Croatian Democratic Union
The Croatian Democratic Union (Croatian: Hrvatska demokratska zajednica, lit. 'Croatian Democratic Community', HDZ) is the major conservative,[2][3] centre-right[3][4] political party in Croatia. It is one of the two major contemporary political parties in Croatia, along with the centre-left Social Democratic Party (SDP). It is currently the largest party in the Sabor with 61 seats. The HDZ governed Croatia from 1990 before the country gained independence from Yugoslavia until 2000 and, in coalition with junior partners, from 2003 to 2011, and since 2016. The party is a member of the European People's Party (EPP).[5] The HDZ's leader, Andrej Plenković, is the current Prime Minister of Croatia, having taken office following the 2016 parliamentary election.
Croatian Democratic Union Hrvatska demokratska zajednica | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Abbreviation | HDZ |
| President | Andrej Plenković |
| Secretary | Krunoslav Katičić |
| Spokesman | Zoltan Kabok |
| Founder | Franjo Tuđman |
| Founded | 17 June 1989 |
| Headquarters | Trg žrtava fašizma 4 Zagreb |
| Youth wing | Youth of the Croatian Democratic Union |
| Membership (2020) | c. 210,384[1] |
| Ideology | |
| Political position | Centre-right |
| European affiliation | European People's Party |
| International affiliation | |
| European Parliament group | European People's Party |
| Colours | Blue |
| Sabor | 61 / 151 |
| European Parliament | 4 / 12 |
| County Prefects | 13 / 21 |
| Mayors | 56 / 128 |
| Municipalities | 196 / 428 |
| Party flag | |
 | |
| Website | |
| hdz | |
History
Origins
The HDZ was founded on 17 June 1989 by Croatian dissidents led by Franjo Tuđman. It was officially registered on 25 January 1990. The HDZ held its first convention on 24–25 February 1990, when Franjo Tuđman was elected its president. When the party was founded, the government of the Socialist Republic of Croatia had just introduced a multi-party system in Croatia and scheduled elections for the Croatian Parliament.[6]
The HDZ began as a nationalist party but also included former partisans and members of the Communist establishment, such as Josip Manolić and Josip Boljkovac.[7] President Tuđman and other HDZ officials traveled abroad and gathered large financial contributions from Croatian expatriates. On the eve of the 1990 parliamentary elections, the ruling League of Communists of Croatia saw such tendencies within the HDZ as an opportunity to remain in power. At the beginning of democracy the communists called HDZ "the party of dangerous intentions". The HDZ won a majority in the Croatian Parliament, and Croatia (then part of Yugoslavia) became one of the few socialist countries where Communist single party rule was replaced by anti-Communist single party rule. 30 May 1990, the day the HDZ formally took power, is now celebrated as Statehood Day.
1990–2000
A presidential election was held in 1992, and Tuđman, who would remain as undisputed party leader until his death in 1999, was elected president.
The party governed Croatia throughout the 1990s and under its leadership, Croatia became independent (1991), was internationally recognized (1992), and consolidated all of its pre-war territory (by 1998). During that period, the HDZ won both the 1992 and 1995 parliamentary elections.
As it strongly advocated Croatian independence, the HDZ was quite unpopular with the Serb minority and others who preferred to see Croatia remain inside the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. This was one of the factors contributing to the creation of the Republic of Serbian Krajina and the subsequent armed conflict in neighboring Bosnia-Herzegovina. The role of the HDZ in those events is matter of controversy, even in Croatia, where some tend to view HDZ policy in the early stages of the conflict as extremist and a contributing factor in the escalation of violence while others (such as Marko Veselica's Croatian Democratic Party) see the HDZ as having appeased Serbia and the Yugoslav People's Army, therefore being responsible for Croatia's unpreparedness for defense.[8] However, the policies of Tuđman and the HDZ shifted according to the circumstances.
