St. Anthony Hall

St. Anthony Hall or the Fraternity of Delta Psi is an American fraternity and literary society.[2] Its first chapter was founded at Columbia University on January 17, 1847, the feast day of Saint Anthony the Great.[2][3] The fraternity is a non-religious, nonsectarian organization.[4]

Not to be confused with St Anthony's Hall or Delta Psi (University of Vermont).

St. Anthony Hall (Delta Psi)
ΔΨ
From the University of Pennsylvania Record, 1873[1]
FoundedJanuary 17, 1847 (1847-01-17)
Columbia University
TypeLiterary and Social
AffiliationNIC (former)
ScopeNational
Member badgeSt. Anthony's cross
Colors   Azure blue & Old gold
Patron saintAnthony the Great
PublicationThe Review
PhilanthropySt. Anthony Educational Foundation Inc
Chapters11
Members400+ collegiate
30,000+ lifetime
NicknameSt. A's
The Hall
48
The Number Six Club
The Tea Company
HeadquartersP. O. Box 876
Ithaca, New York 14851
United States
Websitewww.stanthonyhall.org

In 1879, William Raimond Baird's American College Fraternities characterized the fraternity as having "the reputation of being the most secret of all the college societies."[3] A modern writer says the fraternity is "a cross between Skull and Bones and a Princeton eating club, with a large heaping of Society and more than a dash of Animal House."[5] Nearly all chapters of St. Anthony Hall have gone coed.[6]

References to St. Anthony Hall have appeared in the works of F. Scott Fitzgerald, John O'Hara, and Tom Wolfe.[7]

History

According to Baird's, the Alpha chapter of the Fraternity of Delta Psi was founded at Columbia University in January 17, 1847 by John Hone Anthon, Sam. F. Barger, Charles Arms Budd, and William Myn Van Wagener.[3][8] In an article in its Review magazine, the fraternity says Anthon was a founder, the first leader, and an important Mason.[9] Another source says the fraternity was started by the fifteen year old Edward Forbes Travis who came to Columbia University from England "with an odd fascination for St. Anthony the Great, the gnarled fourth-century mystic."[5][10] In this scenario, Travis shared "certain rituals" with a Charles Arms Budd on the Saint's feast day, creating "a sacred bond that was soon extended to others."[5][10]

The fraternity says it was founded on the feast day of Saint Anthony the Great.[2] However, according to its national website, St. Anthony Hall originally began as a "fraternity dedicated to the love of education and the well-being of its members."[2] The fraternity developed "a literary flavor: members would spend hours reading essays to one another for general critique or amusement."[5] By 1853, the fraternity was holding an Annual Literary Festival and Dinner.[11]

A Beta chapter at New York University was also formed of January 17, 1847.[3] However Beta was short-lived; the Columbia College's Record listed the NYU founders alongside its own students.[12] In 1879, Baird's listed seventeen chapters opening throughout the Northeast and South during the mid-19th century.[3]

During the Civil War, formal contact ended between Northern and Southern chapters, and all of the Southern chapters closed.[2][6][3] The fraternity's history states, "Many members wore their badges into battle, serving with distinction on both sides, and were often reunited in both pleasant and antagonistic situations throughout the war."[2] In fact, 25% of the young fraternity's membership died in the Civil War, with 90 of the 109 deaths coming from the Southern chapters.[13] After the war, contact was restored between remaining and re-founded chapters.[2]

In 1894, Yale's Sigma chapter built a dormitory building and named it St. Anthony Hall, apparently the first use of that name.[14][15][16] The Fraternity of Delta Psi also became known as the Order of St. Anthony and St. Anthony Hall.[17]

In accordance with the respective traditions of each chapter, St. Anthony Hall is now self-described and referred to on its various campuses as a fraternity or coed fraternity, a secret society or a literary society, or a private club.[18] A former Yale chapter president said, “Chapters have a range of degrees of secrecy."[18] In 2006, a Yale member said, “Our secret aspects are truly secret, and our non-secret aspects are truly non-secret”[18]

Chapters

There are 11 active chapters of Delta Psi, including the following (chapters noted in bold are active, chapters noted in italics are dormant). Note that the now-dormant Delta Psi fraternity at the University of Vermont (1850–2004) was always unrelated.[3]

Name Chartered/Range Institution Location Status Gender Notes Reference
Alpha 1847 Columbia University New York, New York Active coed residential, off campus [3][6]
Beta (Prime) 1847–1853 New York University New York, New York Dormant name reassigned [3][6]
Gamma 1848–1850 Rutgers College New Brunswick, New Jersey Dormant [3][6]
Delta (Prime) 1849–1854 Burlington College Burlington, New Jersey Dormant transferred to University of Pennsylvania [3][6]
Epsilon 1850 Trinity College Hartford, Connecticut Active coed residential [3][6]
Eta 1850–1861 South Carolina College Columbia, South Carolina Dormant [3][6]
Theta 1851–1853, 1986 Princeton University Princeton, New Jersey Active coed [3][6]
Iota 1851–1895, 2010 University of Rochester Rochester, New York Active coed off campus [3][6]
Kappa 1852–1853, 1983 Brown University Providence, Rhode Island Active coed residential [3][19][6]
Lambda 1853–1970 ? Williams College Williamstown, Massachusetts Dormant Originally a Zeta Psi chapter, formed in 1848. [3][6][20]
Sigma (Prime) 1853–1861 Randolph-Macon College Ashland, Virginia Dormant Name reassigned [3][6]
Delta 1854 University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Active male residential; started at Burlington College [3][21][6]
Xi 1854–1861, 1926 University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Chapel Hill, North Carolina Active coed residential, off campus [3][6]
Phi 1855–1861, 1870–1912, 1926 University of Mississippi Oxford, Mississippi Active male residential [3][6]
Psi 1858–1861 Cumberland University Lebanon, Tennessee Dormant [3][6]
Upsilon 1860–1861, 1866 University of Virginia Charlottesville, Virginia Active male residential [3][6]
Beta 1860–1888 Washington & Lee University Lexington, Virginia Dormant [6][3]
Sigma 1868 Yale University New Haven, Connecticut Active coed started at Sheffield Scientific School [3][6]
Tau 1889 Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge, Massachusetts Active coed residential, off campus, known as the Number 6 Club [3][6]

There have been rumors that the Lambda chapter operates underground; Williams College banned all fraternities in the 1960s, phasing them out by 1970.[22][20] In 2003, The Williams Record reported that the fraternity began operating as the coed Vermont Literary Society as early as 1973.[20] At that time, the Vermont Literary Society was meeting outside of Williamstown at a place in Vermont referred to as "The Barn.".[20] The college offered amnesty to any students who came forward; however, none took advantage of the offer.[20] Again in 2020, there were reports that the Vermont Literary Society was still active as an underground Lambda chapter.[22] The Williams Record's investigation noted that Williams College graduates from 2016 were serving on the board of the Lambda Chapter's alumni association.[22] However, the paper later reported that the group disbanded in August 2020.[23]

Symbols
Fraternity of Delta Psi badge, from Baird's 1883 edition[24]

The 1879 edition of Baird's describes the fraternity's badge as a "Saint Anthony's cross, with curved sides. The cross bears a shield in blue enamel displaying the letters ΔΨ. On the bar of the cross are engraved four Hebrew letters, and beneath the shield the skull and bones."[3] The badge was designed by Henry Steel Olcott in 1850.[9]

