE)
  • Kaivartananda (334–333 BCE)
  • Karvinathanand (333–330 BCE)
  • Dhana Nanda (330–321 BCE), (Agrammes, Xandrammes by Greeks),

(lost his empire to Chandragupta Maurya after being defeated by him.)

See also: Conquest of the Nanda Empire

Maurya Empire (c. 322–185 BCE)
Main article: Maurya Empire
RulerReignNotes
Chandragupta Maurya321–297 BCEFounder of first Indian United Empire
Bindusara Amitraghata297–273 BCEKnown for his Foreign diplomacy
Ashoka268–232 BCEGreatest King of Maurya dynasty. His son Kunala was blinded and died before his father. Ashoka was succeeded by his grandson.
Dasharatha Maurya232–224 BCEGrandson of Ashoka.
Samprati224–215 BCEBrother of Dasharatha.
Shalishuka215–202 BCE
Devavarman202–195 BCE
Shatadhanvan195–187 BCEThe Mauryan Empire had shrunk by the time of his reign
Brihadratha187–184 BCEAssassinated by Pushyamitra Shunga

(Brihadratha was the last ruler of Maurya Empire, dethroned by Pushyamitra Shunga of Shunga Empire)

Shunga Empire (c. 185–73 BCE)
Main article: Shunga Empire
EmperorReign
Pushyamitra Shunga185–149 BCE
Agnimitra149–141 BCE
Vasujyeshtha141–131 BCE
Vasumitra131–124 BCE
Bhadraka124–122 BCE
Pulindaka122–119 BCE
Ghosha119-108 BCE
Vajramitra108-94 BCE
Bhagabhadra94-83 BCE
Devabhuti83–73 BCE

(Devabhuti was the last ruler of Shunga Empire, dethroned by Vasudeva Kanva of Kanva dynasty)

Kanva dynasty (c. 73–28 BCE)
Main article: Kanva dynasty
List of Kanava dynasty rulers
Emperor Reign Period
Vasudeva Kanva 73–64 BCE 9
Bhumimitra 64–50 BCE 14
Narayana 50–38 BCE 12
Susarman 38–28 BCE 10

(Susarman was the last ruler of Kanva dynasty, dethroned by Simuka of Satavahana Empire)

Kalinga Empire
Main article: Kalinga (historical region)

First Kalinga dynasty (c. 1700 – 700 BCE)

According to Mahabharata and some Puranas, the prince Kalinga founded the kingdom of Kalinga, in the current day region of coastal Odisha, including the North Sircars.[5][6] The Mahabharata also mentions one Srutayudha as the king of the Kalinga kingdom, who joined the Kaurava camp.[7] In the Buddhist text, Mahagovinda Suttanta, Kalinga and its ruler, Sattabhu, have been mentioned.[8]

Second Kalinga dynasty (c. 700 – 550 BCE)

This dynasty is mentioned in Chullakalinga Jataka and Kalingabodhi Jataka. The first king Kalinga I is said to have broken away from the Danda kingdom along with the kings of Asmaka and Vidarbha as its feudal states.

Unknown dynasty mentioned in Dathavamsha (c. 550 – 410 BCE)
  • Brahmadatta (c. 5th century BCE)
  • Kasiraja
  • Sunanda
  • Guhasiva

Solar dynasty of Kalinga (c. 410 – 380 BCE)
  • Brahmaadittiya (c. 4th century BC)

His son, Prince Soorudasaruna-Adeettiya was exiled and as per Maldivian history, established the first kingdom Dheeva Maari and laid the foundation of the Adeetta dynasty.[9]

Gonanda Kingdom of Kashmir
Main articles: Gonanda dynasty and Kashmir

Gonanda dynasty I (c. 1700 – 1182 BCE)

Kalhana mentions that Gonanda I ascended the throne in 653 Kali calendar era. According to Jogesh Chander Dutt's calculation, this year corresponds between 1800 BCE – 1700 BCE.[10]

  • Gonanda I
  • Damodara I
  • Yashovati
  • Gonanda II
  • 35 kings (names lost)
  • Lava
  • Kusheshaya
  • Khagendra
  • Surendra
  • Godhara
  • Suvarna
  • Janaka
  • Shachinara
  • Ashoka (Gonandiya)
  • Jalauka
  • Damodara II
  • Abhimanyu I

Gonanditya dynasty (c. 1182 – 246 BCE)

The Gonanditya dynasty ruled Kashmir for 1002 years.[11]

RulerReign[12]Ascension yearNotes
Gonanda III35 years1182 BCEGonanda III founded a new dynasty. (I.191) He belonged to Rama's lineage, and restored the Nāga rites
Vibhishana I53 years, 6 months1147 BCE
Indrajit35 years1094 BCE
Ravana30 years, 6 months–A Shivalinga attributed to Ravana could still be seen at the time of Kalhana.
Vibhishana II35 years, 6 months1058 BCE
Nara I (Kinnara)40 years, 9 months1023 BCEHis queen eloped with a Buddhist monk, so he destroyed the Buddhist monasteries and gave their land to the Brahmins. He tried to abduct a Nāga woman, who was the wife of a Brahmin. Because of this, the Nāga chief burnt down the king's city, and the king died in the fire.
Siddha60 years983 BCESiddha, the son of Nara, was saved from Nāga's fury, because he was away from the capital at the time. He was a religious king, and followed a near-ascetic lifestyle.
Utpalaksha30 years, 6 months923 BCESon of Siddha
Hiranyaksha37 years, 7 months893 BCESon of Utpalaksha
Hiranyakula60 years855 BCESon of Hiranyaksha
Vasukula (Mukula)60 years795 BCESon of Hiranyakula. During his reign, the Mlechchhas (possibly Hunas) overran Kashmir.
Mihirakula70 years735 BCEAccording to historical evidence, Mihirakula's predecessor was Toramana. Kalhana mentions a king called Toramana, but places him much later, in Book 3.[13] According to Kalhana, Mihirakula was a cruel ruler who ordered killings of a large number of people, including children, women and elders. He invaded the Sinhala Kingdom, and replaced their king with a cruel man. As he passed through Chola, Karnata and other kingdoms on his way back to Kashmir, the rulers of these kingdoms fled their capitals and returned only after he had gone away. On his return to Kashmir, he ordered killings of 100 elephants, who had been startled by the cries of a fallen elephant. Once, Mihirakula dreamt that a particular stone could be moved only by a chaste woman. He put this to test: the women who were unable to move the stone were killed, along with their husbands, sons and brothers. He was supported by some immoral Brahmins. In his old age, the king committed self-immolation.
Vaka (Baka)63 years, 18 days665 BCEA virtuous king, he was seduced and killed by a woman named Vatta, along with several of his sons and grandsons.
Kshitinanda30 years602 BCEThe only surviving child of Vaka
Vasunanda52 years, 2 months572 BCE"Originator of the science of love"
Nara II60 years520 BCESon of Vasunanda
Aksha60 years460 BCESon of Nara II
Gopaditya60 years, 6 days400 BCESon of Aksha. Gave lands to Brahmins. Expelled several irreligious Brahmins who used to eat garlic (non-Sattvic diet); in their place, he brought others from foreign countries.
Gokarna57 years, 11 months340 BCESon of Gopaditya
Narendraditya I (Khingkhila)36 years, 3 months, 10 days282 BCESon of Gokarna
Yudhisthira I34 years, 5 months, 1 day246 BCECalled "the blind" because of his small eyes. In later years of his reign, he started patronizing unwise persons, and the wise courtiers deserted him. He was deposed by rebellious ministers, and granted asylum by a neighboring king. His descendant Meghavahana later restored the dynasty's rule.

Kashmir Chiefs of Ujjani Kingdom (c. 246 BCE – 25 CE )

No kings mentioned in this book have been traced in any other historical source.[13] These kings ruled Kashmir for 192 years.[12]

RulerReign[12]Ascension yearNotes
Pratapaditya I32 years167 BCEPratapaditya was a relative of a distant king named Vikrmaditya (II.6).
Jalauka32 years135 BCESon of Pratapaditya
Tungjina I36 years103 BCEShared the administration with his queen. The couple sheltered their citizens in the royal palace during a severe famine resulting from heavy frost. After his death, the queen committed sati. The couple died childless.
Vijaya8 years67 BCEFrom a different dynasty than Tungjina.
Jayendra37 years59 BCESon of Vijaya: his "long arms reached to his knees". His flatters instigated him against his minister Sandhimati. The minister was persecuted, and ultimately imprisoned because of rumors that he would succeed the king. Sandhimati remained in prison for 10 years. In his old age, the childless king ordered killing of Sandhimati to prevent any chance of him becoming a king. He died after hearing about the false news of Sandhimati's death.
Sandhimati47 years22 BCESandhimati was selected by the citizens as the new ruler. He ascended the throne reluctantly, at the request of his guru Ishana. He was a devout Shaivite, and his reign was marked by peace. He filled his court with rishis (sages), and spent his time in forest retreats. Therefore, his ministers replaced him with Meghavahana, a descendant of Yudhishthira I. He willingly gave up the throne.

Gonanda dynasty II (c. 25 – 561 CE)
Main article: Gonanda dynasty (II)
RulerReign[12]Ascension yearNotes
Meghavahana34 years25 CE
Possible coinage of Meghavahana. Obverse: Shiva Pashupati ("Lord of the Beasts"), making a mudra gesture with right hand and holding filleted trident; behind, a lioness or tiger. Trace of legend Meghana... in Brahmi. Reverse: Goddess seated facing on lotus, holding lotus in both hand, Kidara monogram to left, Jaya in Brahmi to right. Circa 7th century CE, Kashmir.[14]
Meghavahana was the son of Yudhisthira I's great grandson, who had been granted asylum by Gopaditya, the king of Gandhara. Meghavahana had been selected the husband of a Vaishnavite princess at a Swayamvara in another kingdom. The ministers of Kashmir brought him to Kashmir after Sandhimati proved to be an unwilling king. Meghavahana banned animal slaughter and compensated those who earned their living through hunting. He patrnozed Brahmins, and set up a monastery. His queens built Buddhist viharas and monasteries. He subdued kings in regions as far as Sinhala Kingdom, forcing them to abandon animal slaughter.
Shreshtasena (Pravarasena I / Tungjina II)30 years59 CESon of Meghavahana
Hiranya30 years, 2 months89 CESon of Shreshtasena, assisted by his brother and co-regent Toramana. The king imprisoned Toramana, when the latter stuck royal coins in his own name. Toramana's son Pravarasena, who had been brought up in secrecy by his mother Anjana, freed him. Hiranya died childless. Several coins of a king named Toramana have been found in the Kashmir region. This king is identified by some with Huna ruler Toramana, although his successor Mihirakula is placed much earlier by Kalhana.[13]
Matrigupta4 years, 9 months, 1 day120 CEAccording to Kalhana, the emperor Vikramditya (alias Harsha) of Ujjayini defeated the Shakas, and made his friend and poet Matrigupta the ruler of Kashmir. After Vikramaditya's death, Matrigupta abdicated the throne in favour of Pravarasena. According to D. C. Sircar, Kalhana has confused the legendary Vikramaditya of Ujjain with the Vardhana Emperor Harsha (c. 606–47 CE).[15] The latter is identified with Shiladitya mentioned in Xuanzang's account. However, according to M. A. Stein, Kalhana's Vikramaditya is another Shiladitya mentioned in Xuanzang's account: a king of Malwa around 580 CE.[16]
Pravarasena II60 years125 CE
Coinage of Pravarasena, supposed founder of Srinagar. Obverse: Standing king with two figured seated below. Name "Pravarasena". Reverse: goddess seated on a lion. Legend "Kidāra". Circa 6th-early 7th century CE.[14]
Historical evidence suggests that a king named Pravarasena ruled Kashmir in the 6th century CE.[13] According to Kalhana, Pravarasena subdued many other kings, in lands as far as Saurashtra. He restored the rule of Vikramaditya's son Pratapshila (alias Shiladitya), who had been expelled from Ujjain by his enemies. Pratapshila agreed to be a vassal of Pravarasena after initial resistance. He founded a city called Pravarapura, which is identified by later historians as the modern city of Srinagar on the basis topographical details.[17]
Yudhishthira II39 years, 8 months185 CESon of Pravarasena
Narendraditya I (Lakshmana)13 years206 CESon of Yudhishthira II and Padmavati
Ranaditya I (Tungjina III)300 years219 CE
Sri Tujina. Circa 7th century CE, Kashmir.[14]
Younger brother of Narendraditya. His queen Ranarambha was an incarnation of Bhramaravasini. The Chola king Ratisena had found her among the waves, during an ocean worship ritual.
Vikramaditya42 years519 CESon of Ranaditya
Baladitya36 years, 8 months561 CEYounger brother of Vikramaditya. He subdued several enemies. An astrologer prophesied that his son-in-law would succeed him as the king. To avoid this outcome, the king married his daughter Anangalekha to Durlabhavardhana, a handsome but non-royal man from Ashvaghama Kayastha caste.

Gandhara Kingdom (c. 1500–535 BCE)
Main article: Gandhara Kingdom

Gandhara region centered around the Peshawar Valley and Swat river valley, though the cultural influence of "Greater Gandhara" extended across the Indus river to the Taxila region in Potohar Plateau and westwards into the Kabul and Bamiyan valleys in Afghanistan, and northwards up to the Karakoram range.[18][19]

Known Gandhara rulers are-

  • Subala
  • Achala
  • Kalikeya
  • Suvala
  • Shakuni
  • Vrishaka
  • Vrihadvala
  • Gaya
  • Gavaksha
  • Vrishava
  • Charmavat
  • Arjava
  • Suka
  • Kulinda
  • Nagnajit

Kuru Kingdom (c. 1200–345 BCE)
Main article: Kuru Kingdom

Panchala Kingdom (c. 1100 BCE – 350 CE)
Main article: Panchala Kingdom (Mahabharata)

Ajamida II had a son named Rishin. Rishin had two sons namely Samvarana II, whose son was Kuru and Brihadvasu whose descendants were Panchalas.[22][23][24]

List of Panchala Kingdom rulers are-
  • Rishin
  • Brihadbhanu, (son of Brihadvasu)
  • Brihatkaya
  • Puranjaya
  • Riksha
  • Bramhyaswa
  • Aramyaswa
  • Mudgala, Yavinara, Pratiswan, Maharaja Kampilya - (founder of Kampilya capital of Panchala Kingdom)
  • Sranjaya, (son of Aramyaswa)
  • Dritimana
  • Drdhanemi
  • Sarvasena, (founder of Ujjain Kingdom)
  • Mitra
  • Rukmaratha
  • Suparswa
  • Sumathi
  • Sannatimana
  • Krta
  • Pijavana
  • Somadutta
  • Jantuvahana
  • Badhrayaswa
  • Brihadhishu
  • Brihadhanu
  • Brihadkarma
  • Jayaratha
  • Visvajit
  • Seinyajit
  • Nepavirya, (after this King's name the country was named Nepaldesh)
  • Samara
  • Sadashva
  • Ruchiraswa
  • Pruthusena
  • Prapti
  • Prthaswa
  • Sukrthi
  • Vibhiraja
  • Anuha
  • Bramhadatta II
  • Vishwaksena
  • Dandasena
  • Durmukha
  • Durbuddhi
  • Dharbhya
  • Divodasa
  • Sivana I
  • Mitrayu
  • Maitrayana
  • Soma
  • Sivana II
  • Sadasana
  • Sahadeva
  • Somaka, (Somaka's eldest son was Sugandakrthu and youngest was Prishata. But in a war all sons died and Prishata Survived and became the king of Panchala)
  • Prishati, (son of Somaka)
  • Drupada, (son of Prishata)
  • Dhrishtadyumna, (was the son of Drupada, Draupadi and Shikhandi were the daughters of Drupada)
  • Keśin Dālbhya
  • Pravahana Jaivali
  • Achyuta, (last known ruler of Panchala Kingdom which was defeated in c. 350 CE by Gupta ruler Samudragupta.)

Kamboja Kingdom (c. 700 – 200 BCE)
Main article: Kambojas
Known Kamboja rulers are-

Pandyan dynasty (c. 600 BCE – 1650 CE)
Main article: Pandya dynasty

Early Pandyans
Main article: Early Pandyan Kingdom

(Earliest Known Pandyan king)

(Aariyap Padai Kadantha Nedunj Cheliyan) (he was mentioned in legend of Kannagi)

(Pasumpun Pandiyan)

  • Nan Maran
  • Nedunj Cheliyan III

(Talaiyaalanganathu Seruvendra Nedunj Cheliyan)

  • Maran Valudi
  • Musiri Mutriya Cheliyan
  • Ukkirap Peruvaluthi

Middle Pandyans (c. 590–920 CE)

Pandyans under Chola empire (c. 920–1216 CE)
  • Sundara Pandyan I
  • Vira Pandyan I
  • Vira Pandyan II
  • Amarabhujanga Tivrakopa
  • Jatavarman Sundara Chola Pandyan
  • Maravarman Vikrama Chola Pandyan
  • Maravarman Parakrama Chola Pandyan
  • Jatavarman Chola Pandya
  • Seervallabha Manakulachala (1101–1124)
  • Maaravaramban Seervallaban (1132–1161)
  • Parakrama Pandyan I (1161–1162)
  • Kulasekara Pandyan III
  • Vira Pandyan III
  • Jatavarman Srivallaban (1175–1180)
  • Jatavarman Kulasekaran I (1190–1216)

Pandalam (Later Pandyans) (c. 1212–1345 CE)

Tenkasi Pandyans (c. 1422–1650 CE)

During the 15th century, the Pandyans lost their traditional capital city Madurai because of the Islamic and Nayaks invasion, and were forced to move their capital to Tirunelveli in southern Tamilakam and existed there as vassals.

  • Cataiyavarman Parakrama Pandyan

(1422–1463)

  • Cataiyavarman III Kulasekara Pandyan

(1429–1473)

(1534–1543)

  • Parakrama Kulasekara Pandyan

(1543–1552)

  • Nelveli Maran (1552–1564)
  • Cataiyavarman Adiveerama Pandyan

(1564–1604)

  • Varathunga Pandyan (1588–1612)
  • Varakunarama Pandyan (1613–1618)
  • Kollankondan (1618–1650)

Chera dynasty (c. 600 BCE–1530 CE)
Main article: Chera dynasty

Ancient Chera (c. 600 BCE–400 CE)
  • Vanavan or Vanavaramban (425–350 BCE)
  • Kuttuvan Uthiyan Cheralathan (350–328 BCE)
  • Imayavaramban Neduncheralathan (328–270 BCE)
  • Palyaanai Chelkezhu Kuttuvan (270–245 BCE)
  • Kalangaikanni narmudicheral (245–220 BCE)
  • Perumcheralathan (220–200 BCE)
  • Kudakko Neduncheralathan (200–180 BCE)
  • Kadal Pirakottiya Velkezhu kuttuvan (180–125 BCE)
  • Adukotpattuch Cheralathan (125–87 BCE)
  • Selvak kadungo Vazhiyathan (87–62 BCE)
  • Yanaikatchei Mantharanj Cheral Irumborai (62–42 BCE)
  • Thagadoor Erintha Perum Cheral Irumborai (42–25 BCE), (unification of Upper and lower Kongu Nadu).
  • Ilancheral Irumborai (25–19 BCE)
  • Karuvur Eriya Koperumcheral Irumborai (19–1 BCE)
  • Vanji Mutrathu tunjiya Anthuvancheral (1 BCE–10 CE)
  • Kanaikal Irumborai (20–30 CE)
  • Palai Padiya Perum kadngko (1–30 CE)
  • Kokothai Marban (30–61 CE)
  • Cheran Chenguttuvan (61–140 CE)
  • Kottambalathu tunjiya Maakothai (140–150 CE)
  • Cheraman mudangi kidantha Nedumcheralathan (150–160 CE)
  • Cheraman Kanaikkal Irumborai (160–180 CE)
  • Cheraman Ilamkuttuvan (180–200 CE)
  • Thambi Kuttuvan (200–220 CE)
  • Poorikko (220–250 CE)
  • Cheraman Kuttuvan Kothai (250–270 CE)
  • Cheraman Vanjan (270–300 CE)
  • Mantharanj Cheral (330–380 CE), found in Allahabad inscriptions of Samudragupta.