Transition to capitalism
The HDZ also began to lead Croatia toward political and economic transition from communism to capitalism. Notably, HDZ governments implemented privatization in the country in a manner that critics consider sub-optimal, and at times possibly illegal, due to the selective nature of the privatizations (see Croatian privatization controversy). According to the HDZ, this process proved a useful distraction from dealing with the baggage of post World War II communist nationalizations. In fact it was the HDZ in 1992 which enacted into law the right of corporations (the vast majority of which were under state ownership) the right to finally formally register themselves as the owners of nationalized property, thus completing their own version of a process of quasi-nationalization started by the communist regime after WWII, in different targeted areas for their own gain.
As a result of these, and other, schemes, that had been planned before the break-up of Yugoslavia, many "tycoons" emerged in a pattern of state-sponsored loans brokered with HDZ influence, with the purpose of dissolving state ownership. This model was widely abused, not only by the HDZ, but also by other political parties.
Not all of the nationalized property was dealt with in this way. The property of those who could lobby the HDZ, or who had substantial influence in Croatian politics, was returned without much delay, while others had to wait for justice. Property returned included possessions nationalized from the Catholic Church or from widely known individuals such as Gavrilović, the owner of a major meat-producing factory in Petrinja, south of Zagreb. Restitution for land seized during the break-up of Yugoslavia is still of great public concern.
HDZ after Tuđman's death
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All this, together with Tuđman's death in December 1999, affected the 2000 parliamentary elections. Although the HDZ remained the largest single party, it was defeated by the centre-left coalition of six opposition parties, and many saw the large turnout as a referendum against the HDZ, just as the 1990 elections had been seen as a referendum on communism and Yugoslavia. This impression was underlined at the subsequent presidential election, when the HDZ candidate Mate Granić, heavily favored to win, finished third and therefore failed to enter the second round of voting, won by Stipe Mesić.
In the period from 2000 and 2003, several businessmen who became tycoons under the initial HDZ rule were tried and convicted for abuses, though in general the privatization process implemented by the HDZ remained unaltered.
This period proved to be a low point for the HDZ; many thought the party could not recover. These people included Mate Granić, who, together with Vesna Škare-Ožbolt, left to form the centre-right Democratic Centre (DC).
The HDZ began to recover when the International Criminal Tribunal began to prosecute Croatian Army commanders, thus provoking a major backlash among the Croatian public. Popular discontent manifested itself in mass rallies as the public came to terms with the changes in the party and its policies. Although the HDZ, and its new leader Ivo Sanader, took part in those events and supported the protests, they gradually began to distance themselves from the more extreme rhetoric, becoming perceived as moderates. This tendency continued when the Croatian Social Liberal Party shifted rightwards, making Sanader's HDZ appear centrist in comparison. This process was completed in 2002 when Ivić Pašalić, leader of the HDZ hardliners and perceived to be associated with the worst excesses of Tuđman's era, challenged Sanader for the party leadership, accusing him of betraying Tuđman's nationalist legacy. At first it looked that Sanader would lose, but with the help of Branimir Glavaš and the tacit support of liberal sections of Croatian public opinion, he won at the party convention. Pašalić then left the HDZ to form the Croatian Bloc party.
First Sanader government (2003–2008)
At the 2003 Croatian parliamentary election, the party won 33.9% of the popular vote and 66 out of 152 seats.[9] Although it failed to win a clear majority in the Croatian Parliament, even with the help of the allied DC and HSLS, it formed a government with the nominally left-wing Independent Democratic Serb Party and the Croatian Party of Pensioners.
With such a broad and diverse mandate, the Sanader-led government vigorously pursued policies that amounted to the implementation of the basic criteria for joining the European Union, such as the return of refugees to their homes, rebuilding houses damaged in the war, improving minority rights, cooperating with the ICTY, and continuing to consolidate the Croatian economy.[10] Despite this, the EU's Council of Ministers postponed Croatia's membership negotiations with the union on the grounds of its non-cooperation with the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia over the case of indicted general Ante Gotovina.
This setback brought an increase in Eurosceptic views among the Croatian public, which also affected support for the HDZ. Since accession to the EU was a key part of Sanader's reformist course, opposition to his leadership within and outside the HDZ was on the rise. This opposition manifested itself at the 2005 local elections and the defection of Glavaš, who not only successfully challenged Sanader's authority but also managed to nominally deprive Sanader of his parliamentary majority.
