Garry Nolan

Garry P. Nolan is an American immunologist, academic, inventor, and business executive who holds the Rachford and Carlota A. Harris Professor Endowed Chair in the Department of Pathology at Stanford University School of Medicine.[1][2]

As a businessperson, he has founded or co-founded numerous companies including Rigel Inc., Nodality Inc., Apprise, Akoya, CytoBank, Scale, and Ionpath.[2]

A prolific inventor, Nolan holds forty US patents.[2]

Early life and education

Nolan is a graduate of Cornell University where he received a bachelor's of science degree in biology with a specialization in genetics.[2] He received his Ph.D. in Genetics at Stanford under the supervision of Leonard Herzenberg.[2] He continued his post-doctoral work at MIT and researched on development of rapid retroviral production systems and the cloning of the NF-κB p65/ RelA DNA regulatory factor under the training of David Baltimore, a Nobel laureate.[2]

Career

In 1996, he co-founded his first company Rigel Inc. along with Donald G. Payan, James M. Gower, Thomas A. Raffin, and Ronald B. Garren. It is a listed biotechnology company based in South San Francisco as RIGL.[3]

In 2003, he co-founded another company named Nodality Inc.[4] The company is focused on making personalized medicines.[4]

In 2010, he co-founded BINA Technology, a big data company.[5][6] Roche acquired the company in 2014 for $107 million.[7]

In 2011, he founded Apprise, a single cell analysis company using split-pool technology which he later sold to Roche Diagnostics for an undisclosed sum. The split-pool technology was spun out by Roche in 2021 to another startup named Scale Bio of which Nolan is a cofounder.[8] In the same year, Nolan received an Outstanding Research Achievement from the Nature Publishing Group for the development of CyTOF applications, particularly in the immune system.[2]

In 2012, he received the Teal Innovator Award and a $3.3 million grant for the study of ovarian cancer from the department of defense.[9][10]

In 2014, he co-founded Ionpath with three of his students and postdoctoral fellows, Sean Bendall, Michael Angelo, and Harris Feinberg. The company is active in spatial proteomics.[11][12]

In 2015, he co-founded another publicly listed company, Akoya Biosciences (NASDAQ AKYA), a spatial biology-focused company with two of his postdoctoral fellows, Yury Goltsev and Nikolay Samusik.[13][14] The company is being used to commercialize CODEX (CO-Detection by indEXing) technology, invented by Nolan’s laboratory.[15]

Research work

His areas of research include autoimmunity and inflammation, cancer and leukemia, hematopoiesis, and using computation for network and systems immunology.[2][16] His laboratory currently works on several FDA supported projects on Ebola,[17] Influenza, Zika, and COVID-19 as well as multiple projects studying the immune-tumor interface in many human cancers.

Nolan is best known for his early work in the Baltimore laboratory at the Whitehead Institute at MIT developing the framework for rapid retroviral production for gene therapy (the so-called Phoenix cell lines based on the 293T cell line[18]) with Warren Pear and for the cloning of the NF-KB p65/RelA transcription factor, a key regulator of immune response genes and a principal cellular component that HIV uses for its own replication. Nearly all gene therapy using retroviruses or lentiviruses is done with 293-based cell lines per that protocol. He is known for phospho-flow signaling development (licensed to Becton-Dickinson), FACS-gal (licensed to Molecular Probes, Inc., acquired by Thermo Fisher), CyTOF multiparameter analysis, the development of multiple algorithmic approaches to analyze complex single-cell datasets,[19] showing the NFAT transcription factor is both a REL family member as well as a key determinant in HIV replication,[20][21] and the development of several multiplexing technologies for tissue analysis (i.e. MIBI and CODEX) along with requisite algorithmic approaches to make sense of such complex datasets.[22][23]

Awards and honors

Nolan has received numerous awards and fellowships and is one of the top twenty-five inventors at Stanford University. Among many awards and honors, the notable ones are given below:[2]