Kongu Cheras (Karur) (c. 400–844 CE)
Main article: Karur
  • Ravi Kotha
  • Kantan Ravi
  • Vira Kotha
  • Vira Narayana
  • Vira Chola
  • Vira Kerala
  • Amara Bhujanga Deva
  • Kerala Kesari Adhirajaraja Deva

Kodungallur Cheras (c. 844–1122 CE)

(The Perumals, formerly Kulasekharas)

Venadu Cheras (Kulasekhara) (c. 1090–1530 CE)
Main article: Kulasekhara
  • Rama Kulasekhara (1090–1102)
  • Kotha Varma Marthandam (1102–1125)
  • Vira Kerala Varma I (1125–1145)
  • Kodai Kerala Varma (1145–1150)
  • Vira Ravi Varma (1145–1150)
  • Vira Kerala Varma II (1164–1167)
  • Vira Aditya Varma (1167–1173)
  • Vira Udaya Martanda Varma (1173–1192)
  • Devadaram Vira Kerala Varma III (1192–1195)
  • Vira Manikantha Rama Varma Tiruvadi (1195- ?)
  • Vira Rama Kerala Varma Tiruvadi (1209–1214)
  • Vira Ravi Kerala Varma Tiruvadi (1214–1240)
  • Vira Padmanabha Martanda Varma Tiruvadi (1240–1252)
  • Ravi Varma (1252–1313)
  • Vira Udaya Martanda Varma (1313–1333)
  • Aditya Varma Tiruvadi (1333–1335)
  • Vira Rama Udaya Martanda Varma Tiruvadi (1335–1342)
  • Vira Kerala Varma Tiruvadi (1342–1363)
  • Vira Martanda Varma III (1363–1366)
  • Vira Rama Martanda Varma (1366–1382)
  • Vira Ravi Varma (1383–1416)
  • Vira Ravi Ravi Varma (1416–1417)
  • Vira Kerala Martanda Varma (1383)
  • Chera Udaya Martanda Varma (1383–1444)
  • Vira Ravi Varma (1444–1458)
  • Sankhara Sri Vira Rama Martanda Varma (1458–1468)
  • Vira Kodai Sri Aditya Varma (1468–1484
  • Vira Ravi Ravi Varma (1484–1503)
  • Martanda Varma, Kulasekhara Perumal (1503–1504)
  • Vira Ravi Kerala Varma, Kulasekhara Perumal (1504–1530)

Chola dynasty (c. 600 BCE–1280 CE)
Main article: Chola dynasty

Ancient Cholas (c. 600 BCE - 300 CE)

Imperial Cholas Empire (c. 848–1280 CE)

Kingdom of Tambapanni (c. 543–437 BCE)
Main article: Kingdom of Tambapanni

House of Vijaya
Main article: House of Vijaya
Portrait Name Birth Death King From King Until Marriages Claim
Vijaya ?
Sinhapura
son of Sinhabahu, and Sinhasivali		 505 BC
Tambapanni		 543 BC 505 BC Kuveni
two children Pandu Princess		 Founded Kingdom
Marriage to Kuveni
Upatissa
(regent)		 - - 505 BC 504 BC Prince Vijaya's Chief Minister
Panduvasdeva - - 504 BC 474 BC Nephew of Vijaya
Abhaya - - 474 BC 454 BC Son of Panduvasdeva
Tissa
(regent)		 - - 454 BC 437 BC Younger brother of Abhaya

Satavahana dynasty (c. 230 BCE–220 CE)
Main article: Satavahana dynasty

The beginning of the Satavahana rule is dated variously from 230 BCE to 220 CE.[25] Satavahanas dominated the Deccan region from 1st century BCE to 3rd century CE.[26] It lasted till the early 3rd century CE. The following Satavahana kings are historically attested by epigraphic records, although the Puranas name several more kings (see Satavahana dynasty#List of rulers):

Mahameghavahana dynasty (c. 225 BCE – 300 CE)
Main article: Mahameghavahana dynasty

Mahamegha Vahana was the founder of the Kalingan Chedi or Cheti Dynasty.[27][28] The names of Sobhanaraja, Chandraja, Ksemaraja also appear in context.[29] But, Kharavela is the most well known among them. The exact relation between Mahamegha Vahana and Kharavela is not known.[27]

  • Maharaja Vasu
  • King Mahamegha Vahana
  • Sobhanaraja
  • Chandraja
  • Ksemaraja
  • Vakradeva (or) Virdhharaja
  • Kharavela (c. 193 BCE–155 BCE)
  • Kudepasiri Vakradeva ll
  • Vaduka
  • Galaveya
  • Mana-Sada
  • Siri-Sada
  • Maha-Sada
  • Sivamaka-Sada
  • Asaka-Sada[30][31]

Kingdom of Kangleipak (Manipur) (c. 200 BCE –1950 CE)
Main articles: History of Manipur and List of Manipuri kings

The Meitei people are made up of seven major clans, known as Salai Taret The clans include–

  1. Mangang
  2. Khuman Salai
  3. Luwang
  4. Angom
  5. Moilang
  6. Khaba Nganba
  7. Salai Leishangthem

Khapa-Nganpa Salai
  • Taang-chaa Leela Pakhangpa (200 BCE)
  • Kangba
  • Maliya Fampalcha (150 BCE)
  • Kaksu Tonkonpa
  • Koilou Nongtailen Pakhangpa
  • Samlungpha (44–34 BCE)
  • Chingkhong Poireiton (34–18 BCE )
  • Singtabung (18–8 BCE)
  • Paangminnaba (8–1 BCE)

Luwang Salai
  • Luwang Khunthipa (1–5 CE)
  • Luwang Punshipa (5–33 CE)

Ningthouja or Mangang dynasty (c. 33–1074 CE)
Main article: Ningthouja dynasty
  • Nongta Lailen Pakhangpa (33–154 CE)
  • Khuiyoi Tompok (154–264 CE)
  • Taothingmang (264–364 CE)
  • Khui Ningonba (364–379 CE)
  • Pengsipa (379–394 CE)
  • Kaokhangpa (394–411 CE)
  • Naokhampa (411–428 CE)
  • Naophangpa (428–518 CE)
  • Sameilang (518–568 CE)
  • Urakonthoupa (568–658 CE)
  • Naothingkhon (663–763 CE)
  • Khongtekcha (763–773 CE)
  • Keilencha (784–799 CE)
  • Yalaba (799–821 CE)
  • Ayangpa (821–910 CE)
  • Ningthoucheng (910–949 CE)
  • Chenglei-Ipan-Lanthapa (949–969 CE)
  • Keiphaba Yanglon (969–984 CE)
  • Irengba (984–1074 CE)

Kangleipak dynasty (c. 1074–1819 CE)
Main article: Kangleipak State
  1. Loiyumpa (1074–1112)
  2. Loitongpa (1112–1150)
  3. Atom Yoilempa (1150–1163)
  4. Iyanthapa (1163–1195)
  5. Thayanthapa (1195–1231)
  6. Chingthang Lanthapa (1231–1242)
  7. Thingpai Shelhongpa (1242–1247)
  8. Pulanthapa (1247–1263)
  9. Khumompa (1263–1278)
  10. Moilampa (1278–1302)
  11. Thangpi Lanthapa (1302–1324)
  12. Kongyampa (1324–1335)
  13. Telheipa (1335–1355)
  14. Tonapa (1355–1359)
  15. Tapungpa (1359–1394)
  16. Lailenpa (1394–1399)
  17. Punsipa (1404–1432)
  18. Ningthoukhompa (1432–1467)
  19. Senpi Kiyampa (1467–1508)
  20. Koilempa (1508–1512)
  21. Lamkhyampa (1512–1523)
  22. Nonginphapa (1523–1524)
  23. Kapompa (1524–1542)
  24. Tangchampa (1542–1545)
  25. Chalampa (1545–1562)
  26. Mungyampa (1562–1597)
  27. Khaki Ngampa(1597–1652)
  28. Khunchaopa (1652–1666)
  29. Paikhompa (1666–1697)
  30. Charairongba (1697–1709)
  31. Gharib Nawaz (Ningthem Pamheipa) (1709–1754), (adoption of the name Manipur)
  32. Chit Sain (1754–1756)
  33. Gaurisiam (1756–1763)
  34. Ching-Thang Khomba (Bhagya Chandra) (1764–1798)
  35. Rohinchandra (Harshachandra Singh) (1798–1801)
  36. Maduchandra Singh (1801–1806)
  37. Charajit Singh (1806–1812)
  38. Marjit Singh (1812–1819)

(Came to power with Burmese support).

Princely State (c. 1825–1947 CE)

(Restored after the First Anglo-Burmese War)

Kuninda Kingdom (c. 2nd century BCE to 3rd century CE)
Main article: Kuninda Kingdom

The Kingdom of Kuninda was an ancient central Himalayan kingdom documented from around the 2nd century BCE to the 3rd century CE, located in the southern areas of modern Himachal Pradesh and far western areas of Uttarakhand in North India.

The only known ruler of Kuninda Kingdom is

Foreign (Assimilated) Kingdoms in Indian Subcontinent

These empires were vast, centered in Persia or the Mediterranean; their satrapies (provinces) in India were at their outskirts.

Indo-Scythian – Saka ( c. 12 BCE–395 CE)
Main article: Indo-Scythians

Aprācas (c. 12 BCE −45 CE )
Main article: Apracharajas

(12 BCE −15 CE)

(c. 20 CE)

Northwestern Scythian rulers (c. 90 BCE–10 CE)

Pāratas (c. 125–300 CE)
Main article: Paratarajas
  • Yolamira (c. 125–150)
  • Bagamira (c. 150)
  • Arjuna (c. 150–160)
  • Hvaramira (c. 160–175)
  • Mirahvara (c. 175–185)
  • Miratakhma (c. 185–200)
  • Kozana (c. 200–220)
  • Bhimarjuna (c. 220–235)
  • Koziya (c. 235–265)
  • Datarvharna (c. 265–280)
  • Datayola II (c. 280–300)

Northern Satraps (Mathura area) (c. 20 BCE – 20 CE)
Main article: Northern Satraps
  • Hagamasha (satrap)
  • Hagana (satrap)
  • Rajuvula (Great Satrap) (c. 10 CE)
  • Sodasa

Minor local rulers

Western Satraps (Western Saka) (c. 119–395 CE)
Main article: Western Satraps

Kushan Empire (c. 1–375 CE)
Main article: Kushan Empire
RulerReignNotes
Heraios1–30King or clan chief of the Kushans. Founder of the dynasty.
Kujula Kadphises30–80United the Yuezhi confederation during the 1st century, and became the first Kushan emperor.
Vima Takto Soter Megas80–90Alias The Great Saviour. His empire covered northwestern Gandhara and greater Bactria towards China, where Kushan presence has been asserted in the Tarim Basin. Under his reign, embassies were also sent to the Chinese court.
Vima Kadphises90–127The first great Kushan emperor. He introduced gold coinage, in addition to the existing copper and silver coinage. Most of the gold seems to have been obtained through trade with the Roman Empire.
Kanishka I the Great127–144Came to rule an empire in Bactria extending to Pataliputra on the Gangetic plain. His conquests and patronage of Buddhism played an important role in the development of the Silk Road, and in the transmission of Mahayana Buddhism from Gandhara across the Karakoram range to China.
Huvishka144–191His rule was a period of retrenchment and consolidation for the Empire.
Vasudeva I191–232He was the last great Kushan emperor, and the end of his rule coincides with the invasion of the Sassanians as far as northwestern India, and the establishment of the Indo-Sassanians or Kushanshahs from around 240.
Kanishka II232–245It is likely he lost part of his empire to the Kushano-Sassanians.
Vashishka245–250
Kanishka III250–275
Vasudeva II275–310
Chhu310–325
Vasudeva III c.300? Kings whose existence is uncertain.
Vasudeva IV
Vasudeva V
Shaka Kushan/Shaka I325–350
Kipunada350–375May have been a subject of Samudragupta from Gupta Empire.

Indo-Parthian – Pahalava (c. 21–100 CE)
Main article: Indo-Parthian Kingdom

Alchon Huns -Huna (c. 400–670 CE)
Main article: Alchon Huns

Chutu dynasty of Banavasi (c. 100 BCE–200 CE)
Main article: Chutu dynasty

The following Chutu rulers are known from coins and inscriptions:[34]

  • Chutukulananda
  • Mulananda
  • Sivalananda

Nagvanshi dynasty of Chotanagpur (c. 64–1952 CE)
Main article: Nagvanshis of Chotanagpur

Following is the list of Nagvanshi rulers according to Nagpuri poem "Nagvanshavali" written by Beniram Mehta and book "Nagvansh" written by Lal Pradumn Singh. The list of Kings and chronology varies in these books. 57th Nagvanshi king Dripnath Shah (c.1762–1790 CE) submitted list of Nagvanshi kings to Governor general of India in 1787.[35]

Raja
  • Raja Phani Mukut Rai (c. 64 – 162 CE)
  • Raja Mukut Rai (c. 162 – 221 CE)
  • Raja Ghat Rai (c. 221 – 278 CE)
  • Raja Madan Rai (c. 278 – 307 CE)
  • Raja Pratap Rai (c. 307 – 334 CE)
  • Raja Kandrap Rai (c. 334 – 365 CE)
  • Raja Udaimani Rai (c. 365 – 403 CE)
  • Raja Jaimani Rai (c. 403 – 452 CE)
  • Raja Srimani Rai (c. 452 – 476 CE)
  • Raja Phani Rai (c. 476 – 493 CE)
  • Raja Gendu Rai (c. 493 – 535 CE)
  • Raja Hari Rai (c. 535 – 560 CE)
  • Raja Gajraj Rai (c. 560 – 606 CE)
  • Raja Sundar Rai (c. 606 – 643 CE)
  • Raja Mukund Rai (c. 643 – 694 CE)
  • Raja Udai Rai (c. 694 – 736 CE)
  • Raja Kanchan Rai (c. 736 – 757 CE)
  • Raja Magan Rai (c. 757 – 798 CE)
  • Raja Jagan Rai (c. 798 – 837 CE)
  • Raja Mohan Rai (c. 837 – 901 CE)
  • Raja Gajdant Rai (c. 901 – 931 CE)
  • Raja Gajghant Rai (c. 931 – 964 CE)
  • Raja Chandan Rai (c. 964 – 992 CE)
  • Raja Anand Rai (c. 992 – 1002 CE)
  • Raja Sripati Rai (c. 1002 – 1055 CE)
  • Raja Jaganand Rai (c. 1055 – 1074 CE)
  • Raja Nripendra Rai (c. 1074 -1084 CE)
  • Raja Gandharva Rai (c. 1084 -1098 CE)
  • Raja Bhim Karn (c.1098 -c.1132)
  • Raja Jash Karn (c.1132-c.1180)
  • Raja Jai Karn (c.1180-c.1218)
  • Raja Go Karn (c.1218-c.1236)
  • Raja Hari Karn (c.1236-c.1276)
  • Raja Shiv Karn (c.1276-c.1299)
  • Raja Benu Karn (c.1299-c.1360)
  • Raja Phenu Karn
  • Raja Tihuli Karn
  • Raja Shivdas Karn (c.1367-c.1389)
  • Raja Udai Karn (c.1389-c.1427)
  • Raja Pritvi Karn (c.1427-c.1451)
  • Raja Pratap Karn (c.1451-c.1469)
  • Raja Chhatra Karn (c.1469 – c.1515)
  • Raja Virat Karn (c.1515 – c.1522)
  • Raja Sindhu Karn (c.1522 – c.1535)
  • Raja Madhu Karn Shah (c. 1584 -c.1599)
  • Raja Bairisal (c. 1599 -c.1614)
  • Raja Durjan Sal (c. 1614–1615)(c.1627 -c.1640)
  • Raja Deo Shah
  • Raja Raghunath Shah (1640–1690)
  • Raja Ram Shah (1690–1715)
  • Raja Yadunath Shah (1715–1724)
  • Raja Shivnath Shah (1724–1733)
  • Raja Udainath Shah (1733–1740)
  • Raja Shyamsundar Nath Shah (1740–1745)
  • Raja Balram Nath Shah (1745–1748)
  • Raja Maninath Shah (1748–1762)
  • Raja Dhripnath Shah (1762–1790)
  • Raja Deo Nath Shah (1790–1806)

Maharaja

Bharshiva dynasty (Nagas of Padmavati) (c. 170–350 CE)
Main article: Nagas of Padmavati
  • Vrisha-naga

(Possibly ruled at Vidisha in the late 2nd Century).

  • Vrishabha or Vrisha-bhava

(May also be the name of a distinct king who succeeded Vrisha-naga).

  • Bhima-naga (210–230 CE)

(Probably the first king to rule from Padmavati)

  • Skanda-naga
  • Vasu-naga
  • Brihaspati-naga
  • Vibhu-naga
  • Ravi-naga
  • Bhava-naga
  • Prabhakara-naga
  • Deva-naga
  • Vyaghra-naga
  • Ganapati-naga

Chandra dynasty (c. 202–1050 CE)
Main articles: Chandra dynasty and Harikela
List of rulers–[36][37]
List of Chandra dynasty Rulers
# King Period Reign (CE)
1 Chandrodaya 27 202–229
2 Annaveta 5 229–234
3 Unnamed 77 234–311
4 Rimbhiappa 23 311–334
5 Kuverami (Queen) 7 334–341
6 Umavira (Queen) 20 341–361
7 Jugna 7 361–368
8 Lanki 2 368–370
9 Dvenchandra 55 370–425
10 Rajachandra 20 425–445
11 Kalachandra 9 445–454
12 Devachandra 22 454–476
13 Yajnachandra 7 476–483
14 Chandrabandu 6 483–489
15 Bhumichandra 7 489–496
16 Bhutichandra 24 496–520
17 Nitichandra (Queen) 55 520–575
18 Virachandra 3 575–578
19 Pritichandra (Queen) 12 578-90
20 Prithvichandra 7 590–597
21 Dhirtichandra 3 597–600
22 Mahavira 12 600-12
23 Virayajap 12 612-24
24 Sevinren 12 624-36
25 Dharmasura 13 636-49
26 Vajrashakti 16 649-65
27 Dharmavijaya 36 665–701
28 Narendravijaya 2 yr 9 months 701–703
29 Dharmachandra 16 703–720
30 Anandachandra 9+ 720-729+
Harikela Dynasty
1 Traillokyachandra 30 900–930
2 Srichandra 45 930–975
3 Kalyanachandra 25 975–1000
4 Ladahachandra 20 1000–1020
5 Govindachandra 30 1020–1050

Abhira dynasty of Nasik (203–370 CE)
Main article: Abhira dynasty

The following is the list of the sovereign and strong Abhira rulers:[38]

  • Abhira Sivadatta
  • Sakasena alias Saka Satakrni
  • Abhira Ishwarsena alias Mahaksatrapa Isvaradatta
  • Abhira Vashishthiputra Vasusena

Gupta Empire (c. 240–550 CE)
Main article: Gupta Empire
RulerReignNotes
Sri-Gupta I240–290Founder of the dynasty.
Ghatotkacha290–320
Chandra-Gupta I320–325His title Maharajadhiraja ("king of great kings") suggests that he was the first emperor of the dynasty. It is not certain how he turned his small ancestral kingdom into an empire, although a widely accepted theory among modern historians is that his marriage to the Lichchhavi princess Kumaradevi helped him extend his political power.
Samudra-Gupta325–375Defeated several kings of northern India, and annexed their territories to his empire. He also marched along the south-eastern coast of India, advancing as far as the Pallava kingdom. In addition, he subjugated several frontier kingdoms and tribal oligarchies. His empire extended from Ravi River in the west to the Brahmaputra River in the east, and from the Himalayan foothills in the north to central India in the south-west; several rulers along the south-eastern coast were his tributaries.
Kacha4th-centuryRival brother/king, possibly an usurper, there are coins who attest him as ruler; possibly identical with Samudra-Gupta.
Rama-Gupta375–380
Chandra-Gupta II Vikramaditya380–415Continued the expansionist policy of his father Samudragupta: historical evidence suggests that he defeated the Western Kshatrapas, and extended the Gupta empire from the Indus River in the west to the Bengal region in the east, and from the Himalayan foothills in the north to the Narmada River in the south.
Kumara-Gupta I415–455He seems to have maintained control of his inherited territory, which extended from Gujarat in the west to Bengal region in the east.
Skanda-Gupta455–467It is stated that he restored the fallen fortunes of the Gupta family, which has led to suggestions that during his predecessor's last years, the Empire may have suffered reverses, possibly against the Pushyamitras or the Hunas. He is generally considered the last of the great Gupta Emperors.
Puru-Gupta467–472
Kumara-Gupta II Kramaditya472–479
Buddha-Gupta479–496He had close ties with the rulers of Kannauj and together they sought to run the Alchon Huns (Hunas) out of the fertile plains of Northern India.
Narasimha-Gupta Baladitya496–530
Kumara-Gupta III530–540
Vishnu-Gupta Candraditya540–550
Bhanu-Gupta?A lesser-known king with uncertain position in the list.

Vakataka dynasty (c. 250–500 CE)
Main article: Vakataka dynasty

The Pravarapura-Nandivardhana branch

The Vatsagulma branch

Pallava dynasty (c. 275–901 CE)
Main article: Pallava dynasty

Early Pallavas (c. 275–355 CE)
  • Simha Varman I (King) (275–300 or 315–345)
  • Skanda Varman I (Queen) (345–355)
  • Singh Vishnu / Vappdev

Middle Pallavas (c. 355–537 CE)
  • Vishnugopa (350–355)
  • Kumaravisnu I (355–370)
  • Skanda Varman II (370–385)
  • Vira Varman (385–400)
  • Skanda Varman III (400–438)
  • Simha Varman II (438–460)
  • Skanda Varman IV (460–480)
  • Nandi Varman I (480–500)
  • Kumaravishnu II (c. 500–510)
  • Buddha Varman (c. 510–520)
  • Kumaravisnu III (c. 520–530)
  • Simha Varman III (c. 530–537)

Later Pallavas (c. 537–901 CE)

Kadamba dynasty (c. 345–1347 CE)
Main article: Kadamba dynasty

Kadamba dynasty of Banavasi (c. 345–525 CE)
  • Mayurasharma (Varma) (345–365)
  • Kangavarma (365–390)
  • Bagitarha (390–415)
  • Raghu (415–435)
  • Kakusthavarma (435–455)
  • Santivarma (455–460)
  • Mrigeshavarma (460–480)
  • Shivamandhativarma (480–485)
  • Ravivarma (485–519)
  • Harivarma (519–525)

Varman dynasty of Kamarupa (350–650 CE)
Main articles: Varman dynasty and Kamarupa

The dynastic line, as given in the Dubi and Nidhanpur copperplate inscriptions:[39]

ReignNamesuccessionQueen
1350-374Pushyavarman(unknown)
2374-398Samudravarmanson of PushyavarmanDattadevi
3398-422Balavarmanson of SamudravarmanRatnavati
4422-446Kalyanavarmanson of BalavarmanGandharavati
5446-470Ganapativarmanson of KalyanavarmanYajnavati
6470-494Mahendravarmanson of GanapativarmanSuvrata
7494-518Narayanavarmanson of MahendravarmanDevavati
8518-542Bhutivarmanson of NarayanavarmanVijnayavati
9542-566Chandramukhavarmanson of BhutivarmanBhogavati
10566-590Sthitavarmanson of ChandramukhavarmanNayanadevi
11590-595Susthitavarmanson of SthitavarmanSyamadevi
12595-600Supratisthitavarmanson of Susthitavarman(Bachelor)
13600-650Bhaskaravarmanbrother of Supratisthitavarman(Bachelor)
14650-655Unknown(unknown)(unknown)

Western Ganga dynasty of Talakad (350–1024 CE)
Main article: Western Ganga dynasty
List of rulers–
  • Konganivarma Madhava (350–370), founder of dynasty
  • Madhava II (370–390)
  • Harivarman (390–410)
  • Vishnugopa (410–430)
  • Tadangala Madhava (430–466)
  • Avinita (466–495)
  • Durvinita (495–535)
  • Mushkara (535–585)
  • Srivikrama (585–635)
  • Bhuvikarma (635–679)
  • Shivamara I (679–725)
  • Sripurusha (725–788)
  • Shivamara II (788–816)
  • Rajamalla I (817–853)
  • Nitimarga Ereganga (853–869)
  • Rajamalla II (870–907)
  • Ereyappa Nitimarga II (907–919)
  • Narasimhadeva (919–925)
  • Rajamalla III (925–935)
  • Butuga II (935–960)
  • Takkolam in (949)
  • Maruladeva (960–963)
  • Marasimha III (963–974)
  • Rajamalla IV (974–985)
  • Rakkasa Ganga (985–1024), last ruler of dynasty