Second Sanader government (2008–2009)
Despite this defeat, the first Sanader-led government was able to survive until the end of the legislature. The subsequent parliamentary election in late November 2007 saw the HDZ hard-pressed both by the SDP-led leftist coalition and by the extreme right-wing Croatian Party of Rights and Croatian Democratic Assembly of Slavonia and Baranja.
During the electoral campaign a vigorous and sometimes ruthless reaction from the party and Sanader himself, together with some capital errors from SDP, convinced part of the far-right electorate to support the HDZ in order to prevent what they perceived as the heirs of the former communist party to return to power.[11][12] The party won a majority of both seats and votes in the election, and the first session of the newly elected parliament was called for 11 January 2008. However, the SDP repeatedly refused to acknowledge defeat, claiming that they had the most votes if the diaspora ballot was not taken into account. The HDZ gained the support of the "yellow–green coalition" (HSS-HSLS) and of the HSU and national minorities representatives; Sanader formed a second government.
Although that government had a larger majority than the former one, its existence remained troubled because of the worsening of the previously good economic situation and a weariness of Croatian public opinion about what was felt to be an overly long HDZ rule. Another major drawback was the Slovenian blocking of several chapters of Croatia's EU accession terms until border disputes between the two countries had been settled. Although this ultimately led to an indefinite suspension of the Croatian EU accession negotiations, it did not affect the government's popularity. In this case, as would be expected, considering Croatian staunch patriotism and national self-consciousness, all parties and nearly every Croatian citizen were absolutely adamant in refusing at any cost any concessions over matters of national interest.
In the local elections held in May 2009, the HDZ, against all expectations, managed to grow again, coming ahead of the SDP.[13] However, HDZ support did weaken in the larger cities.
On 1 July 2009, Ivo Sanader abruptly announced his resignation from politics and appointed Jadranka Kosor as his successor. She was confirmed as the new leader of the party on 4 July and was appointed by president Stipe Mesić as the prime minister-designate. Two days later the Sabor confirmed Kosor as the new prime minister, the first woman to hold the position.
In the same resignation speech, Sanader also appointed Andrija Hebrang, who had formerly held the posts of defence minister and health minister, as HDZ candidate for the incoming presidential election, decreasing any speculation about his own ambitions for that position.
Government of Jadranka Kosor
The HDZ was faced with bad poll ratings and a large clean-up task that was still underway when Sanader left. The officials used the 2009 convention to elect Jadranka Kosor party president by acclamation, and proceeded to make various unpopular measures to tackle the economic crisis. Andrija Hebrang accepted his designation as the presidential candidate only at the end of July, after he underwent a thorough medical examination, to exclude any remaining trace of a previous carcinoma.
The Kosor government remained mostly unchanged from the previous Sanader government, but the HDZ suffered some internal turmoil as ministers Berislav Rončević and Damir Polančec left their posts after allegations of corruption.
In the next presidential elections, Croatia was looking for a replacement for Stipe Mesić who had held the position for ten years. But Hebrang finished third, failing to reach the second stage in which SDP candidate Ivo Josipović overwhelmingly defeated former SDP member Milan Bandić.
However, many Croatian people were dissatisfied with the government and protested on the streets against the HDZ government, demanding that new elections be held as soon as possible. The police placed a guard on St. Mark's Square to prevent civilians from entering.[14]
From 26 October 2011 USKOK expanded its investigation about "Slush Funds" on the HDZ as a legal entity.[15] Previously, the investigation had included only Ivo Sanader, treasurers Milan Barišić and Branka Pavošević, general secretaries Branko Vukelić and Ivan Jarnjak and spokesman Ratko Maček.[15] Party president Jadranka Kosor stated that this was one of the most critical moments of the HDZ.[15] The HDZ became the first political party in Croatia to be charged with corruption.[16]
In the opposition
After the 2011 parliamentary elections, the HDZ become the opposition after 8 years in government. The HDZ won its smallest number of votes since its founding, 563,215.