This is different from the flat topped crest illustrated in the 1873 University of Pennsylvania Record, although the Greek letters are present. (See infobox for illustration).[1] The yearbook illustration also shows a tau cross or Saint Anthony's cross, a skull, a sword, a key, a floating triangle, and four Hebrew letters.[1] The sword and the key are crossed, with the skull on top.[1]

In his 1960 novel Ourselves to Know, John O'Hara refers to "a Delta Psi Tea Company gold charm on his watch chain…"

In 1860 when the Civil War seemed inevitable, fraternal medallions were made for the brothers to attach to their uniforms so they would be recognized at a member of Delta Psi on the battlefield.[13] A photograph of a medallion in the fraternity's archives shows a round, gold coin with a skull as its central figure.[13] Beneath the skull is a crossed sword and key.[13] Encircling the outer edge of the medallion is a list of each chapter's Greek letter and date of founding.[13]

Members
Main article: List of St. Anthony Hall Members

In 1961, Yale's chapter was the first fraternity on campus to admit a person of color.[25] The chapters at the University of North Carolina (1967) and Ole Miss were also the first fraternity on their respective campuses to admit African-American members.[26][27]

In 1969, the Yale chapter was the first to go coed, also becoming the first Yale society to accept women.[25] Additional chapters subsequently turned coed, include Columbia University, MIT (1969), the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (1971), and Trinity College (1985).[28][29][30][6][31] Other chapters were reestablished as coed including, Brown University (1983), Princeton University (1986), and the University of Rochester (2010).[6] The University of Pennsylvania, the University of Mississippi and the University of Virginia chapters remain all-male.[6]

Activities

St. Anthony Hall members pursue their literary mandate through different programs at the various chapters. The Brown chapter publishes a literary and visual arts magazine called The Sketchbook.[32][33] The UNC chapter hosts open mic nights, poetry readings, and art shows.[34] The Delta chapter at the University of Pennsylvania hosts an annual lecture series with nationally significant speakers.[35][36] The MIT chapter hosts a scholarly lecture series.[29]Yale's chapter sponsors a public series of Sigma Seminars every two to three weeks on literature, poetry, art and current affairs; a recent speaker was Pap Souleye Fall, a Senegalese-American interdisciplinary and comic artist.[18][37] The Trinity chapter hosts its annual Clement Lectures.[38]

The Trinity chapter endows a St. Anthony Professorship in Art History, several annual prizes for Trinity students, and the annual Martin W. Clement lecture. In 1970 when it went coed, the Yale chapter endowed a Yale scholarship for women.[18] The Yale chapter also offers the St. Anthony Hall Chase Coggins Fellowship, a summer traveling grant, and two other endowed scholarships.[4][39]

Chapter houses and buildings
1879 Alpha chapter house and St. Anthony Club of New York
1879 Alpha chapter house after alterations
1899 Alpha chapter house
1889 Delta chapter house and St Anthony Club of Philadelphia
Delta chapter house
Upsilon chapter house
Epsilon chapter house
Kappa chapter house
Lambda chapter house
Former Phi chapter house
1894 Sigma chapter house and dormitory
Tau chapter house
St. Anthony Club of New York
A.K. Watson Hall
Becton Center

Many of the St. Anthony Hall chapter houses were designed by well-known 19th and early 20th century architects such as J. Cleveland Cady, Cope and Stewardson, Wilson Eyre Jr., Heins & LaFarge, Charles C. Haight, Henry Hornbostel, J. Harleston Parker, William Hamilton Russell, and Stanford White.[40][5][41][42][43][25][44][14][45]

In an 1891 newspaper feature on American college societies, three Delta Psi chapter houses were illustrated—Trinity, Williams, and Yale—amongst the fifteen houses illustrated.[46]

Alpha: Columbia University
Main article: Delta Psi, Alpha Chapter

The Alpha chapter originally met at the Simon DeWitt Bloodgood house. In 1879, a new building was constructed at 29 E. 28th Street for the Alpha chapter and the its alumni group, the St. Anthony Club of New York.[47][48][8] According to the New-York Tribune, it was "the first of the Greek letter societies to establish in New-York a club which presents many of the features of the other social clubs in the city."[47] The Alpha chapter's Renaissance-inspired lodge in red and yellow brick was designed by William Hamilton Russell, a member of St. Anthony Hall and an architect with the firm of James Renwick, Jr.[40][49] The Hartford Courant wrote, "The decorations of the interior are most elaborate, and altogether it is said to be one of the most beautiful college secret society buildings in the country."[49]

In 1885, a small addition was added to the back of the building.[50] The St. Louis Globe-Democrat wrote, "The lodge room on the Delta Psi fraternity in New York is magnificently furnished in Egyptian designs especially imported from Thebes for this purpose, at the cost of thousands of dollars…."[46] In 1990, the New York Times wrote, "Old photographs show…the figure of an owl on the peaked [pyramid] roof and a plaque with the Greek letters Delta Psi over the windowless chapter room."[51] Later alterations were made by J.A. Moore in 1899 and 1918, including adding 1.5 stories which replaced the original pyramid roof; the stone shield remains between the fourth floor windows.[40]

In 1895, Columbia University moved its campus north of the city to Morningside Heights.[52] To be closer to the new campus, the Alpha chapter purchased land on 434 Riverside Drive on March 23, 1897.[52][53] To design a new chapter house, they hired Henry Hornbostel and George Carnegie Palmer (a member of St. Anthony Hall) of the firm of Wood, Palmer and Hornbostel.[53][52] The architects' plans were filed with the city on August 26, 1898 and the building was completed in 1898.[52] The resulting five-story plus basement structure is a combination of Beaux Arts and French Renaissance revival styles. It is constructed of red brick, is trimmed liberally in limestone, and has dormers covered in copper.[52][53] At the top of the building is a carved relief of the Greek letters ΔΨ.[52] The interior included reception rooms, a billiard room, a dining room, a library, and bedrooms for twenty members.[52] In 1996, it was added to the National Register of Historic Places as Delta Psi, Alpha chapter.[54] The chapter house is also a contributing building to the Broadway-Riverside Drive National Register Historic District.[53]

Delta: University of Pennsylvania
Main article: St. Anthony Hall House

Regarded as the first purpose-built fraternity house on the University of Pennsylvania campus, the original Delta Psi chapter house was a Florentine or Renaissance Revival style design by Wilson Eyre Jr.[41][21] It is located at 32 South 22nd Street, across the Schuykill from Penn's West Philadelphia campus.[41] It opened in January 1889, and also housed the St. Anthony Club of Philadelphia.[55][56] It served the fraternity from 1889 to 1908.[57][41]

In 1907, Cope and Stewardson designed the chapter's next house in the Academic Gothic stye.[42][58] Saint Anthony is depicted in a stained glass window in the stairway landing of the first floor; as seen in the photo, a stone tau cross is also above the second story windows on the exterior.[42] This brick and limestone three-story house was added to National Register of Historic Places in 2005 as St. Anthony Hall House.[58][42] This chapter house is described and pictured in George E. Nitzsche's University of Pennsylvania: Its History, Traditions, Buildings and Memorials: Also a Brief Guide to Philadelphia.[59]