Traikutaka dynasty (c. 370–520 CE)
Main article: Traikutaka dynasty

The following Traikuta rulers are known from the coins and inscriptions of Gupta Empire:[40]

  • Maharaja Indradatta (415–440 CE)
  • Maharaja Dahrasena
  • Maharaja Vyaghrasena, son of Dahrasena (480 CE)
  • Maharaja Madhyamasena
  • Vikramasena

Vishnukundina dynasty (c. 420–624 CE)
Main article: Vishnukundina dynasty
  • Madhava Varma I (420–455)
  • Indra Varma (455–461)
  • Madhava Verma II (461–508)
  • Vikramendra Varma I (451–528)
  • Indra Bhattaraka Varma (528–555/580)
  • Janssraya Madhava Varma IV (580–624)[41][42]

Maitraka dynasty of Vallabhi (c. 475–776 CE)
Main article: Maitraka dynasty
  • Bhatarka (c. 475–492)
  • Dharasena I (c. 493–499)
  • Dronasinha (also known as Maharaja) (c. 500–520)
  • Dhruvasena I (c. 520–550)
  • Dharapatta (c. 550–556)
  • Guhasena (c. 556–570)
  • Dharasena II (c. 570–595)
  • Siladitya I (also known as Dharmaditya) (c. 595–615)
  • Kharagraha I (c. 615–626)
  • Dharasena III (c. 626–640)
  • Dhruvasena II (also known as Baladitya) (c. 640–644)
  • Chkravarti king Dharasena IV (also known as Param Bhatarka, Maharajadhiraja, Parameshwara) (c. 644–651)
  • Dhruvasena III (c. 651–656)
  • Kharagraha II (c. 656–662)
  • Siladitya II
  • Siladitya III
  • Siladitya IV
  • Siladitya V
  • Siladitya VI
  • Siladitya VII (c. 766 CE)[43]

Rai dynasty (c. 489–632 CE)
Main article: Rai dynasty

Later Gupta dynasty (c. 490–750 CE)
Main article: Later Gupta dynasty

The known Later Gupta rulers included:[44][45][46]

  • Nrpa Shri Krishna-gupta (490–505 CE)
  • Deva Shri Harsha-gupta (505–525 CE)
  • Nrpa Shri Jivita-gupta I (525–550 CE)
  • Nrpa Shri Kumara-gupta (550–560 CE)
  • Nrpa Shri Damodara-gupta (560–562 CE)
  • Nrpa Shri Mahasena-gupta (562–601 CE)
  • Nrpa Shri Madhava-gupta (601–655 CE)
  • Maharajadhiraja Aditya-sena (655–680 CE)
  • Maharajadhiraja Deva-gupta (680–700 CE)
  • Maharajadhiraja Vishnu-gupta (700–725 CE)
  • Maharajadhiraja Jivita-gupta II (725–750 CE)

Chalukya dynasty (c. 500–1200 CE)
Main articles: Chalukya dynasty, Eastern Chalukyas, and Western Chalukya Empire
RulerReignCapitalNotes
Jayasimha I500–520BadamiFounder of the dynasty. He ruled the area around modern Bijapur in the early 6th century.
Ranaraga520–540Badami
Pulakeshin I540–567BadamiHe ruled parts of the present-day Maharashtra and Karnataka states in the western Deccan region of India.
Kirtivarman I567–592BadamiHe expanded the Chalukya kingdom by defeating the Nalas, the Mauryas of Konkana, the Kadambas, the Alupas, and the Gangas of Talakad.
Mangalesha592–610BadamiBrother of Kirtivarman. Expanded the Chalukya power in present-day Gujarat and Maharashtra after defeating the Kalachuri king Buddharaja. He also consolidated his rule in the Konkan coastal region of Maharashtra and Goa after conquering Revati-dvipa from the rebel Chalukya governor Svamiraja. His reign ended when he lost a war of succession to his nephew Pulakeshin II, a son of Kirttivarman I.
Pulakeshin II610–642BadamiSon of Kirtivarman I, he overthrew his uncle Mangalesha to gain control of the throne. Suppressed a rebellion by Appayika and Govinda, and decisively defeated the Kadambas of Banavasi in the south. Consolidated the Chalukya control over the western coast by subjugating the Mauryas of Konkana. He was victorious against the

powerful northern emperor Harsha-vardhana. He also achieved some successes against the Pallavas in the south, but was ultimately defeated, and probably killed, during an invasion by the Pallava king Narasimhavarman I.

Kubja Vishnu-Vardhana I615/24–641Vengi (Eastern)Brother of Pulakeshin II. Ruled under him as viceroy in Vengi, and then declared independence in 624.
Jayasimha II641–673Vengi (Eastern)
Adityavarman642–645BadamiFirst son of Pulakeshin II. Probably ruled under the Pallavas.
Abhinavaditya645–646BadamiSon of the predecessor.
Chandraditya646–649BadamiSecond son of Pulakeshin II.
Vijaya-Bhattarika (regent) 649–655BadamiRegent for her minor son. She was deposed by her brother-in-law.
A son of ChandradityaBadami
Vikramaditya I655–680BadamiHe restored order in the fractured kingdom and made the Pallavas retreat from the capital.
Indra Bhattaraka673Vengi (Eastern)Brother of Jayasimha II. Ruled for a week.
Vishnu-Vardhana II673–682Vengi (Eastern)
Vinayaditya680–696BadamiHe carried campaigns against the Pallavas, Kalabhras, Haihayas, Vilas, Cholas, Pandyas, Gangas and many more.
Mangi Yuvaraja682–706Vengi (Eastern)
Vijayaditya I696–733BadamiHis long reign was marked by general peace and prosperity. Vijayaditya also built a number of temples. He fought against the Pallavas and extracted tributes from Parameshwar Varma V.
Jayasimha III706–718Vengi (Eastern)
Kokkli718–719Vengi (Eastern)
Vishnu-Vardhana III719–755Vengi (Eastern)
Vikramaditya II733–746BadamiConducted successful military campaigns against their enemy, the Pallavas of Kanchipuram, in three occasions: the first time as a crown prince, the second time as an emperor and the third time under the leadership of his son and crown prince Kirtivarman II.
Kirtivarman II Rahappa746- 757BadamiHis reign was continuously troubled by the growing power of the Rashtrakutas and Pandyas. He finallt succumbed to the Rashtrakutas, who ended the power of the family in Badami.
Vijayaditya II755–772Vengi (Eastern)
Vishnu-Vardhana IV755–808Vengi (Eastern)
Vijayaditya III808–847Vengi (Eastern)His first military victories against the Rashtrakutas made the path for the independence of the dynasty from this occupant.
Kali Vishnu-Vardhana V847–849Vengi (Eastern)
Vijayaditya IV 849–892Vengi (Eastern) Brothers, ruled together.
Vikramaditya IIIVengi (Eastern)
Yuddhamalla IVengi (Eastern)
Bhima I892–921Vengi (Eastern)During his rule, Vengi could claim some independence as capital from the Rashtrakutas.
Vijayaditya V921Vengi (Eastern)
Amma I 921–927Vengi (Eastern) Probably brothers, ruled jointly.
Vishnu-Vardhana VIVengi (Eastern)
Vijayaditya VI927Vengi (Eastern)Ruled for fifteen days.
Tadapa927Vengi (Eastern)Ruled for a month.
Vikramaditya IV927–928Vengi (Eastern)
Bhima II928–929Vengi (Eastern)
Yuddhamalla II929–935Vengi (Eastern)
Bhima III935–947Vengi (Eastern)
Amma II947–970Vengi (Eastern)
Danarnava970–973Vengi (Eastern)Deposed by Jata Choda Bhima. Sought for help within the Chola Empire.
Tailapa II Ahvamalla973–997Kalyani (Western)6th great-grandson of Vijayaditya I. Ousted the Rashtrakutas in the West and recovered the power once held by his family.
Jata Choda Bhima973–999Vengi (Eastern)
Satyashraya997–1008Kalyani (Western)
Shaktivarman I999–1011Vengi (Eastern)First son of Danarnava. Returned from exile and recovered his throne. Now free from the usurper, however Eastern Vengi dynasty lost some of the independence they have gained some generations ago. Begin of the growing Chola influence in Vengi kingdom.
Vikramaditya V1008–1015Kalyani (Western)Nephew of Satyahraya, as son of his brother, Dashavarman.
Vimaladitya1011–1018Vengi (Eastern)Second son of Danarnava. In his exile period with his father and brother, he was married to Kundavai, daughter of Rajaraja I from the Chola Empire.
Jayasimha III1015–1043Kalyani (Western)He had to fight on many fronts, against the Cholas of Tanjore in the south and the Paramara dynasty in the north, to protect his kingdom. His rule however was an important period of development of Kannada literature. He saw his cousins in Vengi fall firmly into the hands of the Cholas who would use their marital relations with the Eastern Chalukyas and their over lordship over Vengi to frustrate and threaten the Western Chalukyas from two fronts, from the east and from the South. But, at the same time, he consolidated more firmly the Western Chalukya power in the Deccan.
Rajaraja Narendra1018–1061Vengi (Eastern)Son of Vimaladitya, had support in the throne from the Cholas, whose influence grew significantly. He supported Cholas against his cousins, the Western Chalukyas. His own son managed to succeed in the Chola Empire, in 1070, as Kulottunga I, beginning the Later Cholas period, in which the Chola Empire was ruled by a branch of the Eastern Chalukyas renamed Chola.
Someshvara I Trilokyamalla1042–1068Kalyani (Western)His several military successes in Central India made him a formidable ruler of a vast empire. During his rule, the Chalukyan empire extended to Gujarat and Central India in the north.
Shaktivarman II1061–1062Vengi (Eastern)
Vijayaditya VII1062–1075Vengi (Eastern)Also son of Vimaladitya, but half-brother of Rajaraja Narendra. Ascended to the throne with support from Western Chalukyas.
Someshvara II Bhuvanaikamalla1068–1076Kalyani (Western)First son of Someshvara I, deposed by his younger brother, Vikramaditya.
Rajaraja1075–1079Vengi (Eastern)
Vikramaditya VI Tribhuvanamalla1076–1126Kalyani (Western)Second son of Someshvara I. Under his reign, the Western Chalukya Empire reached its zenith. He is noted for his patronage of art and letters. His court was adorned with famous Kannada and Sanskrit poets. Intervened in Chola politics, sitting his brother-in-law, Athirajendra Chola, on the Chola Empire throne.
Vishnu-Vardhana VII1079–1102Vengi (Eastern)Last known Chalukya ruler of Vengi.
Someshvara III1126–1138Kalyani (Western)He was a noted historian, scholar, and poet, and authored the Sanskrit encyclopedic text Manasollasa touching upon such topics as polity, governance, astronomy, astrology, rhetoric, medicine, food, architecture, painting, poetry and music: making his work a valuable modern source of socio-cultural information of the 11th- and 12th-century India.
Jagadhekamalla II1138–1151Kalyani (Western)His rule saw the slow decline of the Chalukya empire with the loss of Vengi entirely, though he was still able to control the Hoysalas in the south and the Seuna and Paramara in the north.
Tailapa III1151–1164Kalyani (Western)Faced many feudatory risings against Chalukya rule.
Jagadhekamalla III1164–1183Kalyani (Western)His rule was completely overshowded by the emergence of the Southern Kalachuris under Bijjala II who took control of Kalyani. He had to escape to the Banavasi region.
Someshvara IV1183–1200Kalyani (Western)Recovered his capital, by defeating the Kalachuris, but failed to prevent his old allies, Seuna, Hoysala and the Kakatiya dynasty, who, after deposing Someshvara by 1200, divided his empire among themselves.

Shahi Kingdom (c. 500–1026 CE)
Main article: Shahi Kingdom

In Kabul Shahi Kingdom two Dynasties ruled (both were Hindu dynasties) from:

Turk Shahi dynasty (c. 500–850 CE)
Main article: Turk Shahi
  • Nandin Rulers of Gilgit (500–552)
  • Khingala of Kapisa (535–552)
  • Patoladeva / Navasurendradiyta (552–575)
  • Srideva / Surendra Vikrmadiyta (575–605)
  • Patoladeva / Vajraditya (605–645)
  • Barha Tegin (645–680)
  • Tegin Sha (680–739)
  • Fromo Kesar / Gesar (739–755)

Hindu Shahi dynasty (c. 850–1026 CE)
Main article: Hindu Shahi
  • Samantadeva Kallar / Lalliya (850–895), first ruler of dynasty
  • Kamalavarmadeva / Kamaluka (895–921)
  • Bhimadeva (921–964)
  • Ishtthapala (ruled 8 months)
  • Jayapala (964–1001)
  • Anandapala (1001–1010)
  • Trilochanapala (1010–22) assassinated by mutinous troops)
  • Bhimapala (died in 1022–1026), last ruler of dynasty

Pushyabhuti dynasty (c. 500–647 CE)
Main article: Pushyabhuti dynasty
  • Pushyabhuti (Puṣyabhuti), possibly mythical
  • Naravardhana (500–525 CE)
  • Rajyavardana I (525–555 CE)
  • Adityavardhana (Ādityvardhana or Ādityasena) (555–580 CE)
  • Prabhakara-vardhana (Prabhākaravardhana) (580–605 CE)
  • Rajya-vardhana (Rājyavardhana II) (605–606 CE)
  • Harsha-vardhana (Harṣavardhana) (606–647 CE), Unified Northern India and ruled it for over 40 years, he was the last non-Muslim emperor to rule a unified Northern India.

Eastern Ganga Empire (c. 505–1950 CE)

Eastern Ganga dynasty (c. 505–1434 CE)
Main article: Eastern Ganga dynasty

Indravarman I is earliest known Independent king of the dynasty. He is known from the Jirjingi copper plate grant.[41][42]

  • Mittavarman (c. 505–520)

(Eastern Ganga king, feudal under Vakataka rule)

(Real founder of dynasty)

  • Samantavarman (c. 537–562)
  • Hastivarman (c. 562–578)
  • Indravarman II (c. 578–589)
  • Danarnava (c. 589–652)
  • Indravarman III (c. 652–682)
  • Gunarnava (c. 682–730)
  • Devendravarman I (c. 730–780)
  • Anantavarman III (c. 780–812)
  • Rajendravarman II (c. 812–840)
  • Devendravarman V (c. 840–895)
  • Gunamaharnava I (c. 895–910)
  • Vajrahasta II (or Anangabhimadeva I) (c. 910–939)
  • Gundama – (c. 939–942)
  • Kamarnava I (c. 942–977)
  • Vinayaditya (c. 977–980)
  • Vajrahasta IV (c. 980–1015)
  • Kamarnava II (c. 1015–6 months after)
  • Gundama II (c. 1015–1038)
  • Vajrahasta V (c. 1038–1070)
  • Rajaraja Deva I (c. 1070–1077)
  • Anantavarman Chodaganga (c. 1077–1147)
  • Jatesvaradeva (c. 1147–1156)
  • Raghava Deva (c. 1156–1170)
  • Rajaraja Deva II (c. 1170–1190)
  • Anangabhima Deva II (c. 1190–1198)
  • Rajraja Deva III (c. 1198–1211)
  • Anangabhima Deva III (c. 1211–1238)
  • Narasimha Deva I (1238–1264)
  • Bhanu Deva I (1264–1278)
  • Narasimha Deva II (1279–1306)
  • Bhanu Deva II (1306–1328)
  • Narasimha Deva III (1328–1352)
  • Bhanu Deva III (1352–1378)
  • Narasimha Deva IV (1378–1414)
  • Bhanu Deva IV (1414–1434)

Gudari Kataka Ganga State
Main article: Gudari, Rayagada

According to Gangavansucharitam written in sixteenth or seventeenth century, Bhanu Deva IV also known as Kajjala Bhanu founded a new small princedom in southern Odisha at Gudari in modern Rayagada district after he was toppled from power by his general Kapilendra Deva.[47]

  • Kajjala Bhanu (or Bhanu Deva IV)
  • Svarna Bhanu
  • Kalasandha Deva
  • Chudanga Deva
  • Harimani Deva
  • Narasimha Deva
  • Ananta Deva
  • Padmanabha Deva
  • Pitambara Deva
  • Vasudeva
  • Purrushottama Anangabhima Deva (or Bhima Deva)

Chikiti Ganga State (c. 881–1950 CE)
Main article: Chikiti

Historians conclude that the rulers of Chikiti were from the line of Ganga ruler Hastivarman.[48][49]

  • Kesaba Rautara (or Bira Karddama Singha Rautara)

(881–940)

  • Balabhadra Rautara

(941–997)

  • Madhaba Rautara

(998–1059)

  • Languli Rautara

(1060–1094)

  • Mohana Rautara

(1095–1143)

  • Balarama Rautara

(1144–1197)

  • Biswanatha Rautara

(1198–1249)

  • Harisarana Rautara

(1250–1272)

  • Raghunatha Rautara

(1273–1313)

  • Dinabandhu Rautara

(1314–1364)

  • Gopinatha Rautara

(1365–1417)

  • Ramachandra Rautara

(1418–1464)

  • Narayana Rautara

(1465–1530)

  • Narasingha Rautara

(1531–1583)

  • Lokanatha Rautara

(1584–1633)

  • Jadumani Rautara

(1634–1691)

  • Madhusudana Rajendra Deba (1692–1736)
  • Kulamani Rajendra Deba

(1737–1769)

  • Krusnachandra Rajendra Deba (1770–1790)
  • Pitambara Rajendra Deba (1791–1819)
  • Gobindachandra Rajendra Deba (1820–1831)
  • Kulamani Rajendra Deba

(1832–1835)

  • Brundabanachandra Rajendra Deba (1835–1846)
  • Jagannatha Rajendra Deba (1847–1855)
  • Biswambhara Rajendra Deba (1856–1885)
  • Kisorachandra Rajendra Deba (1885–1903)
  • Radhamohana Rajendra Deba (1903–1923)
  • Gaurachandra Rajendra Deba

(1923–1934)

  • Sachhidananda Rajendra Deba

(1934–1950)

Parlakhemundi Ganga State (c. 1309–1950)
Main article: Parlakhemundi Ganga rulers

Parlakhemundi state rulers were the direct descendants of the Eastern Ganga dynasty rulers of Odisha.[50][51]

  • Narasingha Deba (1309–1320)
  • Madanrudra Deba (1320–1339)
  • Narayana Rudra Deba (1339–1353)
  • Ananda Rudra Deba (1353–1354)
  • Ananda Rudra Deba (1354–1367)
  • Jayarudra Deba (1367–1399)
  • Lakhsmi Narasingha Deba (1399–1418)
  • Madhukarna Gajapati (1418–1441)
  • Murtunjaya Bhanu Deba (1441–1467)
  • Madhaba Bhanu Deba (1467–1495)
  • Chandra Betal Bhanu Deba (1495–1520)
  • Subarnalinga Bhanu Deba (1520–1550)
  • Sibalinga Narayan Bhanudeo (1550–1568)
  • Subarna Kesari Govinda Gajapati Narayan Deo (1568–1599)
  • Mukunda Rudra Gajapati Narayan Deo (1599–1619)
  • Mukunda Deo (1619–1638)
  • Ananta Padmanabh Gajapati Narayan Deo I (1638–1648)
  • Sarbajgan Jagannatha Gajapati Narayan Deo I (1648–1664)
  • Narahari Narayan Deo (1664–1691)
  • Bira Padmanabh Narayan Deo II (1691–1706)
  • Prataprudra Gajapati Narayan Deo I (1706–1736)
  • Jagannatha Gajapati Narayana Deo II (1736–1771)
  • Goura Chandra Gajapati Narayan Deo I (1771–1803)
  • Purushottam Gajapati Narayan Deo (1803–1806)
  • Jagannath Gajapati Narayan Deo III (1806–1850)
  • Prataprudra Gajapati Narayan Deo II (1850–1885)
  • Goura Chandra Gajapati Narayan Deo II (1885–1904)
  • Krushna Chandra Gajapati Narayan Deo

(1913–1950)

Titular Rulers

(1950 – 25 May 1974)

(25 May 1974 – 10 January 2020)

(10 January 2020–present)

Jaintia Kingdom (c. 515–1835 CE)
Main article: Jaintia Kingdom

Old dynasty
  1. Urmi Rani (?-550)
  2. Krishak Pator (550–570)
  3. Hatak (570–600)
  4. Guhak (600–630)

Partitioned Jaintia
  1. Jayanta (630–660)
  2. Joymalla (660-?)
  3. Mahabal (?)
  4. Bancharu (?-1100)
  5. Kamadeva (1100–1120)
  6. Bhimbal (1120)

Brahmin dynasty
  1. Kedareshwar Rai (1120–1130)
  2. Dhaneshwar Rai (1130–1150)
  3. Kandarpa Rai (1150–1170)
  4. Manik Rai (1170–1193)
  5. Jayanta Rai (1193–1210)
  6. Jayanti Devi
  7. Bara Gossain

New dynasty
  1. Prabhat Ray Syiem Sutnga (1500–1516)
  2. Majha Gosain Syiem Sutnga (1516–1532)
  3. Burha Parbat Ray Syiem Sutnga (1532–1548)
  4. Bar Gosain Syiem Sutnga I (1548–1564)
  5. Bijay Manik Syiem Sutnga (1564–1580)
  6. Pratap Ray Syiem Sutnga (1580–1596)
  7. Dhan Manik Syiem Sutnga (1596–1612)
  8. Jasa Manik Syiem Sutnga (1612–1625)
  9. Sundar Ray Syiem Sutnga (1625–1636)
  10. Chota Parbat Ray Syiem Sutnga (1636–1647)
  11. Jasamanta Ray Syiem Sutnga (1647–1660)
  12. Ban Singh Syiem Sutnga (1660–1669)
  13. Pratap Singh Syiem Sutnga (1669–1678)
  14. Lakshmi Narayan Syiem Sutnga (1678–1694)
  15. Ram Singh Syiem Sutnga I (1694–1708)
  16. Jay Narayan Syiem Sutnga (1708–1731)
  17. Bar Gosain Syiem Sutnga II (1731–1770)
  18. Chattra Singh Syiem Sutnga (1770–1780)
  19. Yatra Narayan Syiem Sutnga (1780–1785)
  20. Bijay Narayan Syiem Sutnga (1785–1786)
  21. Lakshmi Singh Syiem Sutnga (1786–1790)
  22. Ram Singh Syiem Sutnga II (1790–1832)
  23. Rajendra Singh Syiem Sutnga (1832–1835)[52][53]

Gurjara-Pratihara Empire (c. 550–1036 CE)
Main article: Gurjara-Pratihara dynasty

Pratiharas of Mandavyapura (c. 550–860 CE)
Main article: Pratiharas of Mandavyapura

R. C. Majumdar, on the other hand, assumed a period of 25 years for each generation, and placed him in c. 550 CE. The following is a list of the dynasty's rulers (IAST names in brackets) and estimates of their reigns, assuming a period of 25 years.