On 20 May 2012, HDZ held a presidential election in which, a day later, Tomislav Karamarko become the winner[17] and thus replaced Kosor as leader of the opposition. Karamarko announced that he would reestablish connections between Croatia and the Croatian diaspora.[17]
Karamarko earlier announced that, after a process of the detudjmanization of the HDZ, he would return to the policies of Franjo Tuđman. He also stated that he could be "neither for Ante Pavelić nor Josip Broz Tito", as both of them represented totalitarian systems.[18] On 1 July 2013, HDZ received full member status of the European People's Party (EPP).[19] On 11 March 2014, the HDZ and Ivo Sanader were found guilty of corruption.[20]
Plenković government (2016–present)
Following the collapse of the Tihomir Orešković government in June 2016, Tomislav Karamarko resigned as HDZ leader. The party elected former diplomat and member of the European Parliament Andrej Plenković as the new president, who won on a policy platform "devoid of extremes and populism".[21] Plenković won the 2016 parliamentary election, in which he campaigned on a pro-European and moderate agenda.[22] Plenković was appointed prime minister in October.[23]
Ideology
In terms of ideology, the HDZ statute, as well as its President Andrej Plenković and Secretary Gordan Jandroković, define the political position of the party as centre-right.[24][25][26] However, there have significant shifts in HDZ's ideological and political positions, and there are both moderate and right-wing factions within the party with different interpretations of its basic positions.[3]
The HDZ leaders during the 1990s described their party as centrist and Christian-democratic,[27] although in practice they pursued ultranationalistic policies.[28] However, the party was at the time mostly characterized as conservative and nationalist with an extreme right-wing faction.
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At its beginning, the HDZ was an ethnically exclusive party that emphasized Croatian identity. Slogans such as "God and Croats" and "Croats get together" were common, which were incidentally also by the leaders of the Ustaše-led Independent State of Croatia. Its discourse had a strong emotional appeal, evoking "fears, desires, material and symbolic benefits" to win over those who sought Croatian sovereignty over communism and drawing upon Croatian nationalist traditions. It did not recognize the plurality of identities when addressing its citizens, viewing them as "Catholic Croats" with anti-Serbian sentiments regularly appearing during its assemblies.[29]
The HDZ's position regarding the European Union was soft Eurosceptic: there was no explicit opposition to the accession of Croatia to the EU, but the HDZ opposed some EU policies.[3] Following the election of Ivo Sanader as the party president in 2000, the HDZ adopted a moderate centre-right position.[30] Under Sanader, the party strongly pursued a pro-European policy, which continued under the leadership of Jadranka Kosor.[3] Many observers considered the leadership of Tomislav Karamarko from 2012 to 2016 as a return of nationalism in the party.[31][32] After Andrej Plenković, viewed as a moderate,[22] came to power in 2016, the party moved back to a centre-right position.[33][34] The HDZ has been described as Christian-democratic[2][3] and pro-European.[3][4]
In economic terms, the party advocates for a social market economy and expressed its opposition to economic liberalism in the 2002 programme.[3]
Corruption scandals[35]
Fimi media (2007-2009)[36]
The "Fimi media" was a corruption scandal which resulted from former Prime Minister Ivo Sanader stealing money from the state budget. USKOK has charged former Prime Minister Ivo Sanader, Fimi media CEO Nevenka Jurak, former treasurer of the Croatian Democratic Union Mladen Barišić, former spokesperson of the Croatian Democratic Union Ratko Maček and former chief accountant Branka Pavošević with damaging the state budget by 70 million kuna or approximately 9 million euros.
HEP Affair (2008)[37]
This affair also occurred during the tenure of Ivo Sanader and involved selling cheap electricity to DIOKI (a company owned by Robert Ježić), the false employment of Rada Buljubašić as well fictitious contracts made to hide the affair. Most court proceedings ended after the death Ivan Mravka, longtime CEO of HEP back in 2017.
Hypo Bank Affair (2004-2005)[38]
Sanader's commission for Hypo Bank's entry into the Croatian market, an affair worth 5 million euros. Sanader was eventually convicted.