  • National Science Foundation Fellowship (1988)
  • National Institutes of Health Fellowship (1990-1992)
  • Leukemia Society Special Fellow (1992-1995)
  • Leukemia Society Scholar Award (1995-2000)
  • Hume Faculty Scholar (1993-1998)
  • Burroughs Wellcome Fund New Investigator Award (1996)
  • Stohlman Scholar by Leukemia and Lymphoma Society (2000)
  • Department of Defense Teal Innovator Award (2012)
  • Cotlove Award by Academy of Clinical Laboratory Physicians & Scientists (2015)
  • International Society for Laboratory Hematology Award (2021)
  • Hans Sigrist Prize by University of Bern (2021)

Bibliography

Research papers

Nolan has authored more than 300 research papers. The most-cited ones are given below:[2]

  • Production of high-titer helper-free retroviruses by transient transfection (1993)
  • Single-cell mass cytometry of differential immune and drug responses across a human hematopoietic continuum (2011)
  • Causal protein-signaling networks derived from multiparameter single-cell data (2005)
  • viSNE enables visualization of high dimensional single-cell data and reveals phenotypic heterogeneity of leukemia (2013)
  • Data-driven phenotypic dissection of AML reveals progenitor-like cells that correlate with prognosis (2015)
  • Science forum: the human cell atlas (2017)
  • Cloning of the p50 DNA binding subunit of NF-κB: homology to rel and dorsal (1990)
  • Episomal vectors rapidly and stably produce high-titer recombinant retrovirus (1996)
  • Extracting a cellular hierarchy from high-dimensional cytometry data with SPADE (2011)
  • Single cell profiling of potentiated phospho-protein networks in cancer cells (2004)
  • Mass cytometry: single cells, many features (2016)
  • DNA binding and IκB inhibition of the cloned p65 subunit of NF-κB, a rel-related polypeptide (1991)
  • NF-AT components define a family of transcription factors targeted in T-cell activation (1994)
  • Computational solutions to large-scale data management and analysis (2010)
  • Multiplexed ion beam imaging of human breast tumors (2014)
  • A deep profiler's guide to cytometry (2012)
  • Coordinated Cellular Neighborhoods Orchestrate Antitumoral Immunity at the Colorectal Cancer Invasive Front (2020)
  • Deep Profiling of Mouse Splenic Architecture with CODEX Multiplexed Imaging (2018)
See also: Ufology § Protoscience

Atacama skeleton

Starting in 2012, Garry Nolan began analysis of a suspected alien corpse from Chile, which, in 2018, he helped reveal to be a mummified human stillbirth with genetic bone defects with a combination of mutations in seven genes that contribute to various deformities.[24][25][26][27][28]

Brain pathology research and start of UAP research

After this publication, he got involved working on UFOs after being approached by officials and an aerospace corporation to "help them understand the medical harm that had come to some individuals, related to supposed interactions with an anomalous craft", primarily due to the kinds of blood analysis that his lab can conduct.[29] Initially via CyTOF blood analysis, he helped investigate the brains of around 100 patients, mostly "defense or governmental personnel or people working in the aerospace industry", of which a subset claimed to have seen UAPs and the majority had symptoms that were "basically identical to what's now called Havana syndrome" who had their brains scanned via MRI. He stated that some of the brains were horribly damaged and that "what we thought was the damage across multiple individuals" turned out to be a "over-connection of neurons between the head of the caudate and the putamen" which he claims was disproportionate in this cohort compared to the general population. Others have independently (and even earlier) verified the role of the caudate in intelligence and planning.[30][31] For at least multiple individuals of this subset, this brain characteristic was something that the people were born with.[16]

Anomalous materials

Since the formation of the Unidentified Aerial Phenomena Task Force in 2020, multiple publications have reported on Nolan's involvement with The Pentagon and the CIA investigating samples of materials supposedly ejected at purported sites of UFO sightings.[32][33] He is the lead author of the first study published in a peer-reviewed journal about anomalous materials associated with UFOs. The study, which has Jacques Vallée as a co-author,[33][34] reviews modern analytic procedures, including mass spectrometry, for characterization, analysis, and identification of unknown materials and how such have been applied thus far to study materials that, according to witnesses, dropped from hovering UFOs such as materials of the 1977 Council Bluffs incident.[35]