  • Harichandra (Haricandra) alias Rohilladhi (r. c. 550 CE), founder of dynasty
  • Rajilla (r. c. 575 CE)
  • Narabhatta (Narabhaṭa) alias Pellapelli (r. c. 600 CE)
  • Nagabhata (Nāgabhaṭa) alias Nahada (r. c. 625 CE)
  • Tata (Tāta) and Bhoja (r. c. 650 CE)
  • Yashovardhana (Yaśovardhana) (r. c. 675 CE)
  • Chanduka (Canduka) (r. c. 700 CE)
  • Shiluka (Śīluka) alias Silluka (r. c. 725 CE)
  • Jhota (r. c. 750 CE)
  • Bhilladitya alias Bhilluka (r. c. 775 CE)
  • Kakka (r. c. 800 CE)
  • Bauka (Bāuka) (r. c. 825 CE)
  • Kakkuka (r. c. 861 CE), last ruler

Pratiharas of Bhinmala (Kannauj) (c. 730–1036 CE)
Main article: Gurjara-Pratihara dynasty
List of rulers–

Other Pratihara Branches
Baddoch Branch (c. 600–700 CE)

Known Baddoch rulers are-

  • Dhaddha 1 (600–627)
  • Dhaddha 2 (627–655)
  • Jaibhatta (655–700)
Rajogarh Branch

Badegujar were rulers of Rajogarh

  • Parmeshver Manthandev, (885–915)
  • No records found after Parmeshver Manthandev

Kingdom of Mewar (c. 550–1947 CE)
Main articles: Guhila and Sisodia
See also: Rajput, Udaipur State, and Mewar

In the 6th century, three different Guhila dynasties are known to have ruled in present-day Rajasthan:

Guhila dynasty (c. 550–1303 CE)
Main article: Guhila dynasty
  • Bappaka (550–566)
  • Guhaditya / Guhlia (566–580) (Real founder of the dynasty)
  • Bhoja (580–602)
  • Mahendra (I) (602–616)
  • Nāga (616–646)
  • Śiladitya (646–661 )
  • Aparājita (661–697 )
  • Mahendra (II) (697–728)
  • Bappa Rawal / Kālabhoja (728–753)
  • Khommāṇa (I) (753–773)
  • Mattaṭa (773–790)
  • Bhartṛipaṭṭa (I) (790–813)
  • Rawalsiṃha (813–820)
  • Khommāṇa (II) (820–853)
  • Mahāyaka (853–900)
  • Khommāṇa (III) (900–942)
  • Bhartṛipaṭṭa (II) (942–943 CE)
  • Allaṭa (943–953 )
  • Naravāhana (953–971 )
  • Śalivāhana (971–977 )
  • Śaktikumāra (977–993 )
  • Āmraprasāda (993–998)
  • Śuchivarman (998–1010)
  • Naravarman (1010–1035)
  • Kīrtivarman (1035–1050)
  • Yogarāja (1050–1075)
  • Vairaṭa (1075–1090)
  • Vaṃśapāla (1090–1100)
  • Vairisiṃha (1100–1122)
  • Vijayasiṃha (1122–1130)
  • Vairisiṃha (II) (1130–1136)
  • Arisiṃha (1136–1145)
  • Choḍa (1145–1151)
  • Vikramasiṃha (1151–1158)
  • Raṇasiṃha (1158–1165 )[54][55][56]

Branching of Guhil Dynasty
  • Ranasingh (1158 CE) During his reign, the Guhil dynasty got divided into two branches.
  • First (Rawal Branch)—Kṣemasiṃha, son of Raṇasiṃha, ruled over Mewar by building Rawal Branch.
  • Second (Rana Branch)—Rahapa, the second son of Raṇasiṃha started the Rana Branch by establishing Sisoda bases. Due to his stay in Rana Sisoda hideout, he was later called Sisodia.[57][56]

Post-split Rawal branch (c. 1165–1303 CE)

Rana branch (c. 1160–1326 CE)

Rahapa, a son of Ranasimha alias Karna, established the Rana branch. According to the 1652 Eklingji inscription, Rahapa's successors were:

  • Rahapa/Karna (1160)
  • Narapati (1185)
  • Dinakara (1200)
  • Jasakarna (1218)
  • Nagapala (1238)
  • Karnapala (1266)
  • Bhuvanasimha (1280)
  • Bhimasimha (1297)
  • Jayasimha (1312)
  • Lakhanasimha (1318)
  • Arisimha (Arasi) (1322)
  • Hammir Singh (1326)[61]

Sisodia dynasty (c. 1326–1947 CE)
Main article: Sisodia

Titular Maharanas

Gauda Kingdom (c. 590–626 CE)
Main article: Gauda Kingdom

Chacha dynasty of Sindh (c. 632–724 CE)
Main article: Brahman dynasty of Sindh

The known rulers of the Brahman dynasty are:[63]

Under the Umayyad Caliphate
  • Dahirsiya (679–709 CE) from Brahmanabad
  • Hullishāh (712–724 CE)
  • Shishah (till 724 CE)

Karkota dynasty of Kashmir (c. 625–855 CE)
Main articles: Karkota dynasty and Kashmir
  • Durlabhavardhana (625–662), (founder of the dynasty)
  • Durlabhaka or Pratipaditya (662–712)
  • Chandrapeeda or Varnaditya (712–720)
  • Tarapida or Udayaditya (720–724)
  • Lalitaditya Muktapida (724–760), (built the famous Martand Sun Temple in Kashmir)
  • Kuvalayaditya (760–761)
  • Vajraditya or Bapyayika or Lalitapida (761–768)
  • Prithivyapida I (768–772)
  • Sangramapida (772–779)
  • Jayapida (also Pandit and poet) (779–813)
  • Lalitapida (813–825)
  • Sangramapida II (825–832)
  • Chipyata-Jayapida (832–885), (last ruler of dynasty)
Other puppet rulers under Utpala dynasty are
  • Ajitapida
  • Anangapida
  • Utpalapida
  • Sukhavarma

Chahamana (Chauhan) Empire (c. 650–1315 CE)
Main article: Chauhan

The ruling dynasties belonging to the Chauhan clan included:-

Chahamanas of Shakambhari (c. 650–1194 CE)
Main article: Chahamanas of Shakambhari

Following is a list of Chahamana rulers of Shakambhari and Ajmer, with approximate period of reign, as estimated by R. B. Singh:[64]

Chahamanas of Naddula (c. 950–1197 CE)
Main article: Chahamanas of Naddula

Following is a list of Chahmana rulers of Naddula, with approximate period of reign, as estimated by R. B. Singh:

Chahamanas of Jalor (c. 1160–1311 CE)
Main article: Chahamanas of Jalor

The Chahamana rulers of the Jalor branch, with their estimated periods of reign, are as follows:[65]

Chahamanas of Ranastambhapura (c. 1192–1301 CE)
Main article: Chahamanas of Ranastambhapura
  • Govinda-raja (1192 CE), founder of dynasty
  • Balhana-deva or Balhan, son of Govinda
  • Prahlada or Prahlad, son of Balhana
  • Viranarayana or Vir Narayan, son of Prahlada
  • Vagabhata, son of Balhana; known as Bahar Deo in bardic chronicles
  • Jaitra-simha or Jaitra Singh
  • Hammira-deva or Hammir Dev (1301 CE), last & Greatest ruler of dynasty

Mlechchha dynasty of Kamarupa (650–900 CE)
Main articles: Mlechchha dynasty and Kamarupa
  • Salastamba (650–670), founder of dynasty
  • Vijaya alias Vigrahastambha
  • Palaka
  • Kumara
  • Vajradeva
  • Harshadeva alias Harshavarman (725–745)
  • Balavarman II
  • Jivaraja
  • Digleswaravarman
  • Salambha[68]
  • Harjjaravarman (815–832)
  • Vanamalavarmadeva (832–855)
  • Jayamala alias Virabahu (855–860)
  • Balavarman III (860–880)
  • Tyagasimha (890–900), last ruler of dynasty

Kalachuri dynasty of Tripuri (Chedi) (c. 675–1212 CE)
Main article: Kalachuris of Tripuri

Garhwal Kingdom of Uttrakhand (c. 688–1949 CE)
Main article: Garhwal Kingdom

Mola Ram the 18th century painter, poet, historian and diplomat of Garhwal wrote the historical work Garhrajvansh Ka Itihas (History of the Garhwal royal dynasty) which is the only source of information about several Garhwal rulers.[70][71]

Rulers of Garhwal - Panwar clan of Garhwali Rajputs
No. Name Reign Years Reigned No. Name Reign Years Reigned No. Name Reign Years Reigned
1 Kanak Pal 688–699 11 21 Vikram Pal 1116–1131 15 41 Vijay Pal 1426–1437 11
2 Shyam Pal 699–725 26 22 Vichitra Pal 1131–1140 9 42 Sahaj Pal 1437–1473 36
3 Pandu Pal 725–756 31 23 Hans Pal 1141–1152 11 43 Bahadur Shah 1473–1498 25
4 Abhijat Pal 756–780 24 24 Som Pal 1152–1159 7 44 Man Shah 1498–1518 20
5 Saugat Pal 781–800 19 25 Kadil Pal 1159–1164 5 45 Shyam Shah 1518–1527 9
6 Ratna Pal 800–849 49 26 Kamadev Pal 1172–1179 7 46 Mahipat Shah 1527–1552 25
7 Shali Pal 850–857 7 27 Sulakshan Dev 1179–1197 18 47 Prithvi Shah 1552–1614 62
8 Vidhi Pal 858–877 19 28 Lakhan Dev 1197–1220 23 48 Medini Shah 1614–1660 46
9 Madan Pal 877–894 17 29 Anand Pal II 1220–1241 21 49 Fateh Shah 1660–1708 48
10 Bhakti Pal 895–919 24 30 Purva Dev 1241–1260 19 50 Upendra Shah 1708–1709 1
11 Jayachand Pal 920–948 28 31 Abhay Dev 1260–1267 7 51 Pradip Shah 1709–1772 63
12 Prithvi Pal 949–971 22 32 Jayaram Dev 1267–1290 23 52 Lalit Shah 1772–1780 8
13 Medinisen Pal 972–995 23 33 Asal Dev 1290–1299 9 53 Jayakrit Shah 1780–1786 6
14 Agasti Pal 995–1014 19 34 Jagat Pal 1299–1311 12 54 Pradyumna Shah 1786–1804 18
15 Surati Pal 1015–1036 21 35 Jit Pal 1311–1330 19 55 Sudarshan Shah 1804–1859 55
16 Jay Pal 1037–1055 18 36 Anant Pal II 1330–1358 28 56 Bhawani Shah 1859–1871 12
17 Anant Pal I 1056–1072 16 37 Ajay Pal 1358–1389 31 57 Pratap Shah 1871–1886 15
18 Anand Pal I 1072–1083 11 38 Kalyan Shah 1389–1398 9 58 Kirti Shah 1886–1913 27
19 Vibhog Pal 1084–1101 17 39 Sundar Pal 1398–1413 15 59 Narendra Shah 1913–1946 33
20 Suvayanu Pal 1102–1115 13 40 Hansadev Pal 1413–1426 13 60 Manabendra Shah 1946–1949 3

Mallabhum (Bishnupur) kingdom (c. 694–1947 CE)
Main article: Mallabhum kingdom

Mallabhum kingdom or Bishnupur kingdom was the kingdom ruled by the Malla kings of Bishnupur, primarily in the present Bankura district in Indian state of West Bengal.[72] (also known as Mallabhoom,[73]

Name of the king[74][75] Reign Notes
Adi Malla 694–710
Jay Malla 710–720
Benu Malla 720–733
Kinu Malla 733–742
Indra Malla 742–757
Kanu Malla 757–764
Dha (Jhau) Malla 764–775
Shur Malla 775–795
Kanak Malla 795–807
Kandarpa Malla 807–828
Sanatan Malla 828–841
Kharga Malla 841–862
Durjan (Durjay) Malla 862–906
Yadav Malla 906–919
Jagannath Malla 919–931
Birat Malla 931–946
Mahadev Malla 946–977
Durgadas Malla 977–994
Jagat Malla 994–1007
Ananta Malla 1007–1015
Rup Malla 1015=1029
Sundar Malla 1029–1053
Kumud Malla 1053–1074
Krishna Malla 1074–1084
Rup II (Jhap) Malla 1084–1097
Prakash Malla 1097–1102
Pratap Malla 1102–1113
Sindur Malla 1113–1129
Sukhomoy(Shuk) Malla 1129–1142
Banamali Malla 1142–1156
Yadu/Jadu Malla 1156–1167
Jiban Malla 1167–1185
Ram Malla 1185=1209
Gobinda Malla 1209–1240
Bhim Malla 1240–1263
Katar(Khattar) Malla 1263–1295
Prithwi Malla 1295 -1319
Tapa Malla 1319–1334
Dinabandhu Malla 1334–1345
Kinu/Kanu II Malla 1345–1358
Shur Malla II 1358–1370
Shiv Singh Malla 1370–1407
Madan Malla 1407–1420
Durjan II (Durjay) Malla 1420–1437
Uday Malla 1437–1460
Chandra Malla 1460–1501
Bir Malla 1501–1554
Dhari Malla 1554–1565
Hambir Malla Dev (Bir Hambir) 1565–1620
Dhari Hambir Malla Dev 1620–1626
Raghunath Singha Dev 1626–1656
Bir Singha Dev 1656–1682
Durjan Singha Dev 1682–1702
Raghunath Singha Dev II 1702–1712
Gopal Singha Dev 1712–1748
Chaitanya Singha Dev 1748–1801
Madhav Singha Dev 1801–1809
Gopal Singha Dev II 1809–1876
Ramkrishna Singha Dev 1876–1885
Dwhaja Moni Devi 1885–1889
Nilmoni Singha Dev 1889–1903
Churamoni Devi (Regency) 1903–1930
Kalipada Singha Thakur 1930–1947

Chand Kingdom of Kumaon (700–1790 CE)
Main article: Chand kings

Badri Datt Pandey, in his book Kumaun Ka Itihaas lists the Chand kings as following:

King Reign Notes
Som Chand 700–721
Atm Chand 721–740
Purn Chand 740–758
Indra Chand 758–778 Opened Silk Factories
Sansar Chand 778–813
Sudha Chand 813–833
Hamir Chand 833–856
Vina Chand 856–869 Lost to Khas Kings
Vir Chand 1065–1080
Rup Chand 1080–1093
Laxmi Chand 1093–1113
Dharm Chand 1113–1121
Karm Chand 1121–1140
Ballal Chand 1140–1149
Nami Chand 1149–1170
Nar Chand 1170–1177
Nanaki Chand 1177–1195
Ram Chand 1195–1205
Bhishm Chand 1205–1226
Megh Chand 1226–1233
Dhyan Chand 1233–1251
Parvat Chand 1251–1261
Thor Chand 1261–1275
Kalyan Chand II 1275–1296
Trilok Chand 1296–1303 Conquered Chhakhata
Built a fort at Bhimtal
Damaru Chand 1303–1321
Dharm Chand 1321–1344 Defeated One Lakh Army of Delhi Sultan Muhammad Bin Tughluq under Khusrau Malik in his Qarachil Expedition
Abhay Chand 1344–1374
Garur Gyan Chand 1374–1419 Established authority over Bhabar and Terai; later lost them to nawab of Sambhal, Recaptured it by defeating Turkish Nawab of Sambhal under General Nilu Kathait
Harihar Chand 1419–1420
Udyan Chand 1420–1421 built Baleshwar Temple at Champawat
Captured Chaugarkha
Atma Chand II 1421–1422
Hari Chand II 1422–1423
Vikram Chand 1423–1437 Completed Baleshwar Temple
Bharati Chand 1437–1450 Defeated Doti
Ratna Chand 1450–1488 Defeated Bams of Sor,
defeated Doti again
Kirti Chand 1488–1503 annexed Barahmandal, Pali and Faldakot, Conquered Garhwal by defeating Ajaypal and made it vassal state of Kumaon
Pratap Chand 1503–1517
Tara Chand 1517–1533
Manik Chand 1533–1542
Kalyan Chand III 1542–1551
Purna Chand 1551–1555
Bhishm Chand 1555–1560 laid foundation stone of Alamnagar
lost Barahmandal to Khas Sardar Gajuwathinga
Balo Kalyan Chand 1560–1568 recaptured Barahmandal
moved capital to Alamnagar and renamed it Almora
Annexed Mankot and Danpur
Rudra Chand 1568–1597 Successfully defended Terai from nawab of Kath and Gola
founded the city of Rudrapur
Annexed Sira
Laxmi Chand 1597–1621 built Laxmeswar and Bagnath Temple at Almora and Bageshwar respectively
Invaded Garhwal 7 times without any Success
Dilip Chand 1621–1624
Vijay Chand 1624–1625
Trimal Chand 1625–1638
Baz Bahadur Chand 1638–1678 Captured Dehradun and Hindu Pilgrimage Kailash Mansarovar defeated Garhwal and Tibet, has his kingdom from ton river till karnali
Udyot Chand 1678–1698 Defeated combined armies of Garhwal and Doti
Gyan Chand 1698–1708 Defeated Garhwal and expelled fateh shah from Srinagar
Jagat Chand 1708–1720 Invaded Garhwal and captured its capital Srinagar, defeated combined armies of Sikhs|Khalsa and Garhwal
Devi Chand 1720–1726 Made Afghani Daud Khan General of Kumaon , looted Moradabad , Mughal Empire and captured villages of Mughals
Ajit Chand 1726–1729
Kalyan Chand V 1729–1747 Defeated Rohillas
Deep Chand 1747–1777 Defeated Garhwal King Pradip Shah left him embarrassed
Mohan Chand 1777–1779 Defeated by King Lalit Shah of Garhwal
Pradyumn Chand 1779–1786 Son of king Lalit Shah of Garhwal
Mohan Chand 1786–1788 Overthrew Pradyumn Shah; Became king for second time
Shiv Chand 1788
Mahendra Chand 1788–1790 Defeated by Gorkhas

Karttikeyapur (Katyur) Kingdom (700–1065 CE)
Main article: Katyuri kings

The period of certain Katyuri rulers, is generally determined as below, although there is some ambiguity in respect to exact number of years ruled by each King[76]

List–
  • Vasu Dev (700–849 CE)
  • Basantana Dev (850–870 CE)
  • Kharpar Dev (870–880 CE)
  • Abhiraj Dev (880–890 CE)
  • Tribhuvanraj Dev (890–900 CE)
  • Nimbarta Dev (900–915 CE)
  • Istanga (915–930 CE)
  • Lalitasura Dev (930–955 CE)
  • Bhu Dev (955–970 CE)
  • Salonaditya (970–985 CE)
  • Ichchhata Dev (985–1000 CE)
  • Deshat Dev (1000–1015 CE)
  • Padmata Dev (1015–1045 CE)
  • Subhiksharaja Dev (1045–1060 CE)
  • Dham Dev (1060–1064 CE)
  • Bir Dev (Very short period till 1065 CE)

Varman dynasty of Kannauj (c. 725–770 CE)
Main article: Varman dynasty of Kannauj

Rashtrakuta Empire of Manyakheta (c. 735–982 CE)
Main article: Rashtrakuta dynasty

Tomar dynasty of Delhi (c. 736–1151 CE)
Main article: Tomara dynasty

Various historical texts provide different lists of the Tomara kings:[79]

  • Khadag Rai's history of Gwalior (Gopācala ākhyāna) names 18 Tomara kings, plus Prithvi Pala (who is probably the Chahamana king Prithviraja III). According to Khadag Rai, Delhi was originally ruled by the legendary king Vikramaditya. It was deserted for 792 years after his death, until Bilan Dev [Veer Mahadev or Birmaha] of Tomara dynasty re-established the city (in 736 CE).
  • The Kumaon-Garhwal manuscript names only 15 rulers of "Toar" dynasty, and dates the beginning of their rule to 789 CE (846 Vikram Samvat).
  • Abul Fazl's Ain-i-Akbari (Bikaner manuscript, edited by Syed Ahmad Khan) names 19 Tomara kings. It places the first Tomara king in 372 CE (429 Vikram Samvat). It might be possible that the era mentioned in the original source used by Abul Fazl was Gupta era, which starts from 318 to 319 CE; Abul Fazl might have mistaken this era to be Vikrama Samvat. If this is true, then the first Tomara king can be dated to 747 CE (429+318), which is better aligned with the other sources.