Upsilon: University of Virginia

The University of Virginia's brick chapter house with two-story tall columns and a spacious portico was the third fraternity house constructed on Grounds—although it was the first with residential use in mind.[60] Built in 1902, this Colonial Revival or Jeffersonian style house is "beautifully situated on 'Page Hill'" and blends well with the campus architecture designed by Thomas Jefferson.[61] The Upsilon chapter house was designed by J. Harleston Parker, founder of the Harleston Parker Medal.[43] The interior was "furnished with taste throughout," and included ten bedrooms, a library, a billiard room, and a 20 x 35 foot reception room.[60] There was also electricity and steam heat.[60] The house is included The Architecture of Jefferson Country: Charlottesville and Albemarle County, Virginia" by K. Edward Lay.[43]

Epsilon: Trinity College
Main article: Saint Anthony Hall (Hartford, Connecticut)

A gift of fraternity member and recent graduate Robert Habersham Coleman, the Trinity chapter's granite lodge was designed in the rusticated Richardsonian Romanesque style by J. Cleveland Cady in 1878.[62][25] Cady was also a member of Trinity's Epsilon chapter of St. Anthony Hall. At a cost of $40,000, this edifice was one of the most expensive fraternity chapter houses in America at that time. It was also a "radical departure from the customary tomb-like structures of the secret societies of other campus."[63] Added in 1985 to the National Register of Historic Places, as Saint Anthony Hall, the Epsilon chapter home is the oldest St. Anthony Hall fraternity building still in use.[25][30] It is also the oldest fraternity house at Trinity, and one of the oldest buildings on campus.[25] The building has recently undergone extensive interior restorations.[30] An exterior addition, in harmony with the original construction, has been added to comply with local building code requirements.[30]

Iota: University of Rochester

The Iota chapter at the University of Rochester built a three-story brick house at 7 North Washington Street which was described as "a desirable residential neighborhood."[17]

Kappa: Brown University

The Brown University chapter house at 154 Hope Street in Providence, Rhode Island, was designed by Stone, Carpenter & Wilson in the Colonial Revival style in 1895.[64] The house features ogee gables and a conservatory, as well as an addition added in 1961.[64] Originally a private residence for Alice and Robert W. Taft, the brick building was later owned by Bryant University who called it Taft Hall and used it as its administration building from 1947 through 1969.[65][64] When Brown acquired the building in 1969, it was renamed King House in 1974 in honor of Lida Shaw King, former dean of Pembroke College.[66][64] Brown provides King House to the Kappa chapter as a residential student program house.[67]

Lambda: Williams College

The former Williams College chapter house dates from 1886 and was designed by Stanford White of McKim, Mead and White[44][68] White had just designed a New York City townhouse for fraternity member Frederick Ferris Thompson, who provided White to create the Lamba chapter house.[69] The chapter house was constructed in of blue freestone and combines early Norman and Old English styles.[70][44] It has been described as "a witty paraphrase of a Dutch Colonial house, compact in silhouette and terminating in proud stepped gables. But no such Dutch house ever had such an audacious tower, tapered in the fashion of an Egyptian pylon."[69] The interior has "an elaborate interplay of crossbeams on the ceiling combined with heroically oversized fireplaces...."[69]

In 1905, an addition was added to the southwest end that had electricity and included nine bedrooms, a library, four studies, and three bathrooms.[44][68] However, the addition was destroyed by a fire in May 1926, probably the result of faulty electrical wiring.[44][68] Architect Roger Bullard and local contractors restored the wing.[44][68] However, on January 21, 1927, another fire destroyed the new southwest wing and the dinning room ceiling collapsed, blowing out the windows on the first floor.[44][68] Another addition was added to the south, but does not impact the main view of the house.[69]

Because fraternities were banned at Williams in the 1960s, Lambda chapter sold the building to the University in 1970.[68] The still-named Saint Anthony Hall now houses the college's Center for Developmental Economics.[71] The 17,540 square foot building was renovated and refurbished in 1996.[71][44] It still includes a bronze relief memorial to fraternity member Frederick Ferris Thompson, designed in 1906 by Augustus Saint-Gaudens.[69]

Phi: University of Mississippi

A former Phi chapter house was subsequently a childhood home Nobel Laureate William Faulkner. The Faulkners lived there from 1912–22 when fraternities were outlawed at Ole Miss. Sited where the Alumni Center Hotel now stands, this late 19th century brick turreted house was the first building of note that incoming freshmen saw when they walked from the train station to campus .[72]

Sigma: Yale University

The original Sigma chapter home was built in 1879 and no longer exists.[73] This five-story building was said to be "the finest thing of the kind in any university in the country."[73] In 1885, the chapter built a new house, also no longer in existence, that was designed by Harrison W. Lindsley who was a member of the fraternity, Yale class of 1872.[74][45] It was a Richardsonian Romanesque style structure built of red sandstone.[45][74] In 1894, the chapter started construction of a dormitory building designed by George Lewis Heins and Christopher Grant LaFarge of the firm Heins & LaFarge.[14] Located at 133 College Street, the dormitory housed 26 men and was named St. Anthony Hall—perhaps the first use of that name.[14] It was built of East Haven sandstone to match the nearby chapter house and featured large parlors, a 20' x 30' library filled with books, a porch with carved stone decorations, and servants quarters.[14]

Around 1903, fraternity member Frederick William Vanderbilt commissioned a gift of two limestone residential halls adjacent to the chapter house.[45] These were constructed between 1903 and 1906.[45][75] Next, Vanderbilt hired Charles C. Haight to create a matching Neo-Gothic style chapter house which was completed in 1913 at 483 College Street.[45][18] The ornamental iron gates from the second chapter house were re-used at the corner entrance of the new octagonal tower.[45] It is believed that Rafael Guastavino Jr. built the domed ceiling in a basement room called The Crypt; Guastavino previously worked on Biltmore Estate for Vanderbilt's younger brother.[75] The Crypt "has a wonderful sound parabola, where someone standing in one corner can whisper and be heard across the room by someone standing in the opposite corner."[75] The New York Times called it "the most expensive and elaborate secret society building in the United States."[76]

The flanking residential halls are now part of Silliman College; St. Anthony Hall donated them to the university when Yale started a campus residential system in the 1930s.[4] There is a photograph of the current Sigma chapter house on the Yale University website.[77]

Tau: Massachusetts Institute of Technology

The first Tau chapter house was designed by J.P. Fuller and built circa 1834–37 in the Greek Revival style. It was located within at 6 Louisburg Square in Boston's Beacon Hill neighborhood.[29] The building also housed the St. Anthony Club of Boston.[56] This address is the origin of the nickname for the Tau chapter—the Number Six Club.[29][6] The chapter's current multi-stored structure at 428 Memorial Drive was first occupied in 1916.[29] A two-story annex was added in the back in the 1940s.[29] A fourth floor was added to the main house in 1975, along with a new four story annex.[29]

St. Anthony Club of New York

Designed by architect S.E. Gage, the former St. Anthony Club of New York was located at 16 East 64th Street in New York City.[78] Originally built between 1878-1879, Gage redesigned the building between 1902 and 1904 in the Neo-Federal style.[79][78] The five-story brownstone includes limestone columns, a detailed, wrought-iron front door and gate, a limestone and marble entry foyer, and a bronze and wrought-iron main staircase.[80][81] In addition, the townhouse boasted ornate moldings, high ceilings, skylights, oak Versailles parquet floors, and six wood-burning fireplaces.[79] The building is on a historically distinguished residential street and is included in the walking tour of 64th Street.[80]

Beginning in 1951, St. Anthony Hall used this building as an alumni city club and as headquarters for its national offices; the fraternity (Delta Psi, Inc.) purchased the building in 1952.[82] This is only one of several Manhattan locations that have served in this capacity since the founding of the fraternity.[82] In the early 1970s, the Barnard College Club leased space in the St. Anthony Club.[83] The building sold in 1990 and is now a private residence.[84]

In 1873, Trinity member Josiah Cleaveland Cady designed and built North Sheffield Hall, the Yale Sheffield Scientific School's first new building, on what had been the gardens of the Town-Sheffield mansion. This was followed by his Winchester Hall (1892) and Sheffield Chemical (1894–95). Only Sheffield Chemical is still standing, now renovated and renamed Arthur K. Watson Hall.