HAC Affair (2006-2009)[39]
An affair with overpaid works and illegal sales contracts. At the end of 2019, former HDZ minister and Zadar mayor Božidar Kalmeta was acquitted of sharing over 15 million kuna and 850,000 euros from road maintenance and construction companies with his associates, but it was three of his co-defendants who were found guilty.
Planinska Affair (2009)[40]
Arranging a purchase of the former Croatian Democratic Union MP Stjepan Fiolić for the needs of the Ministry of Regional Development at a price significantly higher than the market price. Ivo Sanader, former Croatian Democratic Union president, convicted.
Spice Affair (2006)[41]
Embezzlement of Podravka shares worth around 400 million kuna. The main inductee in the affair was Croatia Democratic Union's Damir Polančec. In the end, Polančec and seven co-defendants were acquitted, and four were found guilty.
Medikol Affair (2006-2011)[42]
The Croatian Democratic Union financed the private polyclinic Medikol with state money.
HŽ Affair (2003-2008)[43]
Money laundering through the Croatian Railways, and the money allegedly ended up in the accounts of various offshore companies. In addition to the former Croatian Railways chief, four others were convicted.
HPB Affair (2007-2009)[44]
Risky credit placements of Hrvatska poštanska banka. Loan approval orders were issued regardless of risk, creditworthiness and insurance. The head of that bank, Josip Protega, and others are still on trial.
INA-MOL affair (2008)[45]
In this affair, former Prime Minister Ivo Sanader was convicted of accepting a 10 million euro bribe from MOL CEO Zsolt Hernadi. Sanader was sentenced to 7.5 years.
Đakovština Affair (2009-2010)[46]
Tens of thousands of tons of cereals and oilseeds disappeared from the Đakovština silos, the real owners of which were the Directorate for Commodity Stocks and numerous farmers. Most of the goods ended up on Konzum's shelves.
Sunčani Hvar Affair (2007)[47]
The privatization of Sunčani Hvar was done in a similar fashion as other privatization projects in Croatia during the 90's which led to multiple corruption scandals. In the center of the affair was Damir Polančec.
Slavonska Banka Affair (2008)[48]
According to the verdict, Croatia is obliged to pay the amount of 40 million euros to Hypo Bank for adjusting the financial situation of Slavonska banka, which Hypo Bank officially took over in 2008.
Brodosplit Affair (2006)[49]
Money laundering worth 4.7 million kuna. A new trial has been ordered for Sanader and others who were convicted after the acquittal.
Imostroj and Bechtel Affair (2004-2006)[50]
Miomir Žužul was one of three ministers who personally advocated the write-off of a multimillion kuna debt to Imostroj, a company whose new owner paid his wife half a million kuna for half of the worthless company. The Bechtel affair also tied to Miomir Žužul remains unresolved.
Kamen Ingrad Affair (2006-2009)[51]
Vlado Zec is a former Croatian Democratic Union's and Croatian Party of Right's official to whose company Kamen Ingrad Sanader's government wrote off 30 million kuna in debt. Vlado Zec has served more than four years for various embezzlements so far.
Salonit Affair (2004)[52]
A couple of indictments have been filed against the former owner of Salonit, Jozo Ćurković, for damages of one hundred million kuna. Ćurković is on the run from the Croatian judiciary in BiH.
Verona Affair (2006)[53]
Ivo Sanader, President of the Management Board of Pliva Željko Čović and Miomir Žužul met secretly in Verona on June 24th and 25th 2006, and the topic of conversation was the sale of Pliva. Barr eventually paid 2.2 billion dollars for Pliva's majority stake, and the Actavis and Pliva competition was reportedly halted by campaigning and pressuring from the then top members government, with a difference in share price of more than 70 million euros. The affair was never fully investigated.
Tunnel Painting Affair (2008.-2009)[54]
According to the indictment, the leaders of HAC enabled the company Skladgradnja to charge many times higher prices for painting the pipes of the tunnel Sv. Rok and Mala Kapela. The famous "tunnel painting" has become synonymous with corruption in Croatia. Although the leaders of this company were arrested in 2009, the trial in this case has, to date, not started .