As stated earlier, the historians doubt the claim that the Tomaras established Delhi in 736 CE.[80]

List of Tomara rulers according to various sources[81][82]
# Abul Fazl's Ain-i-Akbari / Bikaner manuscript Gwalior manuscript of Khadag Rai Kumaon-Garhwal manuscript Ascension year in CE (according to Gwalior manuscript) Length of reign
Years Months Days
1Ananga PālaBilan Dev7361800
2Vasu Deva75419118
3GangyaGanggeva77321328
4Prithivi Pāla (or Prithivi Malla)PrathamaMahi Pāla79419619
5Jaya DevaSaha DevaJadu Pāla81420728
6Nīra Pāla or Hira PālaIndrajita (I)Nai Pāla8341449
7Udiraj (or Adereh)Nara PālaJaya Deva Pāla84926711
8Vijaya (or Vacha)Indrajita (II)Chamra Pāla87521213
9Biksha (or Anek)Vacha RajaBibasa Pāla89722316
10Rīksha PālaVira PālaSukla Pāla9192165
11Sukh Pāla (or Nek Pāla)Go-PālaTeja Pāla9402044
12Go-PālaTillan DevMahi Pāla96118315
13Sallakshana PālaSuvariSursen979251010
14Jaya PālaOsa PālaJaik Pāla10051643
15Kunwar PālaKumara Pāla102129918
16Ananga Pāla (or Anek Pāla)Ananga PālaAnek Pāla105129618
17Vijaya Pāla (or Vijaya Sah)Teja PālaTeja Pāla10812416
18Mahi Pāla (or Mahatsal)Mahi PālaJyūn Pāla110525223
19Akr Pāla (or Akhsal)Mukund PālaAne Pāla113021215
Prithivi Raja (Chahamana)Prithvi Pala1151

Pala Empire (c. 750–1174 CE)
Main article: Pala Empire

Most of the Pala inscriptions mention only the regnal year as the date of issue, without any well-known calendar era. Because of this, the chronology of the Pala kings is hard to determine.[83] Based on their different interpretations of the various epigraphs and historical records, different historians estimate the Pala chronology as follows:[84]

RC Majumdar (1971)[85] AM Chowdhury (1967)[86] BP Sinha (1977)[87] DC Sircar (1975–76)[88] D. K. Ganguly (1994)[83]
Gopala I 750–770 756–781 755–783 750–775 750–774
Dharmapala 770–810 781–821 783–820 775–812 774–806
Devapala 810–c. 850 821–861 820–860 812–850 806–845
Mahendrapala NA (Mahendrapala's existence was conclusively established through a copper-plate charter discovered later.) 845–860
Shurapala I Deemed to be alternate name of Vigrahapala I 850–858 860–872
Gopala II NA (copper-plate charter discovered in 1995. Text of inscription published in 2009.)
Vigrahapala I 850–853 861–866 860–865 858–60 872–873
Narayanapala 854–908 866–920 865–920 860–917 873–927
Rajyapala 908–940 920–952 920–952 917–952 927–959
Gopala III 940–957 952–969 952–967 952–972 959–976
Vigrahapala II 960–c. 986 969–995 967–980 972–977 976–977
Mahipala I 988–c. 1036 995–1043 980–1035 977–1027 977–1027
Nayapala 1038–1053 1043–1058 1035–1050 1027–1043 1027–1043
Vigrahapala III 1054–1072 1058–1075 1050–1076 1043–1070 1043–1070
Mahipala II 1072–1075 1075–1080 1076–1078/9 1070–1071 1070–1071
Shurapala II 1075–1077 1080–1082 1071–1072 1071–1072
Ramapala 1077–1130 1082–1124 1078/9–1132 1072–1126 1072–1126
Kumarapala 1130–1125 1124–1129 1132–1136 1126–1128 1126–1128
Gopala IV 1140–1144 1129–1143 1136–1144 1128–1143 1128–1143
Madanapala 1144–1162 1143–1162 1144–1161/62 1143–1161 1143–1161
Govindapala 1155–1159 NA 1162–1176 or 1158–1162 1161–1165 1161–1165
Palapala NA NA NA 1165–1199 1165–1200

Note:[84]

  • Earlier historians believed that Vigrahapala I and Shurapala I were the two names of the same person. Now, it is known that these two were cousins; they either ruled simultaneously (perhaps over different territories) or in rapid succession.
  • AM Chowdhury rejects Govindapala and his successor Palapala as the members of the imperial Pala dynasty.
  • According to BP Sinha, the Gaya inscription can be read as either the "14th year of Govindapala's reign" or "14th year after Govindapala's reign". Thus, two sets of dates are possible.

Shilahara dynasty of Maharashtra (765–1265 CE)
Main article: Shilahara

Shilahara Kingdom was split into three branches:

South Konkan branch (c. 765–1020 CE)
List of rulers–
  1. Sanaphulla (765–795 CE)
  2. Dhammayira (795–820 CE)
  3. Aiyaparaja (820–845 CE)
  4. Avasara I (845–870 CE)
  5. Adityavarma (870–895 CE)
  6. Avasara II (895–920 CE)
  7. Indraraja (920–945 CE)
  8. Bhima (945–970 CE)
  9. Avasara III (970–995 CE)
  10. Rattaraja (995–1020 CE)

North Konkan (Thane) branch (c. 800–1265 CE)
List of rulers–
  1. Kapardin I (800–825 CE)
  2. Pullashakti (825–850 CE)
  3. Kapardin II (850–880 CE)
  4. Vappuvanna (880–910 CE)
  5. Jhanjha (910–930 CE)
  6. Goggiraja (930–945 CE)
  7. Vajjada I (945–965 CE)
  8. Chhadvaideva (965–975 CE)
  9. Aparajita (975–1010 CE)
  10. Vajjada II (1010–1015 CE)
  11. Arikesarin (1015–1022 CE)
  12. Chhittaraja (1022–1035 CE)
  13. Nagarjuna (1035–1045 CE)
  14. Mummuniraja (1045–1070 CE)
  15. Ananta Deva I (1070–1127 CE)
  16. Aparaditya I (1127–1148 CE)
  17. Haripaladeva (1148–1155 CE)
  18. Mallikarjuna (1155–1170 CE)
  19. Aparaditya II ( 1170–1197 CE)
  20. Ananta Deva II (1198–1200 CE)
  21. Keshideva II (1200–1245 CE)
  22. Ananta Deva III (1245–1255 CE)
  23. Someshvara (1255–1265 CE), last ruler of dynasty

Kolhapur branch (c. 940–1212 CE)
List of rulers–
  1. Jatiga I (940–960 CE)
  2. Naivarman (960–980 CE)
  3. Chandra (980–1000 CE)
  4. Jatiga II (1000–1020 CE)
  5. Gonka (1020–1050 CE)
  6. Guhala I (1050 CE)
  7. Kirtiraja (1050 CE)
  8. Chandraditya (1050 CE)
  9. Marsimha (1050–1075 CE)
  10. Guhala II (1075–1085 CE)
  11. Bhoja I (1085–1100 CE)
  12. Ballala (1100–1108 CE)
  13. Gonka II (1108 CE)
  14. Gandaraditya I (1108–1138 CE)
  15. Vijayaditya I (1138–1175 CE)
  16. Bhoja II (1175–1212 CE)

Ayudha dynasty of Kannauj (c. 770–810 CE)
Main article: Ayudha dynasty
  • Vajrayudha (770–783), founder of dynasty
  • Indrayudha
  • Chakrayudha (till 810)[90][91]

Chandela dynasty of Jejakabhukti (c. 831–1315 CE)
Main article: Chandelas of Jejakabhukti

The Chandelas of Jejakabhukti were a dynasty in Central India. They ruled much of the Bundelkhand region (then called Jejakabhukti) between the 9th and the 13th centuries.

Based on epigraphic records, the historians have come up with the following list of Chandela rulers of Jejākabhukti (IAST names in brackets):[92][93]

Seuna (Yadava) dynasty of Devagiri (c. 850–1334 CE)
Main article: Seuna (Yadava) dynasty
  • Dridhaprahara
  • Seunachandra (850–874)
  • Dhadiyappa (874–900)
  • Bhillama I (900–925)
  • Vadugi (Vaddiga) (950–974)
  • Dhadiyappa II (974–975)
  • Bhillama II (975–1005)
  • Vesugi I (1005–1020)
  • Bhillama III (1020–1055)
  • Vesugi II (1055–1068)
  • Bhillama III (1068)
  • Seunachandra II (1068–1085)
  • Airamadeva (1085–1115)
  • Singhana I (1115–1145)
  • Mallugi I (1145–1150)
  • Amaragangeyya (1150–1160)
  • Govindaraja (1160)
  • Amara Mallugi II (1160–1165)
  • Kaliya Ballala (1165–1173)
  • Bhillama V (1173–1192), proclaimed independence from Kalyani Chalukya
  • Jaitugi I (1192–1200)
  • Singhana II (1200–1247)
  • Kannara (1247–1261)
  • Mahadeva (1261–1271)
  • Amana (1271)
  • Ramachandra (1271–1312)
  • Singhana III (1312–1313)
  • Harapaladeva (1313–1318)
  • Mallugi III (1318–1334)

Paramara dynasty of Malwa (c. 8th century to 1305 CE)
Main articles: Paramara dynasty and Malwa

According to historial 'Kailash Chand Jain', "Knowledge of the early Paramara rulers from Upendra to Vairisimha is scanty; there are no records, and they are known only from later sources."[95] The Paramara rulers mentioned in the various inscriptions and literary sources include:

Pala dynasty (Kamarupa) (900–1100 CE)
Main article: Pala dynasty (Kamarupa)

Paramara dynasty of Chandravati (Abu) (910–1220 CE)
Main article: Paramaras of Chandravati
  • Utpala-raja or Utpalarāja (910–930 )
  • Arnno-raja, or Aranya-raja (930–950)
  • Krishna-raja or Kṛṣṇarāja (950–979 )
  • Dhara-varaha or Dharani-varaha (970–990)
  • Dhurbhata or Dhūrbhaṭa (990–1000)
  • Mahi-pala or Mahīpāla (1000–1020), son of Dharavaraha
  • Dhandhuka or Dhaṃdhuka (1020–1040 )
  • Punya-pala or Purna-pala (1040–1050 )
  • Danti-varmman or Daṃtivarmman (1050–1060), son of Dhandhuka
  • Krishna-deva or Krishna-raja II (1060–1090), son of Dhandhuka
  • Kakkala-deva or Kakala-deva (1090–1115)
  • Vikrama-simha or Vikramāsiṃha (1115–1145)
  • Yasho-dhavala or Yaśodhavala (1145–1160), great-grandson of Dantivarman through Yogaraja and Ramadeva
  • Rana-simha or Raṇāsiṃha, (son of Vikramasimha; possibly a regent for Dharavarsha)
  • Dhara-varsha or Dhāravarṣa (1160–1220), son of Yashodhavala

Kingdom of Ladakh (c. 930–1842 CE)
Main article: History of Ladakh

Maryul dynasty of Ngari (c. 930–1460 CE)
Main article: Maryul

Known Maryul rulers were:

Namgyal dynasty (Gyalpo of Ladakh) (c. 1460–1842 CE)
Main article: Namgyal dynasty of Ladakh

The kings of the Namgyal dynasty along with their periods of reign are as follows:[97][98][99]

  1. Lhachen Bhagan (c. 1460–1485)
  2. Unknown (c. 1485–1510)
  3. Lata Jughdan (c. 1510–1535)
  4. Kunga Namgyal I (c. 1535–1555)
  5. Tashi Namgyal ('BKra‐śis‐rnam‐rgyal, c. 1555-1575) son[100]
  6. Tsewang Namgyal I (Ts'e-dbaṅ‐rnam‐rgyal, c. 1575–1595) nephew[101]
  7. Namgyal Gonpo (rNam-rgyal-mgon-po, c. 1595–1600) brother
  8. Jamyang Namgyal (Jams-dbyang-rnam-rgyal, c. 1595–1616) brother[102]
  9. Sengge Namgyal (Seng-ge-rnam-rgyal, first time, 1616–1623) son[103]
  10. Norbu Namgyal (1623–1624) brother
  11. Sengge Namgyal (second time, 1624–1642)
  12. Deldan Namgyal (Bde-ldan-rnam-rgyal, 1642–1694) son
  13. Delek Namgyal  (Bde-legs-rnam-rgyal, c. 1680–1691) son
  14. Nyima Namgyal  (Ñi-ma-rnam-rgyal, 1694–1729) son
  15. Deskyong Namgyal (Bde‐skyoṅ‐rnam‐rgyal, 1729–1739) son
  16. Phuntsog Namgyal (P'un‐ts'ogs‐rnam‐rgyal, 1739–1753) son
  17. Tsewang Namgyal II (Ts'e‐dbaṅ-rnam‐rgyal, 1753–1782) son
  18. Tseten Namgyal  (Ts'e‐brtan‐rnam‐rgyal, 1782–1802) son
  19. Tsepal Dondup Namgyal (Ts'e‐dpal‐don‐grub‐rnam‐rgyal, 1802–1837, 1839–1840) brother
  20. Kunga Namgyal II (Kun‐dga'‐rnam‐rgyal, 1840–1842) grandson

Solanki dynasty (Chalukyas of Gujarat) (c. 940–1244 CE)
Main article: Chaulukya dynasty

The Chalukya rulers of Gujarat, with approximate dates of reign, are as follows:[104][105]

Kachchhapaghata dynasty (c. 950–1150 CE)
Main article: Kachchhapaghata dynasty

Simhapaniya (Sihoniya) and Gopadri (Gwalior) branch
  • Lakshmana (r. c. 950–975), first ruler of dynasty
  • Vajradaman (r. c. 975–1000)
  • Mangalaraja (r. c. 1000–1015)
  • Kirtiraja (r. c. 1015–1035)
  • Muladeva (r. c. 1035–1055)
  • Devapala (r. c. 1055–1085)
  • Padmapala (r. c. 1085–1090)
  • Mahipala (r. c. 1090–1105)
  • Ratnapala (r. c. 1105–1130)
  • Ajayapala (r. c. 1192–1194)
  • Sulakshanapala (r. c. 1196)

Dubkund (Dobha) branch
  • Yuvaraja (r. c. 1000)
  • Arjuna (r. c. 1015–1035)
  • Abhimanyu (r. c. 1035–1045)
  • Vijayapala (r. c. 1045–1070)
  • Vikramasimha (r. c. 1070–1100)

Nalapura (Narwar) branch
  • Gaganasimha (r. c. 1075–1090)
  • Sharadasimha (r. c. 1090–1105)
  • Virasimha (r. c. 1105–1125)
  • Tejaskarana (r. c. 1125–1150), last ruler of dynasty[106][107]

Kachwaha dynasty (c. 966–1949 CE)
Main article: Jaipur State
See also: Kachhwaha and Dhundhar

Kachwahas King Sorha Dev and Dulha Rao defeated Meena of Dhundhar kingdom & established Kachwaha dynasty, which ruled for more than 1000 years & still ruling in Jaipur district of Rajasthan.[108][109]

Rulers
  • 27 Dec 966 – 15 Dec 1006 'Sorha Dev' (d. 1006)
  • 15 Dec 1006 – 28 Nov 1036 'Dulha Rao' (d. 1036)
  • 28 Nov 1036 – 20 Apr 1039 'Kakil' (d. 1039)
  • 21 Apr 1039 – 28 Oct 1053 'Hanu' (d. 1053)
  • 28 Oct 1053 – 21 Mar 1070 'Janddeo' (d. 1070)
  • 22 Mar 1070 – 20 May 1094 'Pajjun Rai' (d. 1094)
  • 20 May 1094 – 15 Feb 1146 'Malayasi' (d. 1146)
  • 15 Feb 1146 – 25 Jul 1179 'Vijaldeo' (d. 1179)
  • 25 Jul 1179 – 16 Dec 1216 'Rajdeo' (d. 1216)
  • 16 Dec 1216 – 18 Oct 1276 'Kilhan' (d. 1276)
  • 18 Oct 1276 – 23 Jan 1317 'Kuntal' (d. 1317)
  • 23 Jan 1317 – 6 Nov 1366 'Jonsi' (d. 1366)
  • 6 Nov 1366 – 11 Feb 1388 'Udaikarn' (d. 1388)
  • 11 Feb 1388 – 16 Aug 1428 'Narsingh' (d. 1428)
  • 16 Aug 1428 – 20 Sep 1439 'Banbir' (d. 1439)
  • 20 Sep 1439 – 10 Dec 1467 'Udharn' (d. 1467)
  • 10 Dec 1467 – 17 Jan 1503 'Chandrasen' (d. 1503)
  • 17 Jan 1503 – 4 Nov 1527 'Prithviraj Singh I' (d. 1527)
  • 4 Nov 1527 – 19 Jan 1534 'Puranmal' (d. 1534)
  • 19 Jan 1534 – 22 Jul 1537 'Bhim Singh' (d. 1537)
  • 22 Jul 1537 – 15 May 1548 'Ratan Singh' (d. 1548)
  • 15 May 1548 – 1 June 1548 'Askaran' (d. 1599)
  • 1 June 1548 – 27 Jan 1574 'Bharmal' (d. 1574)
  • 27 Jan 1574 – 4 Dec 1589 'Bhagwant Das' (b. 1527 – d. 1589)
  • 4 Dec 1589 – 6 Jul 1614 'Man Singh' (b. 1550 – d. 1614)
  • 6 Jul 1614 – 13 Dec 1621 'Bhau Singh' (d. 1621)
  • 13 Dec 1621 – 28 Aug 1667 'Jai Singh I' (b. 1611 – d. 1667)
  • 10 Sep 1667 – 30 Apr 1688: 'Ram Singh I' (b. 1640 – d. 1688)
  • 30 Apr 1688 – 19 Dec 1699: 'Bishan Singh' (b. 1672 – d. 1699)
  • 19 Dec 1699 – 21 Sep 1743: 'Jai Singh II' (b. 1688 – d. 1743)
  • 1743 – 12 Dec 1750: 'Ishwari Singh' (b. 1721 – d. 1750)
  • 1750 – 5 Mar 1768: 'Madho Singh I' (b. 1728 – d. 1768)
  • 1768 – 13 Apr 1778: 'Prithvi Singh II' (b. c. 1762 – d. 1778)
  • 1778 – 1803: 'Pratap Singh' (b. 1764 – d. 1803)
  • 1803 – 21 Nov 1818: 'Jagat Singh II' (b. ... – d. 1818)
  • 22 Dec 1818 – 25 Apr 1819: 'Mohan Singh' (regent) (b. 1809 – d. ...)
  • 25 Apr 1819 – 6 Feb 1835: 'Jai Singh III' (b. 1819 – d. 1835)
  • Feb 1835 – 18 Sep 1880: 'Ram Singh II' (b. 1835 – d. 1880)
  • 18 Sep 1880 – 7 Sep 1922: 'Madho Singh II' (b. 1861 – d. 1922)
  • 7 Sep 1922 – 15 Aug 1947 (subsidiary): 'Sawai Man Singh II' (b. 1912 – d. 1970)
  • 15 Aug 1947 – 7 Apr 1949 (independent): 'Sawai Man Singh II' (b. 1912 – d. 1970)

He was the last ruler of Kachawa dynasty, he annexed Jaipur State with Union of India in 1949 CE.[110][111][112][113][114]

Titular rulers

Titles were abolished in 1971 according to the 26th amendment to the Indian Constitution.

Kalachuri dynasty of Ratnapura (c. 1000–1225 CE)
Main article: Kalachuris of Ratnapura

The following is a list of the Ratnapura Kalachuri rulers, with estimated period of their reigns:[115]

  • Kalinga-raja (1000–1020 CE), founder of dynasty
  • Kamala-raja (1020–1045 CE)
  • Ratna-raja (1045–1065 CE), alias Ratna-deva I
  • Prithvi-deva I (1065–1090 CE), alias Prithvisha
  • Jajalla-deva I (1090–1120 CE) (declared independence)
  • Ratna-Deva II (1120–1135 CE)
  • Prithvi-deva II (1135–1165 CE)
  • Jajalla-deva II (1165–1168 CE)
  • Jagad-deva (1168–1178 CE)
  • Ratna-deva III (1178–1200 CE)
  • Pratapa-malla (1200–1225 CE)
  • Parmardi Dev (governor of Eastern Gangas)

Hoysala Empire (c. 1000–1343 CE)
Main article: Hoysala Empire
  • Nripa Kama (1000–1045)
Hoysala Kings (1026–1343)
Nripa Kama II (1026–1047)
Vinayaditya (1047–1098)
Ereyanga (1098–1102)
Veera Ballala I (1102–1108)
Vishnuvardhana (1108–1152)
Narasimha I (1152–1173)
Veera Ballala II (1173–1220)
Vira Narasimha II (1220–1235)
Vira Someshwara (1235–1263)
Narasimha III (1263–1292)
Veera Ballala III (1292–1343)
Harihara Raya
(Vijayanagara Empire)		 (1342–1355)

Lohara dynasty of Kashmir (c. 1003–1320 CE)
Main article: Lohara dynasty

The Lohara dynasty were Hindu rulers of Kashmir from the Khasa tribe,[116][117] in the northern part of the Indian subcontinent, between 1003 and approximately 1320 CE. The dynasty was founded by the Samgramaraja, the grandson of Khasha chief Simharaja and the nephew of the Utpala dynasty Queen Didda.

First Lohara dynasty
RulerReign[12]Ascension yearNotes
Sangramaraja (Samgramaraja / Kshamapati)25 Years1003 CENephew of Didda. Ascended the throne after her death, beginning Lohara dynasty's rule over Kashmir
Hariraja22 days1028 CE
Ananta-deva35 Years1028 CEAbdicated the throne in favour of his son, but retained power through his minister Haladhara
Kalasha (Ranaditya II)26 Years1063 CERebelled against his parents, leading to the suicide of his father Ananta, followed by sati-suicide by his mother. His son Harsha revolted against him, and was imprisoned.
Utkarsha22 days1089 CESecond son of Kalasha. His half-brother Vijaymalla rebelled against him, and got Harsha released from prison. Utkarsha was imprisoned and committed suicide
Harsha12 Yearsdied in 1101 CE
Harshadeva of Kashmir 1089-1101 CE
In his early years, he was a sagacious king, and a patron of art and literature. The later years of his reign were marked by unsuccessful military campaigns, resulting in excessive taxation and plundering of temples. Revolts by his generals Uchchala and Sussala (of Lohara family) ended his reign. His son Bhoja was killed, and Harsha himself was killed by Uchchala's men while hiding in a village.

Second Lohara dynasty
Ruler[12]Notes
UchchalaMade his brother Sussala the ruler of Lohara. Murdered by Radda.
Radda (Shankharaja)Usurped the throne, claiming to be a descendant of Yashaskara
SalhanaUchchala's step-brother; became the king after Radda's death. The real power lay in the hands of a noble named Gargachandra. Salhana was deposed and imprisoned.
SussalaUchchala's brother; ascended throne with Gargachandra's support
BhikshacharaHarsha's grandson, who had escaped Uchchala's revolt. Brought up by Naravarman, the king of Malava. Deposed Sussala.
Sussala (2nd reign)Within 6 months of Bhikshachara's ascension, Sussala recovered his capital, leading to a civil war
Jayasimha (Sinha-deva)Sussala's son. In the early years of his reign, the actual power was held by Sussala. Kalhana's account closes in the 22nd year of his reign.