Yale chapter member and benefactor Henry P. Becton donated the Becton Center to Yale. Designed by Marcel Breuer, the Becton Center opened in 1970 and replaced Winchester Hall and North Sheffield, mentioned above. Breuer conceived the building "as a wall that folded horizontally and vertically, with pipes and ducts located in the folds…." Located at 15 Prospect Street in New Haven, the building's most distinctive feature is an arcade of monumental tau cross-shaped concrete columns "designed to invite pedestrians."

Alumni groups

Foundations

The St. Anthony Educational Foundation Inc. is a charitable entity that supports the educational and cultural programs and activities of the fraternity through grants and scholarships to its chapters.[85][86]

Graduate Chapter Organizations

St. Anthony Hall has a number of incorporated graduate chapter associations that exist to support their chapter and/or its building. The Anthony Trust association was charter by Connecticut in 1874.[87] Know graduate chapters include:

  • 1853 Foundation, aka the Lambda Foundation (Lambda chapter)[88][20]
  • Anthony Trust Association of New Haven (Sigma chapter)[10][89][90][87]
  • Delta Alumni Association, aka Delta Psi Fraternity Delta Chapter (Delta chapter)[10][91][92]
  • St. Anthony 1907 Foundation (Delta chapter)[92]
  • St. Anthony Association of Boston (Tau chapter) [10][93]
  • St. Anthony Association of North Carolina Inc., aka St. Anthony Association (Xi chapter)[10][94]
  • St. Anthony Association of Virginia (Upsilon chapter)[95]
  • St. Anthony Club of Mississippi (Phi chapter)[10][95]
  • St. Anthony Hall of New York, Inc. (Alpha chapter)[95]
  • St. Anthony Literary Association of Princeton (Theta chapter)[90]
  • St. Anthony Trust of Hartford Inc. (Epsilon chapter)[10][96]
  • St. Anthony Trust of Rhode Island (Kappa chapter)[10][97]

Clubs and area organizations

Historically, there were several alumni social clubs associated with the fraternity—the 1890 edition of Baird's credits the Delta Psi with being "a pioneer in the development of this form of social life."[8] These clubs usually adopted the name St. Anthony Club because the fraternity's badge was a St. Anthony's cross.[8]

St. Anthony Club of New York

The St. Anthony Club of New York was the first and longest running of these establishments.[8] Founded in 1879 by Alpha chapter member William Greene Ward, it the was the first fraternity-related club in New York City.[98][9] By 1883, the club was "flourishing" at 29 East 28th Street in New York City; a location it shared with the undergraduate chapter.[48][8] In 1885, the club added an addition to the rear of the building, and The New York Times gave its readers a rare peek inside the club:

The front room is a parlor with tables for cards. In cases on the mantlepiece are "Goodwood Cups," trophies of which the club is justly proud. The furniture and fittings here are in cherry, with harmonious upholstery and walls. Several fine prints are to be seen, including views of buildings of the Delta Psi at Yale, Trinity and other colleges. A passageway, richly decorated in the baronial style off the twelfth century, leads from the office past the buffet, in a crypt under the stairs, to a large room, which, with a noble open fireplace, offers, in cosy [sic] leather cushions, in stalls in the corners and more spacious chairs, a quiet retreat. The fantastic and unique latticework of the windows attracts attention, with the bold and artistic studding of the ceiling, and ornate chandeliers, especially manufactured emit their jets of gas from imitation candles. ..This is the smoking and lounging room[50]

The club also included a billiard room with high oak wainscotting and walls of a blueish-green with hints of gold, an entire floor dedicated to its library, and a national fraternity office decorated with illustrations of the temptations of St. Anthony.[50] It was also noted that the membership and dues were low, "so as to prevent no one who is eligible from joining."[50] Membership was limited to alumni of the Delta Psi fraternity, and no others could gain entry.[50] In 1893, the St. Anthony was referred to in a newspaper as "the most exclusive organization of the kind in the United States."[99]

On July 4, 1912, the St. Anthony Club purchased the house of Edith S. Logan, widow of John A. Logan, located at 17 West 56th Street in New York.[47] The club used its 1879 Alpha chapter house as a partial payment to Logan.[47] In 1929, the club purchased the Junior League’s five-story clubhouse at 133-35 61st Street, selling 17 West 56th Street in 1931.[100] In 1936, the club and the fraternity's office were jointly housed in a penthouse of the Berkshire Hotel at 21 East 52nd Street, in New York City.[101] The club related to an apartment at 270 Park Avenue in 1944.[101] However, by the early 1980s, the club was located in a brownstone at 16 East 64th Street in New York City and was no longer financially sustainable.[78][82] With the city's property boom, by 1988 the brownstone was worth $3.5 million versus $1 million in 1984. The fraternity decided to close the club and liquidate the asset to free funds for other projects.[82] In 1989, the fraternity borrowed money to fix structural problems and other issues with the building.[84] The St Anthony Club of New York sold in 1990 for $3,250,000, although the net to the organization was significantly less because of debts, stockholder payouts, and taxes.[84]

Other historic clubs

Known as the St. Andrews Club, the alumni group in Detroit, Michigan, started meeting annually in 1883.[102] The St. Anthony Club in Philadelphia was established prior to 1888 when it shared a new building with the undergraduate chapter.[103][56] There was also a St. Anthony Club in Rochester, New York prior to 1890.[8] The St. Anthony Club in Boston was established before1898 and shared a building in Beacon Hill with the undergraduate chapter at M.I.T.[104][56] The St. Anthony Club of the Northwest organized in 1890 after having semi-annual dinner gatherings.[105][106] In 1904, the St. Anthony Club of Bar Harbor, Maine gathered for its annual dinner.[107] There was also a St. Anthony Club of Bermuda.[9]

Modern clubs

Known modern alumni social groups include the Paris St. Anthony Hall Association, the St. Anthony Association of New Jersey, the St. Anthony Association of Nova Scotia, the St. Anthony Association of Rhode Island, the St. Anthony Association of Southern Arizona, the St. Anthony Association of Washington, D.C., and the St. Anthony Club of Philadelphia.[90][108][109]