References
  1. "How the Pentagon Started Taking U.F.O.s Seriously". The New Yorker. 30 April 2021.
  2. https://profiles.stanford.edu/garry-nolan?tab=bio
  3. "RIGL | Rigel Pharmaceuticals Inc. Company Profile & Executives - WSJ". www.wsj.com.
  4. "Nodality :: Company :: About Us". www.nodalityinc.com.
  5. "DeciBio's Spatial Omics Q&A with Garry P.Nolan of Stanford University". www.decibio.com.
  6. "Roche Acquires Bina Technologies' Powerful Genome Analysis Platform". Pubs - Bio-IT World.
  7. https://www.bizjournals.com/sanjose/news/2014/12/23/big-datas-bina-acquired-by-big-pharmas-roche.html
  8. "Scale Biosciences, Still in Stealth Mode, to Develop Single-Cell, Spatial Biology Tech". Genomeweb. 22 July 2021.
  9. Affairs, <img src='/content/dam/sm-profiles/profileKCongerM jpg img 620 high png/1449287397630 png' alt='Krista Conger' /> Krista Conger Krista Conger is a science writer for the medical school’s Office of Communication & Public. "Nolan wins funds to 'map' lineages in ovarian cancer cells". News Center.
  10. "Garry Nolan Nolan Wins Funds to 'Map' Lineages in Ovarian Cancer Cells - AIMBE".
  11. https://www.cell.com/cell/pdf/S0092-8674(20)30672-3.pdf
  12. "About Ionpath | Multiplexed Spatial Proteomics for Translational Medicine". Ionpath.
  13. "Garry Nolan, PhD". 15 April 2021.
  14. https://www.bizjournals.com/sanjose/news/2021/04/16/biomea-fusion-akoya-biosciences-ipos-raise-285m.html
  15. Vuksanaj, Kathy (1 September 2021). "Spatial Phenotyping Adds a New Dimension to Discovery Biology".
  16. "Stanford Professor Garry Nolan Is Analyzing Anomalous Materials From UFO Crashes". www.vice.com.
  17. Commissioner, Office of the (6 January 2022). "Survivor Studies: Better Understanding Ebola's After-Effects to Help Find New Treatments". FDA.
  18. Pear, W. S.; Scott, M. L.; Nolan, G. P. (14 February 1997). "Generation of high-titer, helper-free retroviruses by transient transfection". Methods in Molecular Medicine. 7: 41–57. doi:10.1385/0-89603-484-4:41. ISBN 0-89603-484-4. PMID 24493417 – via PubMed.
  19. Bendall, Sean C.; Simonds, Erin F.; Qiu, Peng; Amir, El-ad D.; Krutzik, Peter O.; Finck, Rachel; Bruggner, Robert V.; Melamed, Rachel; Trejo, Angelica; Ornatsky, Olga I.; Balderas, Robert S.; Plevritis, Sylvia K.; Sachs, Karen; Pe'er, Dana; Tanner, Scott D.; Nolan, Garry P. (6 May 2011). "Single-cell mass cytometry of differential immune and drug responses across a human hematopoietic continuum". Science. 332 (6030): 687–696. Bibcode:2011Sci...332..687B. doi:10.1126/science.1198704. PMC 3273988. PMID 21551058.
  20. Kinoshita, S.; Su, L.; Amano, M.; Timmerman, L. A.; Kaneshima, H.; Nolan, G. P. (14 March 1997). "The T cell activation factor NF-ATc positively regulates HIV-1 replication and gene expression in T cells". Immunity. 6 (3): 235–244. doi:10.1016/s1074-7613(00)80326-x. PMID 9075924 – via PubMed.
  21. Nolan, G. P. (17 June 1994). "NF-AT-AP-1 and Rel-bZIP: hybrid vigor and binding under the influence". Cell. 77 (6): 795–798. doi:10.1016/0092-8674(94)90126-0. PMID 8004669. S2CID 6452940 – via PubMed.
  22. Angelo, Michael; Bendall, Sean C.; Finck, Rachel; Hale, Matthew B.; Hitzman, Chuck; Borowsky, Alexander D.; Levenson, Richard M.; Lowe, John B.; Liu, Scot D.; Zhao, Shuchun; Natkunam, Yasodha; Nolan, Garry P. (14 April 2014). "Multiplexed ion beam imaging of human breast tumors". Nature Medicine. 20 (4): 436–442. doi:10.1038/nm.3488. PMC 4110905. PMID 24584119.