Khasa Malla Kingdom (c. 10th to 14th century CE)
Main article: Khasa Malla kingdom

The list of Khas Malla kings mentioned by Giuseppe Tucci is in the following succession up to Prithvi Malla:[118]

List–
  • Nāgarāja, (first known ruler of dynasty)
  • Chaap/Cāpa
  • Chapilla/Cāpilla
  • Krashichalla
  • Kradhichalla
  • Krachalla Deva (1207–1223 CE)
  • Ashoka Challa (1223–1287)
  • Jitari Malla
  • Ananda Malla
  • Ripu Malla (1312–1313)
  • Sangrama Malla
  • Aditya Malla
  • Kalyana Malla
  • Pratapa Malla
  • Punya Malla
  • Prithvi Malla
  • Abhaya Malla (14th century), (last ruler of dynasty)

Sena dynasty (c. 1070–1230 CE)
Main article: Sena dynasty

Kakatiya dynasty (1083–1323)

Main article: Kakatiya dynasty
  • Beta I (1000–1030)
  • Prola I (1030–1075)
  • Beta II (1075–1110)
  • Prola II (1110–1158)
  • Prataparudra I/Rudradeva I (1158–1195).[First independent ruler of this dynasty]
  • Mahadeva (1195–1198).[Brother of King Rudradeva]
  • Ganapati deva (1199–1261)[He changed capital from Hanumakonda to Orugallu(present day warangal)]
  • Rudrama Devi (1262–1296)[Only woman ruler of this dynasty]
  • Prataparudra II/ Rudradeva II (1296–1323). [Grandson of Queen Rudrama and last ruler of this dynasty]

Gahadavala dynasty (1089–1197 CE)
Main article: Gahadavala dynasty
List of rulers–

Karnata dynasty of Mithila (1097–1324 CE)
Main article: Karnat dynasty
List of rulers–
S.N.Name of the rulersTimelineNotes
1Nanyadeva.[123]1097 - 1147 CE[124]
2Gangadeva[123]1147 - 1187 CE[124]
3Narsimhadeva[123]1187 - 1227 CE[124]
4Ramasimhadeva[123]1227 - 1285 CE[124]
5Shaktisimhadeva[123]1285 - 1295 CE[124]
6Harisimhadeva[123]1295 - 1324 CE[124]

Zamorin dynasty of Calicut (1124–1806 CE)
Main article: Zamorin
List of rulers–
No. of ZamorinNameReignImportant events
1Mana Vikrama (Manikkan)N/AThe legendary founder of the ruling family.
278 yearsKozhikode city is established
651339–1347Ibn Battuta at Kozhikode (1342–1347)
731402–1410Ma Huan at Kozhikode (1403)
781442–1450The visits of Abdur Razzak (1442) and Niccolò de' Conti (1444)
81Mana Vikrama the Great1466–1474Athanasius Nikitin (1468–1474) visits Kozhikode.
82Mana Veda1474–1482
841495–1500The arrival of Vasco da Gama (1498)
851500–1513The occupations of Kochi (1503–1504)
861513–1522Treaty with Portuguese (1513), and the erection of the Portuguese fort at Calicut (1514)
871522–1529The expulsion of Portuguese from Calicut
881529–1531The building of Portuguese fort at Chaliyam (1531)
891531–1540Battles with the Portuguese
901540–1548Treaty with Portuguese (1540)
911548–1560Adoption of the chief of Bardela (150) and the battles with the Portuguese.
92Viraraya1560–1562
93Mana Vikrama1572–1574The expulsion of the Portuguese from Chaliyam (1571)
941574–1578Battles with the Portuguese
951578–1588The Portuguese allowed a factory at Ponnani (1584)
961588–1597The settlement of the Portuguese at Calicut (1591)
971597–1599Battles with Marakkar (1598–1599)
981599–1604Capture of Marakkar's stronghold (1600)
991604–1617Siege of Cannanore (1604–1617) and treaties with the Dutch (1604 and 1608) and the English (1615)
100Mana Vikrama1617–1627
1011627–1630
1021630–1637
103Mana Vikrama (Saktan Tampuran)1637–1648The uncle of the author of the Krishnanatakam
104Tiruvonam Tirunal1648–1655
105Mana Veda1655–1658The author of the Krishnanatakam
106Asvati Tirunal1658–1662The expulsion of the Portuguese from Kodungallur (1662)
107Puratam Tirunal16621666The expulsion of Portuguese from Kochi (1663)
1081666–1668Battles with the Dutch
1091668–1671The destruction of the Cheraman Sword
110Uttrattati Tirunal1671–1684Cession of Chetwai to the Dutch
111Bharani Tirunal Mana Vikrama[125]1684–1705The terror of the Dutch. Two Mamankams (1694 and 1695)
112Nileswaram Tirunal1705–1711Adoptions from Nileswaram (1706 and 1707)
1131711–1729The Dutch War (1715–1718)
114Mana Vikrama1729–1741
115Zamorin from Kilakke Kovilakam1741–1746
116Putiya Kovilakam1746–1758The Dutch War (1753–1758)
117Kilakke Kovilakam1758–1766Battles with Travancore and the invasion of Mysore, committed suicide. Annexed by Mysore.
118Putiya Kovilakam1766–1788
119Kerala Varma Vikrama (Putiya Kovilakam)1788–1798Treaty of Seringapatam (1792)
120Krishna Varma (Putiya Kovilakam)1798–1806Agreement of 1806 with EIC (died in 1816)

[126]

Kalachuri dynasty of Kalyani (c. 1130–1184 CE)
Main article: Kalachuris of Kalyani
List of rulers–
  • Bijjala II (1130–1167), proclaimed independence from Kalyani Chalukyas in 1162 CE
  • Sovideva (1168–1176)
  • Mallugi → overthrown by his brother Sankama
  • Sankama (1176–1180)
  • Ahavamalla (1180–83)
  • Singhana (1183–84), last ruler

Jadeja Kingdom of Kutch (c. 1147–1948 CE)
Main articles: Kingdom of Kutch and Jadeja
List of rulers–

Cutch was ruled by the Jadeja Rajput dynasty of the Samma tribe[127] from its formation in 1147 until 1948 when it acceded to newly formed, India. The rulers had migrated from Sindh into Kutch in late 12th century. They were entitled to a 17-gun salute by the British authorities. The title of rulers was earlier Ja'am, which during British Raj changed to Maharao made hereditary from 1 Jan 1918.[128]

Rulers Accession
Lakho Jadani AD 1147
Ratto Rayadhan AD 1175
Othaji AD 1215
Rao Gaoji AD 1255
Rao Vehanji AD 1285
Rao Mulvaji AD 1321
Rao Kaiyaji AD 1386
Rao Amarji AD 1406
Rao Bhhemji AD 1429
Rao Hamirji AD 1472
Jam Raval AD 1524
Khengarji I AD 1548
Bharmalji I AD 1585
Bhojrajji AD 1631
Khengarji II AD 1645
Tamachi AD 1654
Rayadhan II AD 1665
1698–1715 Pragmalji I (b. 16 ... – d. 1715)
1715–1719 Godji I (b. 16 ... – d. 1718)
1718–1752 Deshalji I (b.1682 – d. 1752)
1741–1752 Lakhpatji (regent) (b. 1717 – d. 1761)
1752–1760 Lakhpatji (b. 1717 – d. 1761)
1760–1778 Godji II (b. 1734 – d. 1778)
1778–1786 Rayadhan III (1st time) (b. 1763 – d. 1813)
1786–1801 Prithvirajji (b. 1774 – d. 1801)
1786 − 5 October 1813 Fateh Muhammad (regent)
5 October 1813 − 30 October 1813 Rayadhan III (2nd time)
30 October 1813 – 6 November 1814 Husain Miyan (regent)
6 November 1814 − 25 March 1819 Bharmalji II (b. 1798 – d. 1846)
25 March 1819 − 26 July 1860 Deshalji II (b. 1814 – d. 1860)
26 July 1860 − 19 December 1875 Pragmalji II (b. 1839 – d. 1875)
19 December 1875 − 15 January 1942 Khengarji III (b. 1866 – d. 1942)
15 January 1942 − 26 February 1948 Vijayaraji (b. 1885 – d. 1948)
26 February 1948 − 1 June 1948 Madansinhji

Bhati kingdom of Jaisalmer (c. 1153–1947 CE)
Main article: Jaisalmer State
See also: Bhati, Jaisalmer, and Rawal

Rawals

(1153–1168), founder of kingdom

  • Rawal Shalivahan Singh II (1168–1200)
  • Rawal Baijal Singh (1200–1200)
  • Rawal Kailan Singh (1200–1219)
  • Rawal Chachak Deo Singh (1219–1241)
  • Rawal Karan Singh I (1241–1271)
  • Rawal Lakhan Sen (1271–1275)
  • Rawal Punpal Singh (1275–1276)
  • Rawal Jaitsi Singh I (1276–1294)
  • Rawal Mulraj Singh I (1294–1295)
  • Rawal Durjan Sal (Duda) (1295–1306)
  • Rawal Gharsi Singh (1306–1335)
  • Rawal Kehar Singh II (1335–1402)
  • Rawal Lachhman Singh (1402–1436)
  • Rawal Bersi Singh (1436–1448)
  • Rawal Chachak Deo Singh II (1448–1457)
  • Rawal Devidas Singh (1457–1497)
  • Rawal Jaitsi Singh II (1497–1530)
  • Rawal Karan Singh II (1530–1530)
  • Rawal Lunkaran Singh (1530–1551)
  • Rawal Maldev Singh (1551–1562)
  • Rawal Harraj Singh (1562–1578)
  • Rawal Bhim Singh (1578–1624)
  • Rawal Kalyan Singh (1624–1634)
  • Rawal Manohar Das Singh (1634–1648)
  • Rawal Ram-Chandra Singh (1648–1651)
  • Rawal Sabal Singh (1651–1661)

Maharawals
  • Maharawal Amar Singh of Jaisalmer (1661–1702)
  • Maharawal Jaswant Singh of Jaisalmer (1702–1708)
  • Maharawal Budh Singh (1708–1722)
  • Maharawal Akhi Singh (1722–1762)
  • Maharawal Mulraj II (1762–1820)
  • Maharawal Gaj Singh (1820–1846)
  • Maharawal Ranjit Singh of Jaisalmer (1846–1864)
  • Maharawal Bairi Sal (1864–1891)
  • Maharawal Shalivahan Singh III (1891 –1914)
  • Maharawal Jawahir Singh (1914–1947)

Titular Kings
  • Girdhar Singh (1949–1950)
  • Raghunath Singh (1950–1982)
  • Brijraj Singh (1982–2020)
  • Chaitanya Raj Singh (2020–Till Present)[129][130]

Chero dynasty (1174–1813 CE)
Main article: Chero dynasty
  • Ghughulia (1174 CE), founder of dynasty
  • Raja Ramchandar Rai
  • Raja Sita Ram Rai
  • Raja Salabahim
  • Raja Phulchand
  • Raja Maharata Rai
  • Raja Kumkum Chand Rai
  • Raja Sambhal Rai
  • Raja Bhagwant Rai (1585–1605)
  • Raja Anant Rai (1605–1612)
  • Raja Shambhal Rai (1612–1627)
  • Raja Bhupal Rai (1637–1657)
  • Maharaja Medini Rai (1658–1674)
  • Raja Pratap Rai
  • Raja Rudra Rai (1674–1680)
  • Raja Dikpal Rai (1680–1697)
  • Raja Saheb Rai (1697–1716)
  • Raja Ranjit Rai (1716–1722)
  • Raja Devi Batesh Rai
  • Raja Jai Kishan Rai (1722–1770)
  • Raja Chitrajeet Rai (1771–1771)
  • Raja Gopal Rai (1771–1776)
  • Raja Gajraj Rai (1777–1780)
  • Raja Basant Rai (1780–1783)
  • Raja Churaman Rai (1783–1813), last ruler of dynasty[131][35][132]

Chutia (Sadiya) Kingdom of Assam (1187–1524 CE)
Main article: Chutia Kingdom
  • Birpal (1187–1224), founder of dynasty
  • Ratnadhwajpal (1224–1250)
  • Vijayadhwajpal (1250–1278)
  • Vikramadhwajpal (1278–1302)
  • Gauradhwajpal (1302–1322)
  • Sankhadhwajpal (1322–1343)
  • Mayuradhwajpal (1343–1361)
  • Jayadhwajpal (1361–1383)
  • Karmadhwajpal (1383–1401)
  • Satyanarayan (1401–1421)
  • Laksminarayan (1421–1439)
  • Dharmanarayan (1439–1458)
  • Pratyashnarayan (1458–1480)
  • Purnadhabnarayan (1480–1502)
  • Dharmadhajpal (1502–1522)
  • Nitypal (1522–1524), last ruler of dynasty

Bana dynasty ruled over Magadaimandalam (c. 1190–1260)
Main articles: Bana Kingdom and Magadai

Kadava dynasty (c. 1216–1279)

Main article: Kadava dynasty
  • Kopperunchinga I (c. 1216–1242)
  • Kopperunchinga II (c. 1243–1279)

Kingdom of Marwar (1226–1950)
Main article: Jodhpur State
See also: Rathore, Marwar, and Jodhpur

Rulers from Pali & Mandore (1226–1438)
Name Notes Reign began Reign ended
1 Rao Siha He conquered Pali and became the first rao of the Rathore dynasty in Marwar. He died in the battle of Lakha Jhawar (1273) against Sultan Ghaus ud-din Balban. 1226 1273
2 Rao Asthan Conquered Kher from the Gohils and Idar from the Bhils. He died in battle against Jalaludin Khilji. 1273 1292
3 Rao Doohad He conquered more than 140 villages. He was killed in battle against the Parihars. 1292 1309
4 Rao Raipal He avenged his father by killing the ruler of the Parihars. During a famine in Marwar he distributed his own personal grains to the people. 1309 1313
5 Rao Kanhapal He suffered raids from the Turko-Afgan tribes and was killed in action defending his lands. 1313 1323
6 Rao Jalansi He defeated the Sodhas. He took the turban of the Sodha chief to mark his supremacy in the region. 1323 1328
7 Rao Chado 1328 1344
8 Rao Tida He was killed in battle against the sultan of Delhi. 1344 1357
9 Rao Kanha Dev 1357 1374
10 Rao Viram Dev He died in battle against the Johiyas. 1374 1383
11 Rao Chandra He conquered Mandore from the Turks in 1406. He further conquered the areas of Nagaur, Sambhar, Khatu, Nadol and Ajmer. He was killed in battle against Salim Shah of Multhan. 1383 1424
12 Rao Kanha Fought battles with his brothers. Died young in Mandore. 1424 1427
13 Rao Ranmal He consolidated his rule with the help of the Sisodiyas of Mewar. He was later assassinated on the orders of Rana Kumbha. 1427 1438

Rulers from Jodhpur (1459–1950)
Name Notes Reign began Reign ended
1 Rao Jodha Fought Rana Kumbha and reclaimed his lands. He later founded the city of Jodhpur and made it his capital. He subjugated the states of Jalore and Bundi and annexed Ajmer, Sambhar and Mohilavati. 12 May 1438 6 April 1489
2 Rao Satal Died from wounds after saving 140 women from Afghan raiders. 6 April 1489 March 1492
3 Rao Suja March 1492 2 October 1515
4 Rao Biram Singh Son of Bagha 2 October 1515 8 November 1515
5 Rao Ganga Assisted Rana Sanga in his campaigns against the Sultans of India. 8 November 1515 9 May 1532
6 Rao Maldeo Successfully repelled the invasions of Sher Shah Suri. Called as one of the most potent rulers of Hindustan by Ferishta. 9 May 1532 7 November 1562
7 Rao Chandra Sen He defended his kingdom for nearly two decades against relentless attacks from the Mughal Empire. 7 November 1562 1581
8 Raja Udai Singh Mota Raja He was the father in law of Jahangir and got married his daughter Mani Bai married to him, later on who became parents of Shah Jahan[133] 4 August 1583 11 July 1595
9 Sawai Raja Suraj-Mal 11 July 1595 7 September 1619
10 Maharaja Gaj Singh I The first to take the title Maharaja by himself 7 September 1619 6 May 1638
11 Maharaja Jaswant Singh He fought Aurangzeb in the Battle of Dharmatpur. 6 May 1638 28 December 1678
12 Maharaja Ajit Singh Became Maharaja of Marwar after 25 years of war with Aurangzeb. Durgadas Rathore played a key role in the war. 19 February 1679 24 June 1724
13 Raja Indra Singh Installed in opposition to Maharaja Ajit Singh by Emperor Aurangzeb but unpopular with people of Marwar 9 June 1679 4 August 1679
14 Maharaja Abhai Singh Defeated Sarbuland Khan and occupied all of Gujarat for a short time. 24 June 1724 18 June 1749
15 Maharaja Ram Singh First reign 18 June 1749 July 1751
16 Maharaja Bakht Singh He was the general of the Marwari forces against Sarbuland Khan and defeated him. In the Battle of Gangwana he defeated a combined army of Mughals and Kachwahas. July 1751 21 September 1752
17 Maharaja Vijay Singh First reign 21 September 1752 31 January 1753
18 Maharaja Ram Singh Second reign 31 January 1753 September 1772
19 Maharaja Vijay Singh Second reign – Was defeated by Mahadji Scindia and forced to surrender the fort and city of Ajmer. September 1772 17 July 1793
20 Maharaja Bhim Singh 17 July 1793 19 October 1803
21 Maharaja Man Singh Entered into treaty relations with the British on 6 January 1818. 19 October 1803 4 September 1843
22 Maharaja Sir Takht Singh Not in the direct line, but a great-great-great grandson of Ajit Singh. Formerly Regent of Ahmednagar. 4 September 1843 13 February 1873
23 Maharaja Sir Jaswant Singh II Kaisar-i-Hind 13 February 1873 11 October 1895
24 Maharaja Sir Sardar Singh Colonel in the British Indian Army 11 October 1895 20 March 1911
25 Maharaja Sir Sumair Singh Colonel in the British Indian Army 20 March 1911 3 October 1918
26 Maharaja Sir Umaid Singh Lieutenant-General in the British Indian Army 3 October 1918 9 June 1947
27 Maharaja Sir Hanwant Singh Ruler of Marwar (Jodhpur) until accession to the Union of India in 1949; died on 26 January 1952 9 June 1947 7 April 1949
28 (titular) Maharaja Gaj Singh II of Jodhpur Became head of the House on 26 January 1952 26 January 1952 Present

[134]

Delhi Sultanate (1206–1526 CE)
Main article: List of rulers of the Delhi Sultanate

Mamluk dynasty (1206–1290 CE)
Main article: Mamluk dynasty (Delhi)

Khalji dynasty (1290–1320 CE)
Main article: Khilji dynasty

Tughlaq dynasty (1321–1414 CE)
Main article: Tughlaq dynasty

After the invasion of Timur in 1398, the governor of Multan, Khizr Khan abolished the Tughluq dynasty in 1414.

Jaunpur Sultanate (1394–1479 CE)
Main article: Jaunpur Sultanate
  • Malik Sarwar Shah (1394–1399)
  • Mubarak Shah (1399–1402)
  • Ibrahim Shah (1402–1440)
  • Mahmud Shah (1440–1457)
  • Muhammad Shah (1457–1458)
  • Hussain Shah (1458–1479)

Sayyid dynasty (1414–1451 CE)
Main article: Sayyid dynasty

Lodi dynasty (1451–1526 CE)
Main article: Lodi dynasty

Ahom dynasty of Assam (1228–1826 CE)
Main article: Ahom dynasty

Vaghela dynasty (1244–1304 CE)
Main article: Vaghela dynasty

The sovereign Vaghela rulers include:

  • Visala-deva (1244–1262), founder of the dynasty
  • Arjuna-deva (1262–1275), son of Pratapamalla
  • Rama (1275), son of Arjunadeva
  • Saranga-deva (1275–1296), son of Arjunadeva
  • Karna-deva (1296–1304), son of Rama; also called Karna II to distinguish him from Karna Chaulukya.