  • The exclusive Hamilton House from the television show Gossip Girl was based on St. Anthony Hall's Columbia chapter.[110][5]
  • The "St. Ray's" fraternity in Tom Wolfe's I Am Charlotte Simmons is modeled after the University of Pennsylvania chapter where Wolfe attended a cocktail party in 2001 while conducting research for the book.[7]
  • The cover art of rock band Vampire Weekend's first album is of the Columbia chapter's ballroom chandelier, taken at one of the band's early shows.[110][5][111]
  • Member John V. Tunney was the inspiration for Robert Redford's character in the 1972 film The Candidate.[112]
  • In June 1971, Vogue magazine featured the newly coed University of North Carolina chapter in an article called "Vogue's Eye View on Girl Power."[113]
  • The society tabloid Gawker said "In the constellation of collegiate societies—fraternities, sororities, eating clubs, final clubs, and the like—few are more exclusive, and WASPy, as St. Anthony Hall, or St. A's as it is commonly known…."[114]
  • Member E. Digby Baltzell popularized the term "WASP" in his 1964 book The Protestant Establishment: Aristocracy and Caste in America.[115]
  • The Official Preppy Handbook says, "St. A’s appeals to the ‘cool element’ of Preppies at Yale; this means Preppies who don't iron their shirts. It isn't rowdy: parties there conform to the intellectual self-image Yalies hold dear."[116]
  • Member William Ernest Carter took his 1912 Renault Towncar on the Titanic—the inspiration for the love scene in James Cameron's Titanic.[117] Both Carter and future member John Borland Thayer III survived the sinking of the ship.[117]
  • During a fellowship on campus in December 1967, California Governor Ronald Reagan was filmed for public television informally debating Yale students at St. Anthony Hall. Nancy Reagan is also present, as the Yalies quiz the governor on Vietnam and various social justice issues.[118]
  • Mama Dip (Mildred Council), an icon of Southern cooking who was a guest at the White House, once was the cook at the UNC chapter.[119]
  • During the Klondike Gold Rush in 1897, Jack London befriend two mining engineers who were members of the Yale chapter—Marshall Latham Bond and Louis Whitford Bond.[120] They designated their cabin a chapter house, and let London camp by it for six weeks.[120] Buck, the canine protagonist of London's Call of the Wild, was inspired by the Bond brother's dog.[120] The Bond's father, Judge Hiram Bond from California, is lightly fictionalized in Call of the Wild as Judge Miller.[120]
  • John O'Hara, in his 1960 novel Ourselves to Know, uses St. Anthony Hall membership in the characterizations of the protagonists:
    • "'Did you join a fraternity at Penn?' I said. 'Yes I did. St Anthony-Delta Psi. But I think they were sorry that they invited me.…' I happened to know, because I had seen it, that he had a Delta Psi Tea Company gold charm on his watch chain, but the reason he did not show it was one of delicacy; in 1908 they had not accepted his resignation but he kept the insigne hidden…"
    • "He and Robert quickly looked at each other's watch-chain and the Delta Psi charm and smiled. "You know, I've been meaning to write you a letter…"
  • F. Scott Fitzgerald refers to the Pump and Slipper, an annual party at the Yale chapter since 1911, in several of his short stories:[18]
    • "May Day" in Tales of the Jazz Age: "A man with prominent teeth cut in. Edith inhaled a slight cloud of whiskey. She liked men to have had something to drink; they were so much more cheerful, and appreciative and complimentary—much easier to talk to. "My name's Dean, Philip Dean," he said cheerfully. "You don't remember me, I know, but you used to come up to New Haven with a fellow I roomed with senior year, Gordon Sterrett." Edith looked up quickly. "Yes, I went up with him twice—to the Pump and Slipper and the Junior prom."
    • "Bernice Bobs Her Hair": "Warren was nineteen and rather pitying with those of his friends who hadn't gone East to college. But, like most boys, he bragged tremendously about the girls of his city when he was away from it. There was Genevieve Ormonde, who regularly made the rounds of dances, house-parties, and football games at Princeton, Yale, Williams, and Cornell; there was black-eyed Roberta Dillon, who was quite as famous to her own generation as Hiram Johnson or Ty Cobb; and, of course, there was Marjorie Harvey, who besides having a fairylike face and a dazzling, bewildering tongue was already justly celebrated for having turned five cart-wheels in succession during the last pump-and-slipper dance at New Haven."
    • "A Short Trip Home", Saturday Evening Post, January 17, 1927: "Joe Jelke and two other boys were along, and none of the three could manage to take their eyes off her, even to say hello to me. She had one of those exquisite rose skins frequent in our part of the country, and beautiful until the little veins begin to break at about forty; now, flushed with the cold, it was a riot of lovely delicate pinks like many carnations. She and Joe had reached some sort of reconciliation, or at least he was too far gone in love to remember last night; but I saw that though she laughed a lot she wasn't really paying any attention to him or any of them. She wanted them to go, so that there'd be a message from the kitchen, but I knew that the message wasn't coming—that she was safe. There was talk of the Pump and Slipper dance at New Haven and of the Princeton Prom, and then, in various moods, we four left and separated quickly outside. I walked home with a certain depression of spirit and lay for an hour in a hot bath thinking that vacation was all over for me now that she was gone; feeling, even more deeply than I had yesterday, that she was out of my life.

Scandals and controversies
  • In 1889, a death was reported in a hazing incident at the Yale chapter.[121] According to the news report, a pledge was placed in a coffin and lowered outside a window with a rope.[121] When the coffin was pulled up, the pledge, who was of a "nervous temperament," was found dead.[121]
  • In 1896, the fraternity revoked the charter of the University of Rochester Iota chapter without warning.[122] Apparently, the fraternity had concerns about the University of Rochester, which had declined, rather than the chapter.[122] The Iota Chapter did not reopen until 2010.[6]
  • In 1901, there was a kidnapping attempt of member R. H. Rogers of the Williams chapter.[123][124] He was rescued from the kidnapper's carriage by another student who had a revolver.[123][124]
  • On July 11, 1915, Daniel Leroy Dresser committed suicide at the Columbia chapter house over financial problems.[125] Dresser was the brother-in-law of George Washington Vanderbilt II of Biltmore Estate.[125]
  • In October 1961, members of the University of Virginia chapter chartered an airplane to Connecticut to try an stop the Yale chapter from admitting the fraternity's first black member, Wendell Mottley.[126] However, Yale University warned that a fraternity showing discrimination "would not be welcome on the Yale campus."[126] Mottley became a member of St. Anthony Hall.[127]
  • In the 1960s, fraternity member Jeff MacNeely was commissioned to create a painting of the Carolina Inn which was next door to the UNC chapter's house.[128] MacNeely would go on to fame for his comic strip Shoe, and the painting disappeared from the inn in the 1970s.[128] However, the painting was found at a yard sale in 2009 and made it way back home to the Carolina Inn.[128]
  • In September 2005, the UNC chapter was charged with running "a speakeasy of sorts."[129] The fraternity's president and the bartender were charged with selling alcohol without a state permit.[130] However, the president was cleared of charges because the law enforcement officer failed to read her the Miranda rights.[131]
  • In 2011, St. Anthony Hall alumni Walter Perry was convicted of embezzling $650,000 from the Columbia chapter.[5] He served two years in prison and was ordered to pay restitution.[5] Perry was also drummed out of the fraternity.[5]

See also

Further reading
  • Robbins, Alexandra. Secrets of the Tomb: Skull and Bones, the Ivy League, and the Hidden Paths of Power. Back Bay Books, 2003. ISBN 0-316-73561-2