Hotmail Affair (2017)[55]
Current Prime Minister and leader of the Croatian Democratic Union Andrej Plenković and Deputy Prime Minister Martina Dalić led a secret group that drafted a law on the rehabilitation of Agrokor, after which members of the secret group benefited from contracts with the company.
Wind Farm Affair (2020)[56]
A total of 13 people are charged in the Wind Farm Affair, many of whom are members the Croatian Democratic Union. It is suspected that the influential Croatian Democratic Union's member Josipa Rimac lobbied for the construction of wind farms.
Janaf Affair (2019-2020)[57]
USKOK is investigating the mayor of Velika Gorica and until recently Croatian Democratic Union MP Dražen Barišić. He is charged that in September last year, in Zagreb and Velika Gorica, him and Krešo Petek, the founder of the company Elektrocentar Petek, set up a multimillion kuna deal.
Election results
Legislative
The following is a summary of the party's results in legislative elections for the Croatian Parliament. The "Total votes" and "Percentage" columns include sums of votes won by pre-election coalitions HDZ had been part of. After the preferential votes were included in the election system, the votes column also includes the sum of votes for HDZ's candidates on the coalition lists. The "Total seats" column includes sums of seats won by HDZ in election constituencies plus representatives of ethnic minorities affiliated with HDZ.
| Election | Coalition | Votes | % | Seats | +/– | Government |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Coalition | HDZ | |||||
| 1990 | None | 1,201,122 | 41.90 (#1) | 205 / 351 |
 |
Majority |
| 1992 | 1,176,437 | 44.68 (#1) | 85 / 138 |
 120 |
Majority | |
| 1995 | 1,093,403 | 45.23 (#1) | 75 / 127 |
10 |
Majority | |
| 2000 | 790,728 | 26.88 (#2) | 46 / 151 |
29 |
Opposition | |
| 2003 | 840,692 | 33.90 (#1) | 66 / 151 |
 20 |
Coalition | |
| 2007 | 907,743 | 36.60 (#1) | 66 / 153 |
|
Coalition | |
| 2011 | HGS–DC | 563,215 | 23.50 (#2) | 44 / 151 |
22 |
Opposition |
| 2015 | Patriotic Coalition | 771,070 | 33.46 (#1) | 51 / 151 |
7 |
Coalition |
| 2016 | HSLS–HDS–HRAST | 682,687 | 36.27 (#1) | 57 / 151 |
6 |
Coalition |
| 2020 | HSLS–HDS–HDSSB | 621,035 | 37.26 (#1) | 61 / 151 |
4 |
Coalition |
Presidential
The following is a list of presidential candidates endorsed by HDZ in elections for President of Croatia.
| Election | Candidate | 1st round | 2nd round | Result | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Votes | % | Votes | % | |||
| 1992 | Franjo Tuđman | 1,519,100 | 56.73 (#1) | Won | ||
| 1997 | 1,337,990 | 61.41 (#1) | Won | |||
| 2000 | Mate Granić | 601,588 | 22.47 (#3) | Lost | ||
| 2005 | Jadranka Kosor | 452,218 | 20.31 (#2) | 751,692 | 34.07 (#2) | Lost |
| 2009–10 | Andrija Hebrang | 237,998 | 12.04 (#3) | Lost | ||
| 2014–15 | Kolinda Grabar-Kitarović | 665,379 | 37.22 (#2) | 1,114,945 | 50.74 (#1) | Won |
| 2019–20 | 507,628 | 26.65 (#2) | 929,707 | 47.34 (#2) | Lost | |
Party presidents since 1989
The chart below shows a timeline of the Croatian Democratic Union presidents and the Prime Ministers of Croatia. The left bar shows all the president of the HDZ, and the right bar shows the corresponding make-up of the Croatian government at that time. The blue (HDZ) and red (SDP) colours correspond to which party led the government. The last names of the respective prime ministers are shown, the Roman numeral stands for the cabinets.
See also
References
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