Jaffna (Aryacakravarti) dynasty (1277–1619 CE)
Main article: Jaffna Kingdom
List of rulers–

Kingdom of Tripura (1280–1949 CE)
Main article: Twipra Kingdom

Manikya dynasty
Main article: Manikya dynasty
List of rulers–
  • Ratna Manikya (1280 CE)
  • Pratap Manikya (1350 CE)
  • Mukul Manikya (1400 CE)
Kingdom of Tripura
Part of History of Tripura
Kings of Tripura
Maha Manikyac. 1400–1431
Dharma Manikya I1431–1462
Ratna Manikya I1462–1487
Pratap Manikya1487
Vijaya Manikya I1488
Mukut Manikya1489
Dhanya Manikya1490–1515
Dhwaja Manikya1515–1520
Deva Manikya1520–1530
Indra Manikya I1530–1532
Vijaya Manikya II1532–1563
Ananta Manikya1563–1567
Udai Manikya I1567–1573
Joy Manikya I1573–1577
Amar Manikya1577–1585
Rajdhar Manikya I1586–1600
Ishwar Manikya1600
Yashodhar Manikya1600–1623
Interregnum1623–1626
Kalyan Manikya1626–1660
Govinda Manikya1660–1661
Chhatra Manikya1661–1667
Govinda Manikya1661–1673
Rama Manikya1673–1685
Ratna Manikya II1685–1693
Narendra Manikya1693–1695
Ratna Manikya II1695–1712
Mahendra Manikya1712–1714
Dharma Manikya II1714–1725
Jagat Manikya1725–1729
Dharma Manikya II1729
Mukunda Manikya1729–1739
Joy Manikya IIc. 1739–1744
Indra Manikya IIc. 1744–1746
Udai Manikya IIc. 1744
Joy Manikya II1746
Vijaya Manikya III1746–1748
Lakshman Manikya1740s/1750s
Interregnum1750s–1760
Krishna Manikya1760–1783
Rajdhar Manikya II1785–1806
Rama Ganga Manikya1806–1809
Durga Manikya1809–1813
Rama Ganga Manikya1813–1826
Kashi Chandra Manikya1826–1829
Krishna Kishore Manikya1829–1849
Ishan Chandra Manikya1849–1862
Bir Chandra Manikya1862–1896
Birendra Kishore Manikya1909–1923
Bir Bikram Kishore Manikya1923–1947
Kirit Bikram Kishore Manikya1947–1949
1949–1978 (titular)
Kirit Pradyot Manikya1978–present (titular)
Tripura monarchy data
Manikya dynasty (Royal family)
Agartala (Capital of the kingdom)
Ujjayanta Palace (Royal residence)
Neermahal (Royal residence)
Rajmala (Royal chronicle)
Tripura Buranji (Chronicle)
Chaturdasa Devata (Family deities)

On 9 September 1949, "Tripura Merger Agreement", was signed and come in effect from 15 October 1949 & Tripura became part of Indian Union.[136]

Nayaka Kingdoms (c. 1325–1815 CE)
Main article: Nayaka dynasties

Musunuri Nayaka Kingdom (c. 1325–1368 CE)
Main article: Musunuri Nayakas

There were two Musunuri Nayak:

Recherla Nayaka Kingdom (c. 1368–1435 CE)
Main article: Recherla Nayakas

Known rulers are:

  • Anapota Nayaka

Gandikota Kingdom (Pemmasani Nayaks) (c. 1441–1685 CE)
Main article: Pemmasani Nayaks

This is the list of Pemmasani Kings:

  • Pemmasani Kumara Veera Timma Nayaka (1441–1462)
  • Pemmasani Chenna vibhudu (1462–1505)
  • Pemmasani Ramalinga Nayaka (1505–1540)
  • Pemmasani Bangaru Timma Nayaka (1540–1565)
  • Pemmasani Narasimha Nayaka (1565–1598)
  • Pemmasani Timma Nayaka (1598–1623)
  • Pemmasani Chinna Timma Nayaka (1623–1652)
  • Pemmasani Veera Kumara Timma Nayaka (1652–1685)

Keladi Nayaka Kingdom (c. 1499–1763 CE)
Main article: Nayakas of Keladi
  • Chauda Gowda, (1499–1530)
  • Sadashiva Nayaka (1530–1566)
  • Sankanna Nayaka (1566–1570)
  • Chikka Sankanna Nayaka (1570–1580)
  • Rama Raja Nayaka (1580–1586)
  • Hiriya Venkatappa Nayaka (1586–1629)
  • Virabhadra Nayaka (1629–1645)
  • Shivappa Nayaka (1645–1660)
  • Chikka Venkatappa Nayaka (1660–1662)
  • Bhadrappa Nayaka (1662–1664)
  • Somashekara Nayaka I (1664–1672)
  • Keladi Chennamma (1672–1697)
  • Basavappa Nayaka (1697–1714)
  • Somashekara Nayaka II (1714–1739)
  • Kiriya Basavappa Nayaka (1739–1754)
  • Chenna Basappa Nayaka (1754–1757)
  • Queen Virammaji (1757–1763)

Gingee (Senji) Nayak Kingdom (c. 1509–1649 CE)
Main article: Nayaks of Gingee

Some of the Nayakas in the Gingee line were:

  • Krishnappa Nayaka (1509–1521)
  • Chennappa Nayaka
  • Gangama Nayaka
  • Venkata Krishnappa Nayaka
  • Venkata Rama Bhupaala Nayaka
  • Thriyambamka Krishnappa Nayaka
  • Varadappa Nayaka
  • Ramalinga Nayani vaaru
  • Venkata Perumal Naidu
  • Periya Ramabhadra Naidu
  • Ramakrishnappa Naidu (- 1649)

Srinivasachari takes chronicles mentioned in copper plate grants into account and mentions the following Nayakas in the Gingee line, noting governorship of Gingee began in Saka era 1386 / CE 1464:

  • 1490 – Vaiyappa Nayak
  • 1490–1520 – Tubaki Krishnappa Nayaka (originally Bala / Vala Krishnappa who became Tubbaki / Dubakki / Dubala Krishnappa in local legends).
  • 1520–1540 – Achyuta Vijaya Ramachandra Nayak
  • 1540–1550 – Muthialu Nayak
  • 1570–1600 – Venkatappa Nayak
  • 1600–1620 – Varadappa Nayak
  • Appa Nayak – up to Muslim conquest.

Madurai Nayak dynasty (c. 1529–1736 CE)
Main article: Madurai Nayak dynasty
  • Viswanatha Nayak (1529–1563)
  • Kumara Krishnappa Nayak (1563–1573)
  • Joint Rulers Group I (1573–1595)
  • Joint Rulers Group II (1595–1602)
  • Muttu Krishnappa Nayak (1602–1609)
  • Muttu Virappa Nayak (1609–1623)
  • Tirumala Nayak (1623–1659)
  • Muthu Alakadri Nayak (1659–1662)
  • Chokkanatha Nayak (1662–1682)
  • Rangakrishna Muthu Virappa Nayaka (1682–1689)
  • Rani Mangammal (1689–1704)
  • Vijaya Ranga Chokkanatha Nayak (1704–1731)
  • Queen Meenakshi (1731–1736)

Thanjavur Nayak kingdom (c. 1532–1673 CE)
Main article: Thanjavur Nayak kingdom
  • Chevvappa Nayak a.k.a. Sevappa Nayak (1532–1580)
  • Achuthappa Nayak (1560–1614)
  • Raghunatha Nayak (1600–1634)
  • Vijaya Raghava Nayak (1634–1673)

Vellore Nayaka Kingdom (c. 1540–1601 CE)
Main article: Nayaks of Vellore

The list of nayaks are unclear. Some of the Nayaks are:

  • Chinna Bommi Reddy
  • Thimma Reddy Nayak
  • Lingama Nayak

Chitradurga Nayaka Kingdom (c. 1588–1779 CE)
Main article: Nayakas of Chitradurga
  • Timmanna Nayaka (1568–1589)
  • Obanna Nayaka I (1588–1602)
  • Kasturi Rangappa Nayaka I (1602–1652)
  • Madakari Nayaka II (1652–1674)
  • Obanna Nayaka II (1674–1675)
  • Shoora Kantha Nayaka (1675–1676)
  • Chikkanna Nayaka (1676–1686)
  • Madakari Nayaka III (1686–1688)
  • Donne Rangappa Nayaka (1688–1689)
  • Bharamanna Nayaka of Bilichodu (1689–1721)
  • Madakari Nayaka IV (1721–1748)
  • Kasturi Rangappa Nayaka II (1748–1758),
  • Madakari Nayaka (1758–1779)

Kandy Nayak Kingdom (c. 1739–1815 CE)
Main article: Nayaks of Kandy
  • Sri Vijaya Rajasinha (1739–1747)
  • Kirti Sri Rajasinha (1747–1782)
  • Sri Rajadhi Raja Singha (1782–1798)
  • Sri Vikrama Rajasinha (1798–1815)[137][138]

Other Nayaka kingdoms

Reddy Kingdom (1325–1448 CE)
Main article: Reddy Kingdom
List of rulers–
  • Prolaya Vema Reddy (1325–1335), founder of dynasty
  • Anavota Reddy (1335–1364)
  • Anavema Reddy (1364–1386)
  • Kumaragiri Reddy (1386–1402)
  • Kataya Vema Reddy (1395–1414)
  • Allada Reddy (1414–1423)
  • Veerabhadra Reddy (1423–1448), last ruler of dynasty

Oiniwar (Sugauna) dynasty of Mithila (1325–1526 CE)
Main article: Oiniwar dynasty
List of rulers–

According to historian Makhan Jha, the rulers of the Oiniwar dynasty are as follows:[141]

  • Nath Thakur, founder of dynasty in 1325 CE
  • Atirupa Thakur
  • Vishwarupa Thakur
  • Govinda Thakur
  • Lakshman Thakur
  • Kameshwar Thakur
  • Bhogishwar Thakur, ruled for over 33 years
  • Ganeshwar Singh, reigned from 1355; killed by his cousins in 1371 after a long-running internecine dispute
  • Kirti Singh
  • Bhava Singh Deva
  • Deva Simha Singh
  • Shiva Simha Singh (or Shivasimha Rūpanārāyana), took power in 1402, missing in battle in 1406[142][143]
  • Lakshima Devi, chief wife of Shiva Simha Singh, ruled as regent for 12 years. She committed sati after many years of waiting for her husband's return.[142]
  • Padma Simha Singh, took power in 1418 and died in 1431[142]
  • Viswavasa Devi, wife of Padma Singh, died in 1443
  • Hara Singh Deva, younger brother of Deva Singh
  • Nara Singh Deva, died in 1460
  • Dhir Singh Deva
  • Bhairva Singh Deva, died in 1515, brother of Dhir Singh Deva
  • Rambhadra Deva
  • Laxminath Singh Deva, last ruler died in 1526 CE

Vijayanagara Empire (1336–1646 CE)
Main article: Vijayanagara Empire

In Vijayanagara Empire four dynasties ruled for 310 years on whole South India.[144]

List of rulers–
Vijayanagara Empire
Sangama dynasty
Harihara I 1336–1356
Bukka Raya I 1356–1377
Harihara Raya II 1377–1404
Virupaksha Raya 1404–1405
Bukka Raya II 1405–1406
Deva Raya I 1406–1422
Ramachandra Raya 1422
Vira Vijaya Bukka Raya 1422–1424
Deva Raya II 1424–1446
Mallikarjuna Raya 1446–1465
Virupaksha Raya II 1465–1485
Praudha Raya 1485
Saluva dynasty
Saluva Narasimha Deva Raya 1485–1491
Thimma Bhupala 1491
Narasimha Raya II 1491–1505
Tuluva dynasty
Tuluva Narasa Nayaka 1491–1503
Vira Narasimha Raya 1503–1509
Krishna Deva Raya 1509–1529
Achyuta Deva Raya 1529–1542
Venkata I 1542
Sadasiva Raya 1542–1570
Aravidu dynasty
Aliya Rama Raya 1542–1565
Tirumala Deva Raya 1565–1572
Sriranga I 1572–1586
Venkata II 1586–1614
Sriranga II 1614
Rama Deva Raya 1617–1632
Venkata III 1632–1642
Sriranga III 1642–1646

Bahmani Sultanate (1347–1527 CE)
Main article: Bahmani Sultanate
  • Ala-ud-Din Bahman Mohamed bin Laden Shah (1347–1358)
  • Muhammad Shah I (1358–1375)
  • Ala ud din Mujahid Shah (1375–1378)
  • Daud Shah I (1378)
  • Muhammad Shah II (1378–1397)
  • Ghiyas ud din Tahmatan Shah (1397)
  • Shams ud din Daud Shah II (1397)
  • Taj ud-Din Firuz Shah (1397–1422)
  • Ahmad Shah I Wali (1422–1435), established his capital at Bidar
  • Ala ud din Ahmad Shah II (1436–1458)
  • Ala ud din Humayun Shah (1458–1461)
  • Nizam-Ud-Din Ahmad III (1461–1463)
  • Muhammad Shah III Lashkari (1463–1482)
  • Mahmood Shah Bahmani II(1482–1518)
  • Ahmad Shah IV (1518–1521)
  • Ala ud din Shah (1521–1522)
  • Waliullah Shah (1522–1524)
  • Kalimullah Shah (1524–1527)

Malwa Sultanate (1392–1562 CE)
Main article: Malwa Sultanate

Ghoris (1390–1436 CE)
  • Dilavar Khan Husain (1390–1405)
  • Alp Khan Hushang (1405–1435)
  • Ghazni Khan Muhammad (1435–1436)
  • Masud Khan (1436)

Khaljis (1436–1535 CE)

Patna Kingdom (1360–1948 CE)
Main article: Patna State

The rulers of Patna state of the Chauhan clan:[145]

  • Ramai Deva (1360–1380), founder of dynasty
  • Mahalinga Deva (1380–1385)
  • Vatsaraja Deva (1385–1410)
  • Vaijala Deva I (1410–1430)
  • Bhojaraj Deva (1430–1455)
  • Pratap Rudra Deva I (1455–1480)
  • Bhupal Deva I (1480–1500)
  • Vikramaditya Deva I (1500–1520)
  • Vaijal Deva II (1520–1540)
  • Bajra Hiradhara Deva (1540–1570)
  • Narsingh Deva (1570–1577)
  • Hamir Deva (1577–1581)
  • Pratap Deva II (1581–1620)
  • Vikramaditya Deva II (1620–1640)
  • Mukunda Deva (1640–1670)
  • Balaram Deva (1670–1678)
  • Hrdesha Deva (1678–1685)
  • Rai Singh Deva (1685–1762)
  • Prithviraj Deva (1762–1765)
  • Ramchandra Singh Deo I (1765–1820)
  • Bhupal Singh Deo (1820–1848)
  • Hiravajra Singh Deo (1848–1866)
  • Pratap Singh Deo (1866–25 November 1878)
  • Ramchandra Singh Deo II (25 November 1878 – 1895)
  • Lal Dalganjan Singh Deo (1895–1910)
  • Prithviraj Singh (1910–1924)
  • Rajendra Narayan Singh Deo (1924–1 January 1948), last official ruler of dynasty & merge kingdom in India in 1948 CE.[146]

Baro-Bhuyan kingdoms (1365–1632 CE)
Main article: Baro-Bhuyan
List of Kingdoms and their rulers as–

Baro-Bhuyan of Assam (1365–1440 CE)
  • Sasanka (Arimatta) (1365–1385 CE)
  • Gajanka (1385–1400 CE)
  • Sukranka (1400–1415 CE)
  • Mriganka (1415–1440 CE)

Baro-Bhuyan of Bengal (1576–1632 CE)

Tomara dynasty of Gwalior (1375–1523 CE)
Main article: Tomaras of Gwalior

The Tomara rulers of Gwalior include the following.[147][148]

Name in dynasty's inscriptions (IAST)ReignNames in Muslim chronicles and vernacular literature
Vīrasiṃha-deva1375–1400 CE or (c. 1394–1400 CE)Virsingh Dev, Bir Singh Tomar, Bar Singh (in Yahya's writings), Har Singh (in Badauni's writings), Nar Singh (in Firishta's and Nizamuddin's writings).[149]
Uddharaṇa-deva1400–1402 CEUddharan Dev, Usaran or Adharan (in Khadagrai's writings)[150]
Virāma-deva1402–1423 CEViram Dev, Biram Deo (in Yahya's writings), Baram Deo (in Firishta's writings)
Gaṇapati-deva1423–1425 CEGanpati Dev
Dungarendra-deva alias Dungara-siṃha1425–1459 CEDungar Singh, Dungar Sen
Kirtisiṃha-deva1459–1480 CEKirti Singh Tomar
Kalyāṇamalla1480–1486 CEKalyanmal, Kalyan Singh
Māna-siṃha1486–1516 CEMana Sahi, Man Singh
Vikramāditya1516–1523 CEVikram Sahi, Vikramjit

Kingdom of Mysore (1399–1950 CE)
Main article: Kingdom of Mysore

Wadiyar dynasty (first rule, 1399–1761 CE)
Main article: Wadiyar dynasty
List of rulers–
  • Yaduraya Wodeyar or Raja Vijaya Raj Wodeyar (1399–1423 CE)
  • Hiriya Bettada Chamaraja Wodeyar I (1423–1459 CE)
  • Thimmaraja Wodeyar I (1459–1478 CE)
  • Hiriya Chamaraja Wodeyar II (1478–1513 CE)
  • Hiriya bettada Chamaraja Wodeyar III (1513–1553 CE)
  • Thimmaraja Wodeyar II (1553–1572 CE)
  • Bola Chamaraja Wodeyar IV (1572–1576 CE)
  • Bettada Devaraja Wodeyar (1576–1578 CE)
  • Raja Wodeyar I (1578–1617 CE)
  • Chamaraja Wodeyar V (1617–1637 CE)
  • Raja Wodeyar II (1637–1638 CE)
  • Ranadhira Kantheerava Narasaraja Wodeyar I (1638–1659 CE)
  • Dodda Devaraja Wodeyar (1659–1673 CE)
  • Chikka Devaraja Wodeyar (1673–1704 CE)
  • Kantheerava Narasaraja Wodeyar II (1704–1714 CE)
  • Dodda Krishnaraja Wodeyar I (1714–1732 CE)
  • Chamaraja Wodeyar VI (1732–1734 CE)
  • Immadi Krishnaraja Wodeyar II (1734–1766 CE), ruled under Hyder Ali from 1761 CE
  • Nanajaraja Wodeyar (1766–1772 CE), ruled under Hyder Ali
  • Bettada Chamaraja Wodeyar VII (1772–1776 CE), ruled under Hyder Ali
  • Khasa Chamaraja Wodeyar VIII (1776–1796 CE), ruled under Hyder Ali until 1782 CE, then under Tipu Sultan until his deposition in 1796 CE.
The reign of the Kings of Mysore (Wodeyar line) was interrupted from 1761 to 1799 CE.

Hyder Ali's dynasty of Mysore (1761–1799 CE)

Wodeyar dynasty (second rule, 1799–1950 CE)

Gajapati Empire of Orissa (1434–1541 CE)
Main article: Gajapati Empire
List of rulers–

Rathore dynasty of Bikaner (1465–1947 CE)
Main article: Bikaner State
See also: Rathore, Bikaner, and Jangladesh
List of rulers–
Name Reign Began (in CE) Reign Ended (in CE)
1 Rao Bika 1465 1504
2 Rao Narayan Singh 1504 1505
3 Rao Luna Karana Lon-Karan 1505 1526
4 Rao Jait Singh Jetasi 1526 1542
5 Rao Kalyan Mal – Acknowledged the suzerainty of Emperor Akbar at Nagaur in November 1570 1542 1574
6 Rao Rai Singh I Rai Rai Singh – Important General in the Mughal army Similar to Raja Man Singh I of Amber 1574 1612
7 Rai Dalpat Singh Dalip 1612 1613
8 Rai Surat Singh Bhuratiya 1613 1631
9 Rao Karan Singh Jangalpat Badhshah – Deposed by Emperor Aurangzeb for dereliction of duty at Attock, 11 January 1667. Exiled to his betel gardens at Karanpura in the Deccan 1631 1667
10 Maharaja Rao Anup Singh – To be the first to be granted the title "Maharaja" by Emperor Aurangzeb. Served in the Deccan campaign at Salher in 1672, Bijapur in 1675, and the siege of Golconda in 1687. He was administrator of Aurangabad from 1677 to 1678, 'Hakim' of Adoni in 1678, Imtiazgarh and Adoni from 1689 to 1693, and of Nusratabad and Sukkar from 1693 to 1698 CE 1669 1698
11 Maharaja Rao Sarup Singh – He died from smallpox at Adoni in the Deccan on 15 December 1700 1698 1700
12 Maharaja Rao Sujan Singh – Ordered to attend Emperor Aurangzeb in the Deccan, where he remained for ten years. Faced invasions from Maharaja Abhai Singh of Jodhpur and Maharaja Bakht Singh of Nagaur, but successfully repulsed both 1700 1735
13 Maharaja Rao Zorawar Singh 1735 1746
14 Maharaja Rao Gaj Singh – the first of his line granted permission to mint his own coinage by Emperor Alamgir II 1746 1787
15 Maharaja Rao Rai Singh II Raj Singh 1787 1787
16 Maharaja Rao Pratap Singh – Reigned under the Regency of his uncle Surat Singh who poisoned him to assume the throne 1787 1787
17 Maharaja Rao Surat Singh – He incurred huge debts due to his military adventures which had reduced his state to near anarchy. Entered the protection of the East India Company with a subsidiary alliance on 9 March 1818 1787 1828
18 Narendra Maharaja Rao Ratan Singh – Received the hereditary title of Narendra Maharaja from Emperor Akbar Shah II and assisted the British by furnishing them with supplies during the First Afghan War of 1841 1828 1851
19 Narendra Maharaja Rao Sardar Singh – Assisted the British during the Indian Uprising of 1857 and served in person during many of the battles. Removed the name of the Mughal Emperor from his coinage, replacing the words with Aurang Arya Hind wa Queen Victoria. 1851 1872
20 Narendra Maharaja Rao Dungar Singh – Assisted the British during the Second Afghan War. 1872 1887
21 General Narendra Maharaja Sir Rao Ganga Singh – Member of Parliament (Lok Sabha) for Bikaner, 1952–1977. On 28 December 1971, India amended its Constitution to remove the position of the rulers of princely states and their right to receive privy-purse payments, thus making him the last ruler of Bikaner. Imperial Conferences and at the League of Nations. 1887 1943
22 Lieutenant-General Narendra Maharaja Sir Rao Sadul Singh – Signed the Instrument of Accession to the Dominion of India on 7 August 1947. Merged his state into the present state of Rajasthan, India on 30 March 1949. 1943 1947
23 Rao Karni Singh 1947 1971

Shahi dynasties (1490–1686 CE)
Dynasties are as follow–

Barid Shahi dynasty (1490–1619 CE)
Main article: Bidar Sultanate
  • Qasim Barid I 1490–1504
  • Amir Barid I 1504–1542
  • Ali Barid Shah I 1542–1580
  • Ibrahim Barid Shah 1580–1587
  • Qasim Barid Shah II 1587–1591
  • Ali Barid Shah II 1591
  • Amir Barid Shah II 1591–1601
  • Mirza Ali Barid Shah III 1601–1609
  • Amir Barid Shah III 1609–1619

Imad Shahi dynasty (1490–1572 CE)
Main article: Berar Sultanate

Adil Shahi dynasty (1490–1686 CE)
Main article: Adil Shahi dynasty

Nizam Shahi dynasty (1490–1636 CE)
Main article: Ahmadnagar Sultanate

Qutb Shahi dynasty (1518–1686 CE)
Main article: Qutb Shahi dynasty

Gatti Mudalis of Taramangalam (15th–17th century CE)
Main articles: Gatti Mudalis and Taramangalam
List of known rulers–
  • Vanagamudi Gatti
  • Immudi Gatti
  • Gatti Mudali

Kingdom of Cochin (c. 1503–1948 CE)
Main article: Kingdom of Cochin

Veerakerala Varma, nephew of Cheraman Perumal Nayanar, is supposed to have been the first king of Cochin around the 7th century. But the records we have start in 1503.