References
  1. "Documents & Publications – University Archives and Records Center". archives.upenn.edu.
  2. "Our History". St. Anthony Hall. Retrieved March 6, 2022.
  3. Baird, William Raimond (1879). "Delta Psi". American College Fraternities: A Descriptive Analysis of the Society System in the Colleges of the United States, with Detailed Account of Each Fraternity (1st ed.). Philadelphia, PA: J. P. Lippman & Co. pp. 59–61 – via The Hathi Trust.
  4. "About Saint Anthony Hall at Yale University – Saint Anthony Hall Sigma". Retrieved March 7, 2022.
  5. Sedgwick, John (October 9, 2015). "Inside the Legal Intrigue at Columbia's Elite, Secret Campus Society". Vanity Fair. Retrieved March 7, 2022.
  6. Becque, Fran (February 2022). "Almanac of Fraternities and Sororities". University of Illinois. University of Illinois Library. Retrieved March 7, 2022.
  7. Montenegro, Marissa (November 12, 2004). "Author uses Penn to research sex-crazed college life: Tom Wolfe used a 2001 St. Anthony party to get ideas on modern college life for 'I Am Charlotte Simmons'". Daily Pennsylvanian. Retrieved February 11, 2022.
  8. Baird, William Raimond (1890). "Membership and Chapters." American College Fraternities: A Descriptive Analysis of the Society System in the Colleges of the United States, with Detailed Account of Each Fraternity. 4th edition: New York, NY. Frank Williams. pp. 21-22, pp. 70 – via The Hathi Trust.
  9. Thorpe, T. A. D. (2020). "The History of the Three Volumes of 'The History of Delta Psi'". The Review. St. Anthony Hall. Fall: 4–6.
  10. "Review" (PDF). St. Anthony Hall. Spring 2007. Retrieved March 6, 2022.
  11. "Detla Psi Fraternity". The New York Times. December 27, 1853. p. 1. Retrieved March 8, 2022 – via Newspapers.com.
  12. Sloan, William (1881). The Undergraduate Record. Columbia College: A Book of Statistical Information. New York, New York: Gilliss Brothers, Publishers. Retrieved October 17, 2011 – via Google Books.
  13. Noble, Richard E. "Nick" (2013). "A House Divided, But Brothers Always" (PDF). The Review. St. Anthony Hall. Winter: 6.
  14. "Delta Psi's St Anthony Hall: New Dormitory Just Built for the Scientific School of Yale". The New York Times. August 12, 1894. p. 17. Retrieved February 11, 2022 – via Newspapers.com.
  15. In addition to St. Anthony Hall, Yale's other old-line Eastern fraternities (~junior societies) named their buildings with "Hall" nicknames by which they wished to be known on campus: Thus the Theta Xi chapter was Franklin Hall, Phi Sigma Kappa's Epsilon chapter adopted the name Sachem Hall, Chi Delta Theta (local literary honorary) established the Manuscript Society, Sigma Delta Chi (local) was renamed the Cloister Club which soon became Book and Snake. Phi Gamma Delta (FIJI) was Vernon Hall which later became Myth and Sword, Chi Phi was York Hall, Psi Upsilon became the Fence Club, and finally, similarly-named Delta Phi was known at Yale as St. Elmo's. Delta Psi's St. Anthony Hall nickname spread throughout its chapters.A.T. Burrows, ed. (January 1935). "Chapter News: Yale Fraternities Face Oblivion". The Signet, a magazine for members of Phi Sigma Kappa fraternity: Vol XXVII, No. 3, pg 112.
  16. Yale University Archives.Tombs and Taps: An inside look at Yale's Fraternities, Sororities and Societies, Illuminati Conspiracy Archive accessed 14 April 2014,
  17. "Delta Psi (Iota Chapter) Papers | RBSCP". River Campus Libraries. University of Rochester. Retrieved March 14, 2022.
  18. "Tapping into Yale's semi-secret society: St. Anthony Hall". Yale Daily News. March 31, 2006. Retrieved March 7, 2022.
  19. "Brown University newsite". Brown.edu. Retrieved October 17, 2011.
  20. O'Connell, Ainsley (November 18, 2003). "Internal Tension Exposes Frat; College Offers Amnesty". The Williams Record. pp. 1 and 5. Retrieved March 8, 2021 – via Williams Collage Special Collection.
  21. "Early Penn Fraternities: Delta Psi (St. Anthony Hall)". University Archives and Records Center. Retrieved March 6, 2022.
  22. Loewenson, Irene (September 20, 2020). "Record investigation points to recent existence of underground frat". The Williams Record. Retrieved March 8, 2022.
  23. Loewenson, Irene (April 7, 2021). "How frats persisted for decades after they were banned". The Williams Record. Retrieved March 8, 2022.
  24. Baird, William Raimond (1883). "Delta Psi". American College Fraternities: A Descriptive Analysis of the Society System in the Colleges of the United States, with Detailed Account of Each Fraternity.2nd revised edition: New York, NY. Frank Williams. pp. 70-71 – via The Hathi Trust.
  25. Andrews, Gregory E. and Herzan, John."NRHP nomination for Saint Anthony Hall". National Park Service. Retrieved 2017-11-21.
  26. "Fraternity Pledges Negro at North Carolina". The New York Times. February 26, 1967. Retrieved April 12, 2015.
  27. "Charlie Scott Pledges in St. Anthony". The Daily Tar Heel. February 16, 1967. p. 1. Retrieved February 11, 2022 – via Newspapers.com.
  28. Hanchar, Jessica (February 12, 1971). "St. Anthony Hall Accepting Coeds". The Daily Tar Heel. p. 1. Retrieved February 11, 2022 – via Newspapers.com.
  29. "Our Chapter - The Number Six Club - St. Anthony Hall, Tau Chapter". no6.mit.edu. Retrieved February 12, 2022.
  30. "St. Anthony Hall - Trinity College - Campaign Brochure Pages 1-12 - Flip PDF Download | FlipHTML5". fliphtml5.com. Retrieved March 7, 2022.
  31. Hamilton, Robert A. (July 12, 1987). "Fraternities Admit Women into Ranks". The New York Times. p. 97. Retrieved March 14, 2022.
  32. "The Sketchbook". St Anthony Hall, Brown University. IX (1). December 20, 2015 – via issuu.
  33. "Kappa Chapter at Brown University". Kappa St Anthony Hall. Retrieved March 9, 2022.
  34. "St. Anthony Hall | Xi Chapter | The Order of Delta Psi". Delta Psi UNC. Retrieved March 9, 2022.
  35. Aiken, Shawn (February 13, 2008). "View from inside the world of journalism". The Daily Pennsylvanian. Archived from the original on September 16, 2018.
  36. Polman, Dick (April 17, 2009). "Tucker and the brothers". The Philadelphia Inquirer. Retrieved March 9, 2022.
  37. "St Anthony Hall Lecture - Pap Souleye Fall". Stay Happening. February 18, 2022. Retrieved March 9, 2022.
  38. Atashian, John (April 15, 2015). "St. Anthony Hall's annual Clement Lecture featured Trinity alumnus Jesse Watters '01, producer and correspondent for The O'Reilly Factor on Fox News". Flickr. Retrieved March 8, 2022.