  23. Goltsev, Yury; Samusik, Nikolay; Kennedy-Darling, Julia; Bhate, Salil; Hale, Matthew; Vazquez, Gustavo; Black, Sarah; Nolan, Garry P. (9 August 2018). "Deep Profiling of Mouse Splenic Architecture with CODEX Multiplexed Imaging". Cell. 174 (4): 968–981.e15. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2018.07.010. PMC 6086938. PMID 30078711.
  24. Zimmer, Carl (22 March 2018). "Was a Tiny Mummy in the Atacama an Alien? No, but the Real Story Is Almost as Strange". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 8 January 2022. Retrieved 8 January 2022.
  25. Check Hayden, Erika (22 March 2018). "Tiny Mummy's "Alien" Appearance Finally Explained". National Geographic. Archived from the original on 8 January 2022. Retrieved 8 January 2022.
  26. Warren, Matt (22 March 2018). "This strange "alien" skeleton is actually a human fetus with genetic bone defects". Science. doi:10.1126/science.aat6685. Archived from the original on 8 January 2022. Retrieved 8 January 2022.
  27. Strickland, Ashley (22 March 2018). "Mystery of "alien" skeleton solved". CNN. Archived from the original on 8 January 2022. Retrieved 8 January 2022.
  28. Armitage, Hanae (22 March 2018). "Mysterious skeleton shows molecular complexity of bone diseases". Stanford Medicine: News Center. Archived from the original on 1 February 2022. Retrieved 1 February 2022.
  29. Brooks, Jon (14 June 2021). "UFOs: SETI Astronomer, Stanford Researcher, Aerospace Expert Weigh In". KQED Inc. Archived from the original on 1 February 2022. Retrieved 1 February 2022.
  30. Bick, Sarah K.; Patel, Shaun R.; Katnani, Husam A.; Peled, Noam; Widge, Alik; Cash, Sydney S.; Eskandar, Emad N. (1 October 2019). "Caudate stimulation enhances learning". Brain: A Journal of Neurology. 142 (10): 2930–2937. doi:10.1093/brain/awz254. ISSN 1460-2156. PMID 31504220.
  31. Grazioplene, Rachael G.; G. Ryman, Sephira; Gray, Jeremy R.; Rustichini, Aldo; Jung, Rex E.; DeYoung, Colin G. (9 December 2014). "Subcortical intelligence: Caudate volume predicts IQ in healthy adults". Human Brain Mapping. 36 (4): 1407–1416. doi:10.1002/hbm.22710. ISSN 1065-9471. PMC 6869035. PMID 25491047.
  32. Virk, Rizwan (16 April 2021). "The Pentagon has stopped laughing about UFOs. Why hasn't Silicon Valley?". NBC News. Archived from the original on 8 January 2022. Retrieved 8 January 2022.
  33. Lewis-Kraus, Gideon (30 April 2021). "How the Pentagon Started Taking U.F.O.s Seriously". The New Yorker. Archived from the original on 14 November 2021. Retrieved 8 January 2022.
  34. "Opinion | The Pentagon has stopped laughing about UFOs. Why hasn't Silicon Valley?". NBC News. Archived from the original on 9 January 2022. Retrieved 1 February 2022.
  35. Nolan, Garry P.; Vallee, Jacques F.; Jiang, Sizun; Lemke, Larry G. (1 January 2022). "Improved instrumental techniques, including isotopic analysis, applicable to the characterization of unusual materials with potential relevance to aerospace forensics". Progress in Aerospace Sciences. 128: 100788. Bibcode:2022PrAeS.12800788N. doi:10.1016/j.paerosci.2021.100788. ISSN 0376-0421. Archived from the original on 1 February 2022. Retrieved 1 February 2022.
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