  1. Unniraman Koyikal I (?–1503)
  2. Unniraman Koyikal II (1503–1537)
  3. Veera Kerala Varma (1537–1565)
  4. Keshava Rama Varma (1565–1601)
  5. Veera Kerala Varma (1601–1615)
  6. Ravi Varma I (1615–1624)
  7. Veera Kerala Varma (1624–1637)
  8. Godavarma (1637–1645)
  9. Veerarayira Varma (1645–1646)
  10. Veera Kerala Varma (1646–1650)
  11. Rama Varma I (1650–1656)
  12. Rani Gangadharalakshmi (1656–1658)
  13. Rama Varma II (1658–1662)
  14. Goda Varma (1662–1663)
  15. Veera Kerala Varma (1663–1687)
  16. Rama Varma III (1687–1693)
  17. Ravi Varma II (1693–1697)
  18. Rama Varma IV (1697–1701)
  19. Rama Varma V (1701–1721)
  20. Ravi Varma III (1721–1731)
  21. Rama Varma VI (1731–1746)
  22. Veera Kerala Varma I (1746–1749)
  23. Rama Varma VII (1749–1760)
  24. Veera Kerala Varma II (1760–1775)
  25. Rama Varma VIII (1775–1790)
  26. Shaktan Thampuran (Rama Varma IX) (1790–1805)
  27. Rama Varma X (1805–1809), Vellarapalli-yil Theepetta Thampuran (King who died in "Vellarapali")
  28. Veera Kerala Varma III (1809–1828), Karkidaka Maasathil Theepetta Thampuran (King who died in "karkidaka" month (Kollam Era))
  29. Rama Varma XI (1828–1837), Thulam-Maasathil Theepett1a Thampuran (King who died in "Thulam" month (ME))
  30. Rama Varma XII (1837–1844), Edava-Maasathil Theepett1a Thampuran (King who died in "Edavam" month (ME))
  31. Rama Varma XIII (1844–1851), Thrishur-il Theepetta Thampuran (King who died in "Thrishivaperoor" or Thrishur)
  32. Veera Kerala Varma IV (1851–1853), Kashi-yil Theepetta Thampuran (King who died in "Kashi" or Varanasi)
  33. Ravi Varma IV (1853–1864), Makara Maasathil Theepetta Thampuran (King who died in "Makaram" month (ME))
  34. Rama Varma XIV (1864–1888), Mithuna Maasathil Theepetta Thampuran (King who died in "Mithunam" month (ME))
  35. Kerala Varma V (1888–1895), Chingam Maasathil Theepetta Thampuran (King who died in "Chingam" month (ME))
  36. Rama Varma XV (1895–1914), a.k.a. Rajarshi, abdicated (d. in 1932)
  37. Rama Varma XVI (1915–1932), Madrasil Theepetta Thampuran (King who died in Madras or Chennai)
  38. Rama Varma XVII (1932–1941), Dhaarmika Chakravarthi (King of Dharma), Chowara-yil Theepetta Thampuran (King who died in "Chowara")
  39. Kerala Varma VI (1941–1943), Midukkan (syn: Smart, expert, great) Thampuran
  40. Ravi Varma V (1943–1946), Kunjappan Thampuran (Brother of Midukkan Thampuran)
  41. Kerala Varma VII (1946–1948), Ikya-Keralam (Unified Kerala) Thampuran
  42. Rama Varma XVIII (1948–1964), Pareekshit Thampuran

Koch dynasty (c. 1515–1949 CE)
Main article: Koch dynasty

Rulers of undivided Koch kingdom (c. 1515–1586)

Rulers of Koch Bihar (c. 1586–1949)
Main article: Cooch Behar State

Rulers of Koch Hajo (c. 1581–1616 CE)
Main article: Koch Hajo
  • Raghudev (son of Chilarai, nephew of Nara Narayan)
  • Parikshit Narayan

Rulers of Darrang
  • Balinarayan (brother of Parikshit Narayan)
  • Mahendra Narayan
  • Chandra Narayan
  • Surya Narayan

Rulers of Beltola
Main article: History of Beltola
  • Gaj Narayan Dev (brother of Parikshit Narayan, ruler of Koch Hajo, brother of Balinarayan, first Koch ruler of Darrang).
  • Shivendra Narayan Dev (Son of Gaj Narayan)
  • Gandharva Narayan Dev (Son of Shivendra Narayan)
  • Uttam Narayan Dev (Son of Gandharva Narayan Dev)
  • Dhwaja Narayan Dev (Son of Uttam Narayan Dev)
  • Jay Narayan Dev (Son of Dhwaja Narayan Dev)
  • Lambodar Narayan Dev (Son of Jay Narayan Dev)
  • Lokpal Narayan Dev (Son of Lambodar Narayan Dev)
  • Amrit Narayan Dev (Son of Lokpal Narayan Dev)
  • Chandra Narayan Dev (Son of Lokpal Narayan Dev) (died 1910 CE)
  • Rajendra Narayan Dev (Son of Chandra Narayan Dev) (died 1937 CE)
  • Lakshmipriya Devi (wife of Rajendra Narayan Dev) (reign:1937–1947 CE died: 1991 CE)

Rulers of Bijni

The Bijni rulers reigned between the Sankosh and the Manas rivers, the region immediately to the east of Koch Bihar.

  • Chandra Narayan (son of Parikshit Narayan)
  • Joy Narayan
  • Shiv Narayan
  • Bijoy Narayan
  • Mukunda Narayan
  • Haridev Narayan
  • Balit Narayan
  • Indra Narayan
  • Amrit Narayan
  • Kumud Narayan
  • Jogendra Narayan
  • Bhairabendra Narayan

Rulers of Khaspur

The rulers of the Koch kingdom at Khaspur were:[152]

  • Kamal Narayan (Gohain Kamal, son of Biswa Singha, governor of Khaspur)
  • Udita Narayan (declared independence of Khaspur in 1590)
  • Vijay Narayana
  • Dhir Narayana
  • Mahendra Narayana
  • Ranjit
  • Nara Singha
  • Bhim Singha (his only issue, daughter Kanchani, married a prince of Kachari kingdom, and Khaspur merged with the Kachari kingdom)

Khandwala (Raj Darbhanga) dynasty of Mithila (1526–1947 CE)
Main article: Raj Darbhanga
List of rulers–
  • Raja Mahesh Thakur (Approx. 1526–1557)
  • Raja Gopal Thakur (Approx. 1557–1600)
  • Raja Parmanand Thakur (Approx. 1600–1607)
  • Raja Purushottam Thakur (ruled 1607–1623)
  • Raja Narayan Thakur (ruled 1623–1642).
  • Raja Sundar Thakur (ruled 1642–1662)
  • Raja Mahinath Thakur (ruled 1662–1684)
  • Raja Nirpat Thakur (ruled 1684–1700)
  • Raja Raghu Singh (ruled 1700–1736)
  • Raja Bishnu Singh (ruled 1736–1740)
  • Raja Narendra Singh (ruled 1740–1760)
  • Raja Pratap Singh (ruled 1760–1776)
  • Raja Madho Singh (ruled 1776–1808)
  • Maharaja Chhatra Singh Bahadur (ruled 1808–1839)
  • Maharaja Rudra Singh Bahadur (ruled 1839–1850)
  • Maharaja Maheshwar Singh Bahadur (ruled 1850–1860)
  • Maharaja Lakshmeshwar Singh Bahadur (ruled 1860–1898)
  • Maharaja Rameshwar Singh Bahadur (ruled 1898–1929)
  • Maharaja Kameshwar Singh Bahadur (ruled 1929–1947), last ruler of dynasty[153]

Mughal Empire (1526–1857 CE)
Main article: Mughal Empire

Sur Empire (1540–1555 CE)
Main article: Sur Empire

Bhoi dynasty (1541–1947 CE)
Main article: Bhoi dynasty

Gajapati of Odisha
  • Govinda Vidyadhara (1541–1548), founder of dynasty
  • Chakrapratapa (1548–1557)
  • Narasimha Ray Jena (1557–1558)[154]
  • Raghuram Ray Chotaraya (1558–1560)[155]

Khurda Kingdom
Main article: Khurda Kingdom
  • Ramachandra Deva I (Abhinav Indradyumna) (1568–1600)
  • Purusottam Deva (1600–1621)
  • Narasingha Deva (1621–1647)
  • Balabhadra Deva (1647–1657)
  • Mukunda Deva I (1657–1689)
  • Divyasingha Deva I (1689–1716)
  • Harekrushna Deva (1716–1720)
  • Gopinath Deva (1720–1727)
  • Ramachandra Deva II (1727–1736)
  • Birakesari Deva I (Bhagirathi Deva) (1736–1793)
  • Divyasingha Deva II (1793–1798)
  • Mukundeva Deva II (1798–1804)

Dhenkanal State

Main article: Dhenkanal State

List of rulers of the Dhenkanal princely state of the Bhoi dynasty branch:[156]

  • Harisingh Vidyadhara (1530 -1594)
  • Loknath Ray Singh Bharamarbar (1594 - 1615)
  • Balabhadra Ray Singh (1615 - 1641)
  • Nilakantha Ray Singh (1641 - 1682)
  • Nrusingh Bhramarbar (1682 - 1708)
  • Kunja Behari Bhramarbar (1708 - 1728)
  • Braja Behari Bhramarbar (1728 - 1741)
  • Damodar Bhramarbar (1741 - 1743)
  • Trilochna Dev Mahendra Bahadur (1743 - 1785)
  • Ramchandra Mahendra Bahadur (1796 - 1807)
  • Krishna Chandra Mahendra Bahadur (1807 - 1822)
  • Shyam Chandra Mahendra Bahadur (1822 - 1830)
  • Bhagiratha Mahendra Bahadur (1830 - 1873)
  • Pitambar Deo (1873 - 1877)
  • Dinabandhu Mahendra Bahadur (1877 - 1885)
  • Surya Pratap Mahendra Bahadur (1885 - 1918)
  • Shankar Pratap Singh Dev Mahendra (1918 - 1948)

Titular

Puri Estate
Main article: Puri Estate
  • Mukundeva Deva II (1804–1817) (exiled and continues as Raja of Puri)
  • Ramchandra Deva III (1817–1854)
  • Birakesari Deva II (1854–1859)
  • Divyasingha Deva III (1859–1882)
  • Mukundeva Deva III (1882–1926)
  • Ramchandra Deva IV (1926–1947), last official ruler of dynasty[157]

Titular rulers
  • Ramchandra Deva IV (1947–1956)
  • Birakisore Deva III (1956–1970)
  • Divyasingha Deva IV (1970–current, Current Raja of Puri and Titular Gajapati)

Chogyal Kingdom of Sikkim (1642–1975 CE)
Main articles: Kingdom of Sikkim and Chogyal
  • Phuntsog Namgyal (1642–1670): Ascended the throne and was consecrated as the first Chogyal of Sikkim. Made the capital in Yuksom.
  • Tensung Namgyal (1670–1700): Shifted capital to Rabdentse from Yuksom.
  • Chakdor Namgyal (1700–1717): His half-sister Pendiongmu tried to dethrone Chakdor, who fled to Lhasa, but was reinstated as king with the help of Tibetans.
  • Gyurmed Namgyal (1717–1733): Sikkim was attacked by Nepalis.
  • Phuntsog Namgyal II (1733–1780): Nepalis raided Rabdentse, the then capital of Sikkim.
  • Tenzing Namgyal (1780–1793): Chogyal fled to Tibet, and later died there in exile.
  • Tsugphud Namgyal (1793–1863): The longest-reigning Chogyal of Sikkim. Shifted the capital from Rabdentse to Tumlong. Treaty of Titalia in 1817 between Sikkim and British India was signed in which territories lost to Nepal were appropriated to Sikkim. Darjeeling was gifted to British India in 1835. Two Britons, Dr. Arthur Campbell and Dr. Joseph Dalton Hooker were captured by the Sikkimese in 1849. Hostilities between British India and Sikkim continued and led to a treaty signed, in which Darjeeling was ceded to the British Raj.
  • Sidkeong Namgyal (1863–1874)
  • Thutob Namgyal (1874–1914): John Claude White appointed as the first political officer in Sikkim in 1889. Capital shifted from Tumlong to Gangtok in 1894.
  • Sidkeong Tulku Namgyal (1914): The shortest-reigning Chogyal of Sikkim, ruled from 10 February to 5 December 1914. Died of heart failure, aged 35, in most suspicious circumstances.
  • Tashi Namgyal (1914–1963): Treaty between India and Sikkim was signed in 1950, giving India suzerainty over Sikkim.
  • Palden Thondup Namgyal (1963–1975): The last Chogyal of Sikkim.

Maratha Empire (1674–1947 CE)
Main article: Maratha Empire
See also: List of Maratha dynasties and states

Chattrapati Shivaji Maharaj era

The Empire was divided between two branches of the family (c. 1707–1710); and the division was formalized in 1731.

Bhosale Chhatrapatis at Kolhapur (1700–1947 CE)
Main article: Kolhapur State
  • Shivaji II (b. 1696, ruled 1700–14)
  • Sambhaji II of Kolhapur (b. 1698, r. 1714–60)
  • Rajmata Jijibai of Kolhapur|Rajmata Jijibai, regent (1760–73), senior widow of Sambhaji II
  • Rajmata Durgabai of Kolhapur|Rajmata Durgabai, regent (1773–79), junior widow of Sambhaji II
  • Shahu Shivaji II of Kolhapur (r. 1762–1813); adopted by Jijibai, his predecessor's senior widow
  • Sambhaji III of Kolhapur (b. 1801, r. 1813–21)
  • Shivaji III of Kolhapur (b. 1816, r. 1821–22) (council of regency)
  • Shahaji I of Kolhapur (b. 1802, r. 1822–38)
  • Shivaji IV of Kolhapur (b. 1830, r. 1838–66)
  • Rajaram I of Kolhapur (r. 1866–70)
  • Council of regency (1870–94)
  • Shivaji V of Kolhapur (b. 1863, r. 1871–83); adopted by his predecessor's widow
  • Rajarshi Shahu IV of Kolhapur (b. 1874, r. 1884–1922); adopted by his predecessor's widow
  • Rajaram II of Kolhapur (b. 1897 r. 1922–40)
  • Indumati Tarabai of Kolhapur, regent (1940–47), widow of Rajaram II
  • Shivaji VI of Kolhapur (b. 1941, r. 1941–46); adopted by his predecessor's widow
  • Shahaji II of Kolhapur (b. 1910, r. 1947, d. 1983); formerly Maharaja of Dewas Senior; adopted by Indumati Tarabai, widow of Rajaram II

The state acceded unto the Dominion of India following the independence of India in 1947.

Bhosale Chhatrapatis at Satara (1707–1950 CE)
See also: History of Satara district and Satara state
  • Shahu I (1708–1749). Son of Sambhaji I.
  • Ramaraja (1749–1777). Grandson of Rajaram and Tarabai; adopted son of Shahu I.
  • Shahu II of Satara (1777–1808). Son of Ramaraja.
  • Pratapsinh (1808–1839)
  • Shahaji III (1839–1848)
  • Pratapsinh I (adopted)
  • Rajaram III
  • Pratapsinh II
  • Raja Shahu III (1918–1950)

The Peshwas (1713–1858 CE)
Main article: Peshwa

Technically they were not monarchs, but hereditary prime ministers, though in fact they ruled instead of the Chhatrapati (Maratha emperor) after death of Chattrapati Shahu, and were hegemon of the Maratha confederation.

  • Balaji Vishwanath (1713–2 April 1720) (b. 1660, died 2 April 1720)
  • Peshwa Bajirao I (17 April 1720 – 28 April 1740) (b. 18 August 1700, died 28 April 1740)
  • Balaji Bajirao (4 July 1740 – 23 June 1761) (b. 8 December 1721, d. 23 June 1761)
  • Madhavrao Ballal (1761–18 November 1772) (b. 16 February 1745, d. 18 November 1772)
  • Narayanrao Bajirao (13 Dec 1772 – 30 August 1773) (b. 10 August 1755, d. 30 August 1773)
  • Raghunath Rao Bajirao (5 Dec 1773–1774) (b. 18 August 1734, d. 11 December 1783)
  • Sawai Madhavrao (1774–27 October 1795) (b. 18 April 1774, d. 27 October 1795)
  • Baji Rao II (6 Dec 1796 – 3 June 1818) (d. 28 January 1851)
  • Nana Sahib (1 July 1857 – 1858) (b. 19 May 1825, d. 24 September 1859)

Gaekwad dynasty of Baroda (1721–1947 CE)
Main articles: Gaekwad dynasty and Baroda State

Scindia of Gwalior (1731–1947 CE)
Main articles: Scindia and Gwalior State
  • Ranojirao Scindia (1731–19 July 1745)
  • Jayapparao Scindia (1745–25 July 1755)
  • Jankojirao I Scindia (25 July 1755 – 15 January 1761). Born 1745
  • Meharban Dattaji Rao Scindia, Regent (1755–10 January 1760). Died 1760
  • Vacant 15 January 1761 – 25 November 1763
  • Kedarjirao Scindia (25 November 1763 – 10 July 1764)
  • Manajirao Scindia Phakade (10 July 1764 – 18 January 1768)
  • Mahadaji Scindia (18 January 1768 – 12 February 1794). Born c. 1730, died 1794
  • Daulatrao Scindia (12 February 1794 – 21 March 1827). Born 1779, died 1827
  • Jankoji Rao Scindia II (18 June 1827 – 7 February 1843). Born 1805, died 1843
  • Jayajirao Scindia (7 February 1843 – 20 June 1886). Born 1835, died 1886
  • Madho Rao Scindia (20 June 1886 – 5 June 1925). Born 1876, died 1925
  • George Jivajirao Scindia (Maharaja 5 June 1925 – 15 August 1947, Rajpramukh 28 May 1948 – 31 October 1956, later Rajpramukh). Born 1916, died 1961

Following the independence of India in 1947, the state acceded unto the Dominion of India.

Holkar rulers of Indore (1731–1948 CE)
Main articles: Holkar and Indore State

Following the independence of India in 1947, the state acceded unto the Dominion of India. The monarchy was ended in 1948, but the title is still held by Usha Devi Maharaj Sahiba Holkar XV Bahadur, Maharani of Indore since 1961.

Bhosale Maharajas of Nagpur (1738–1854 CE)
Main article: Nagpur kingdom
  • Raghoji I (1738–1755)
  • Janoji (1755–1772)
  • Sabaji (1772–1775)
  • Mudhoji I (1775–1788)
  • Raghoji II (1788–1816)
  • Parsoji Bhonsle (1800–1850)
  • Mudhoji II (1816–1818)
  • Raghoji III (1818–1853)

The kingdom was annexed by the British on 13 March 1854 under the Doctrine of Lapse.[158]

Thanjavur Maratha kingdom (c. 1674–1855 CE)
Main article: Thanjavur Maratha kingdom

The Thanjavur Marathas were the rulers of Thanjavur principality of Tamil Nadu between the 17th and 19th centuries. Their native language was Thanjavur Marathi. Venkoji, Shahaji's son and Shivaji's half brother, was the founder of the dynasty.[159]

List of rulers

Sinsinwar Jat Kingdom of Bharatpur (1683–1947 CE)
Main article: Bharatpur State
List of rulers
Sinsinwar Jats of Bharatpur & Deeg
(1683–1947)
Raja Ram Sinsinwar (1683–1688)
Churaman (1695–1721)
Muhkam Singh (1721–1722)
Badan Singh (1722–1755)
Suraj Mal (1755–1763)
Jawahar Singh (1764–1768)
Ratan Singh (1768–1769)
Kehri Singh (1769–1778)
Ranjit Singh (1778–1805)
Randhir Singh (1805–1823)
Baldeo Singh (1823–1825)
Balwant Singh (1825–1853)
Jaswant Singh (1853–1893)
Ram Singh (1893–1900)
Kishan Singh (1918–1929)
Brijendra Singh (1929–1947)

The Muslim vassals of the Mughal/British Paramountcy (c. 1707–1856 CE)

Nawabs of Bengal (1707–1770 CE)
Main article: Nawabs of Bengal and Murshidabad

Nawabs of Oudh (1719–1858 CE)
Main article: Oudh State

Nizams of Hyderabad (1720–1948 CE)
Main articles: Hyderabad State and Nizam of Hyderabad

Kingdom of Travancore (1729–1949 CE)
Main article: Travancore
List of rulers–

Sikh Empire (1801–1849 CE)
Main article: Sikh Empire
List of rulers-

The British Empire annexed the Punjab in 1845–49 CE; after the First and Second Anglo-Sikh Wars

Dogra dynasty of Jammu and Kashmir (1846–1952 CE)
Main article: Dogra dynasty
RulerReignNotes
Gulab Singh1846–1856 CEFounder of Dogra dynasty and the first Maharaja of the Princely State of Jammu and Kashmir, the second largest princely state under the British Raj, which was created after the defeat of the Sikh Empire in the First Anglo-Sikh War. The Treaty of Amritsar (1846) formalised the sale by the British to Gulab Singh for 7,500,000 Nanakshahee Rupees of all the lands in Jammu and Kashmir that were ceded to them by the Sikhs by the Treaty of Lahore.
Ranbir Singh1856–1885 CEAscended the throne in 1856 after Gulab Singh's abdication due to poor health. He allied with the British during the Sepoy Mutiny. Unlike European women and children, Indian mutineers were not allowed to take refuge in his state. He also sent his troops to help the British to besiege Delhi. He was subsequently rewarded for his behaviour during the mutiny. He went on to annex Gilgit which had previously witnessed a rebellion against the state. He also established a modern judicial system. Civil and criminal laws were compiled into the Ranbir Penal Code during his reign.
Pratap Singh1885–1925 CEReigned for 40 years from 1885 to 1925, the longest of all the Dogra rulers. Out of the four Dogra rulers, Maharaja Pratap Singh's era was a period of enlightenment for his subjects, particularly for Kashmiris. He established local self governing bodies, democratic processes, educational systems, health care and hygiene and infrastructure development during his reign. A beginning was made in local self-government by establishing municipalities at Jammu, Srinagar, Sopore and Baramulla. By 1925, then Kashmir, particularly Srinagar had undergone significant social and cultural transformation.
Hari Singh1925–1952 CEAscended the throne following the death of his uncle, Maharaja Pratap Singh in 1925. He made primary education compulsory in the state, introduced laws prohibiting child marriage, and opened places of worship to the low castes. He signed the Instrument of Accession of Jammu and Kashmir to the Union of India on 26 October 1947, through which the Princely State of Jammu and Kashmir became a part of the Dominion of India. He remained the titular Maharaja of the state until 1952, when the monarchy was abolished by Government of India under Jawaharlal Nehru.
Karan Singh
(Prince Regent)		1949–1952 CEAppointed as Prince Regent of Jammu and Kashmir in 1949, at age of eighteen and served till the monarchy's abolition in 1952. He was appointed 'Sadr-e-Riyasat' ('Head of State') in 1952 and Governor of the State in 1964 CE.

Emperors/Empresses of India (1857–1947 CE)
Main articles: Emperor of India and British Raj

Dominion of India (1947–1950 CE)
Main article: Dominion of India

Dominion of Pakistan (1947–1956 CE)
Main article: Dominion of Pakistan

See also

Notes
  1. The title "Emperor of India" did not disappear with Indian independence from Great Britain in 1947, but in 1947, as when India became the Dominion of India (1947–1950) after independence in 1947, George VI retained the title "Emperor of India" until 22 June 1948, and thereafter he remained monarch of India until it became the Republic of India in 1950.[160]

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