  39. "Anthony Trust Foundation". Open 990. December 15, 2021. Retrieved March 8, 2022.
  40. "St. Anthony Club". Six to Celebrate. New York City Historic Districts Council. Retrieved March 7, 2022.
  41. "Delta Psi's New Club House". The Philadelphia Times. December 27, 1888. p. 3. Retrieved February 11, 2022 – via Newspapers.com.
  42. Susan S. Koenig Cannon (May 2003). "National Register of Historic Places Registration Form: St. Anthony Hall House" (PDF). Retrieved 2012-07-03.
  43. Lay, K. Edward (February 16, 2019). The Architecture of Jefferson Country: Charlottesville and Albemarle County, Virginia. University of Virginia Press. ISBN 9780813918853 – via Google Books.
  44. McNutt, Lynneice. "Restoring St. Anthony Hall at Williams College". Masonry Magazine. Retrieved March 7, 2022.
  45. Pinnell, Patrick (June 1999). The campus guide: Yale University – Patrick Pinnell – Google Books. ISBN 9781568981673. Retrieved October 17, 2011.
  46. "College Societies". St. Louis Globe-Democrat. January 11, 1891. p. 26. Retrieved February 11, 2022 – via Newspapers.com.
  47. Miller, Tom (February 21, 2014). "Daytonian in Manhattan: The 1879 St. Anthony Club -- No. 29 East 28th Street". Daytonian in Manhattan. Retrieved March 7, 2022.
  48. "Among the Most Successful Clubs". The Jeffersonian-Democrat (Brookville, Pennsylvania). September 6, 1894. p. 7. Retrieved March 8, 2022 – via Newspapers.com.
  49. "Delta Psi". Hartford Courant. October 17, 1879. p. 2. Retrieved February 11, 2022 – via Newspapers.com.
  50. "A Club of Delta Psi Men" (PDF). The New York Times. February 20, 1887. p. 4. Retrieved March 14, 2022.
  51. Gray, Christopher. Streetscapes: Readers' Questions; Of Consulates, Stores and Town Houses, September 2, 1990, New York Times. Accessed March 14, 2022.
  52. Miller, Tom (January 22, 2021). "The 1899 St. Anthony Hall - 434 Riverside Drive". Daytonian in Manhattan. Retrieved March 31, 2022.
  53. Paonessa, Laurie (October 6, 2021). "Delta Psi, Alpha Chapter (St. Anthony Hall)". Clio: Your Guide to History. Retrieved March 14, 2022.
  54. "National Register Information System". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. March 13, 2009.
  55. "History". The Delta Chapter, St. Anthony Hall at the University of Pennsylvania. Retrieved March 8, 2022.
  56. Catalogue of the Members of the Fraternity of Delta Psi. New York: Fraternity of Delta Psi, 1900. via Google Books
  57. University of Pennsylvania archives Archived September 7, 2006, at the Wayback Machine
  58. "National Register of Historical Places – PENNSYLVANIA (PA), Philadelphia County". Nationalregisterofhistoricplaces.com. Retrieved October 17, 2011.
  59. Nitzsche, George (1918). University of Pennsylvania: Its History, Traditions, Buildings and Memorials: Also a Brief Guide to Philadelphia. International Printing Company. p. 208. delta psi.
  60. "Fraternity Houses at the University of Virginia". Alumni Bulletin of the University of Virginia. University of Virginia Press. 7: 199. 1907 – via Google Books.
  61. "Delta Psi's New Home is Open". Daily Times (Richmond). December 7, 1902. p. 23. Retrieved February 11, 2022 – via Newspapers.com.
  62. "A Mechanical Triumph". Hartford Courant. July 12, 1882. p. 2. Retrieved February 11, 2022 – via Newspapers.com.
  63. Weaver, Glenn (1967). The History of Trinity College. Hartford, Connecticut: Trinity College. p. 214.
  64. "Bryant College Administration Building, 154 Hope Street, Providence, RI". Historical Images of Bryant University. Bryant College. January 1, 1950 – via Bryant Digital Repository.
  65. Survey, Historic American Buildings. "Robert W. Taft House, 154 Hope Street, Providence, Providence County, RI". Library of Congress. Retrieved March 8, 2022.
  66. Mitchell, Martha (1993). "Bryant College". Encyclopedia Brunoniana. Brown University. Retrieved March 7, 2022.
  67. Student Activities Office. "Housing Policies for Residential Greek Organizations". Brown University. Retrieved March 8, 2022.
  68. "St. Anthony Hall (now Center for Development Economics)". Special Collections. Williams College. Retrieved March 8, 2022.
  69. Johnson, Eugene J.; Lewis, Michael (2018). Williams College: The Campus Guide. New York, New York: Princeton Architectural Press. p. 236. ISBN 9781616897932. Retrieved March 14, 2022.
  70. "Delta Psi Fraternity: Opening of the New Lodge of the Lamba Chapter of Williams College". The Inter Ocean (Chicago). March 18, 1896. p. 1. Retrieved February 11, 2022 – via Newspapers.com.
  71. "Saint Anthony Hall". Williams College. Retrieved March 7, 2022.
  72. "Delta Psi fraternity house". Gunter Photograph Collection – via University of Mississippi.
  73. "The Delta Psi Society". Wisconsin State Journal (Madison). March 28, 1878. p. 1. Retrieved March 6, 2022 – via Newspapers.com.
  74. "Delta Psi Fraternity: Opening of the Chapter House". The Morning Journal-Courier (New Haven, Connecticut). December 21, 1885. p. 2. Retrieved March 6, 2022 – via Newspapers.com.
  75. "Saint Anthony Hall at Yale | Connecticut". Guastavino Alliance. Retrieved March 8, 2022.
  76. "Vanderbilt gift to 'Sheff'; Frederick W. to Build a New $160,000 St. Anthony Hall". The New York Times. July 9, 1913.
  77. "St. Anthony Hall, Yale University (photograph)". Yale University. Archived from the original on November 26, 2007.
  78. Landmark Preservation Commission. "Notice of Public Hearing" (PDF). New York City. Archived from the original (PDF) on November 26, 2007. Retrieved March 2, 2007.
  79. Calderone, Michael (October 24, 2005). "Miracles on 64th! Two $20 M. Deals". Prudential Douglas Elliman Real Estate. Archived from the original on February 17, 2019. Retrieved March 8, 2022.
  80. "New York Architecture Images- walks- upper east side". Nyc-architecture.com. Retrieved October 17, 2011.
  81. Beveridge, Andrew A.; Weber, Susan; Ng, Charies (March 1996). "Stroll the Upper East Side for Lifestyles of the Elite". Footnotes. American Sociological Association. 24 (3). Archived from the original on July 14, 2014.
  82. "Changes Afoot at 16 East 6th Street" (PDF). St. Anthony Hall Reivew. Fall 1988.
  83. "Barnard College: Barnard Alumnae Groups – BCCNY". September 1, 2006. Archived from the original on September 1, 2006.
  84. Smith, George T; Hollyday Jr., Richard C. (1999). "Whatever Happened to 16 East 64th Street" (PDF). St. Anthony Hall Review.
  85. "St Anthony Educational Foundation Inc". Open 99. December 15, 2021. Retrieved March 8, 2022.
  86. "St. Anthony Educational Foundation Inc. - GuideStar Profile". www.guidestar.org. Retrieved March 8, 2022.
  87. "A Secret Society". Hartford Courant. June 19, 1874. p. 1. Retrieved March 13, 2022 – via Newspapers.com.
  88. Loewenson, Irene. "Record investigation points to recent existence of underground frat". The Williams Record. Retrieved March 7, 2022.
  89. "The Anthony Trust Association | New Haven, CT | Cause IQ". www.causeiq.com. Retrieved March 8, 2022.
  90. "Graduate Organizations" (PDF). The Review. St. Anthony Hall. Spring/Summer: 6. 2006. Retrieved March 8, 2022.
  91. "Delta Psi Fraternity Delta Chapter - GuideStar Profile". www.guidestar.org. Retrieved March 8, 2022.
  92. "Delta History" (PDF). St Anthony Hall University of Pennsylvania. Spring: 1. 2010.
  93. "St Anthony Association of Boston in - GuideStar Profile". www.guidestar.org. Retrieved March 8, 2022.
  94. "St Anthony Association - GuideStar Profile". www.guidestar.org. Retrieved March 8, 2022.
  95. "Graduate Organizations" (PDF). St. Anthony Hall Review. Spring: 6–9. 2008.
  96. "St Anthony Trust of Hartford Inc - GuideStar Profile". www.guidestar.org. Retrieved March 8, 2022.
  97. "Saint Anthony Trust of Rhode Island - GuideStar Profile". www.guidestar.org. Retrieved March 8, 2022.
  98. "Greek Letter Clubs". The New York Tribune. March 31, 1889. p. 15. Retrieved March 8, 2022 – via Newspapers.com.
  99. "The New Colonial Club, New York". The Akron Daily Democrat. February 21, 1893. p. 4. Retrieved March 8, 2022 – via Newspapers.com.
  100. Miller, Tom (October 19, 2013). "The Edith A. Logan Mansion -- No. 17 West 56th Street". Daytonian in Manhattan. Retrieved March 31, 2022.
  101. "St. Anthony Club Moves to Park Ave" (PDF). The New York Times. January 4, 1944. p. 31. Retrieved March 14, 2022.
  102. "St. Andrews Club". Detroit Free Press. December 23, 1890. p. 20. Retrieved March 8, 2022 – via Newspapers.com.
  103. "Delta Psi". The Philadelphia Times. December 30, 1888. p. 8. Retrieved March 8, 2022 – via Newspapers.com.
  104. Baird, William Raimond (1898). "Membership and Chapters." American College Fraternities: A Descriptive Analysis of the Society System in the Colleges of the United States, with Detailed Account of Each Fraternity.5th edition: New York, NY. William Raimond Baird. pp. 102 – via The Hathi Trust.
  105. "There was a Representative Gathering". The Tacoma Daily Ledger. September 14, 1890. p. 5. Retrieved March 8, 2022 – via Newspapers.com.
  106. "The Delta Psis". Spokane Falls Review. September 14, 1890. p. 1. Retrieved March 8, 2022 – via Newspapers.com.
  107. "St. Anthony Club of Bar Harbor". Boston Evening Transcript. August 31, 1904. p. 3. Retrieved March 8, 2022 – via Newspapers.com.
  108. "Alumni Activities" (PDF). (2013) The Review. St. Anthony Hall. Winter: 7 and 9.
  109. "St. Anthony Club of Philadelphia" (PDF). St. Anthony Hall University of Pennsylvania. Spring: 4. 2013.
  110. "17 Off-the-Beaten Path Things to Do at Columbia University in NYC - Page 5 of 17". Untapped New York. June 26, 2017. Retrieved February 12, 2022.
  111. Courtney, Nadine Jolie (August 9, 2016). "The Most Exclusive Student Clubs of the Ivy League". Town & Country. Retrieved March 8, 2022.
  112. "John Tunney, Former Senator who was Inspiration for Film 'The Candidate,' Dead at 83". CBS News. January 13, 2018. Retrieved February 12, 2022.
  113. "Vogue's Eye View on Girl Power". Vogue: 69. June 1971.
  114. "Attention, Tinsley Mortimer: Your Frat Is Looking For You". Archived from the original on March 10, 2008.
  115. Pace, Eric (August 20, 1996). "E. Digby Baltzell Dies at 80; Studied WASP's". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved February 12, 2022.
  116. Birnbach, Lisa; Roberts, Jonathan; Wiley, Mason; Wallace, Carol McD (1980). The Official Preppy Handbook. Workman Publishing. ISBN 978-0-89480-140-2.
  117. "Bro. John Borland Thayer III Δ 1912, and the Titanic ,1912-2012." The Review. St. Anthony Hall. Summer: 20. 2012.
  118. Yale Alumni Publications, Inc. "Yale Alumni Magazine website". Yalealumnimagazine.com. Archived from the original on September 29, 2011. Retrieved October 17, 2011.
  119. Hunter, John (May 24, 2018). "Culinary Icon , County Native Mama Dip Dies". The Chatham Record (Pittsboro, North Carolina). p. 1. Retrieved March 14, 2022 – via Newspapers.com.
  120. Grant, Richard (November 2019). "Gold Fever! Deadly Cold! And the Amazing True Adventures of Jack London in the Wild". Smithsonian Magazine. Retrieved March 7, 2022.
  121. "But Another Case". The Weekly Wisconsin (Milwaukee, Wisconsin). November 16, 1889. p. 6. Retrieved March 14, 2022 – via Newspapers.com.
  122. "The Papers in the Case: History of the Delta Psi Controversy in Full". Democrat and Chronicle (Rochester, New York). April 3, 1896. p. 12. Retrieved March 14, 2022 – via Newspapers.com.
  123. "Tried to Kidnap a Student". Washington Times (Washington, D.C.). January 26, 1901. p. 5. Retrieved March 14, 2022 – via Newspapers.com.
  124. "Kidnappers are Forced to Yield their Victim". Chicago Tribune. January 26, 1901. p. 2. Retrieved March 14, 2022 – via Newspapers.com.
  125. "Suicide Due to Money Worries". The Boston Globe. July 11, 1915. p. 2. Retrieved March 14, 2022 – via Newspapers.com.
  126. "Fraternity at Yale Shuns Racial Plea" (PDF). The New York Times. October 27, 1961. p. 67. Retrieved March 14, 2022.
  127. Speth, James Gustave (October 28, 2014). A ngels by the River: A Memoir. Hartford, VT: Chelsea Green Publishing. ISBN 9781603585866 – via Google Books.
  128. Velliquette, Beth (January 17, 2009). "Carolina Inn Shows MacNeely Art Again". The Herald-Sun (Durham, North Carolina). pp. C1. Retrieved March 14, 2022 – via Newspapers.com.
  129. "Officials Raid 'Bar' at UNC-CH Fraternity". The News and Observer (Raleigh, North Carolina). September 30, 2005. p. 17. Retrieved March 14, 2022 – via Newspapers.com.
  130. Velliquette, Beth; Ferreri, Eric (September 29, 2005). "UNC Fraternity Raided for Running Bar in House". The Herald-Sun (Durham, NC). p. 2. Retrieved March 14, 2022 – via Newspapers.com.
  131. Rocha, Jessica (May 3, 2006). "Fraternity President Cleared of Alcohol Charge". The News and Observer (Raleigh, North Carolina). pp. B9. Retrieved March 14, 2022 – via Newspapers.com.
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.