Alulim
Alulim[lower-alpha 2] is the first king whose name appears on numerous versions of the Sumerian King List (SKL).[note 1][4][2][5][6][7] He was succeeded by Alalngar.[2] The SKL states that Alulim ruled for several millennia.[note 2][2][8] The SKL lists him as the first king of both Eridu and Sumer.[2] His name does not appear in any sources from the Early Dynastic Period itself and he is thus not generally considered a historical figure.[9]
After the kingship descended from heaven, the kingship was in Eridug (Eridu). In Eridug, Alulim became king; he ruled for 28,800 years.
| Alulim | |
|---|---|
| King [lower-alpha 1] | |
 The Weld-Blundell Prism is among the oldest, most well-preserved, and better-known versions of the Sumerian King List, and includes the inscription for Alulim.[1] | |
| Successor | Alalngar[2] |
| Sumerian | 𒀉𒇻𒅆[3] |
The Uruk List of Kings and Sages pairs seven antediluvian kings each with his own apkallu.[10] An apkallu was a sage in Sumerian religion and/or literature. The first apkallu (Adapa) is paired up with Alulim. Professor William Wolfgang Hallo of Yale University suggests an equivalence between Alulim and the Biblical patriarch Enosh (in the Sethite genealogy given in Genesis chapter five). Professor William H. Shea adds that Alulim may have been a contemporary of the Biblical figure Adam (the latter of which may have been based on Adapa).[11] As Alulim was said to have ruled for several millennia, his reign can be reduced from 8 sars down to 8 years.[12]
Notes
- Sumerian: 𒈗, romanized: lugal; transliterated: lu.gal; lit. 'big man'
- Sumerian: 𒀉𒇻𒅆, romanized: Alulim; transliterated: a₂.lu.lim; lit. 'stag'; Greek: Ἄλωρος, Aloros; Arabic: الوروس, Aylurus (Sjöberg, Leichty & Tinney 2021; Hallo & Simpson 1971, pp. 32–36; Al-Bīrūnī & Juzjani 1260a; Al-Bīrūnī & Juzjani 1260b)
- The Weld-Blundell Prism, W-B 062, Babyloniaca, and Uruk List of Kings and Sages.
- The Weld-Blundell Prism states that Alulim ruled for 28,800 years, the W-B 062 states 67,200 years, and the Babyloniaca has 36,000 years. (Langdon 1923)
References
Citations
- Ashmolean 2017.
- Black et al. 2006.
- Sjöberg, Leichty & Tinney 2021.
- Jacobsen 1939.
- Langdon 1923.
- Langdon 2007.
- Wang 2014.
- Lendering 2020.
- Marchesi, Gianni (2010). "The Sumerian King List and the Early History of Mesopotamia". M. G. Biga - M. Liverani (Eds.), ana turri gimilli: Studi dedicati al Padre Werner R. Mayer, S. J., da amici e allievi (Vicino Oriente - Quaderno 5; Roma): 231–248.
- Sanders 2017, pp. 52–59.
- Shea 1977, p. 27.
- Harrison 1993, pp. 3–8.
Sources
- Al-Bīrūnī, Abū Rayḥān Muḥammad ibn Aḥmad; Juzjani, Minhaj al-Siraj (1260) [c. 1259–1260 CE]. "Qānūn-al-mas'ūdī". In Colavito, Jason (ed.). طبقات ناصری [Tabaqat-i Nasiri]. Tabaqat-i Nasiri (in Persian). Vol. 1. Translated by Raverty, Henry George. Retrieved 2021-08-01.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link) - Al-Bīrūnī, Abū Rayḥān Muḥammad ibn Aḥmad; Juzjani, Minhaj al-Siraj (1260) [c. 1259–1260 CE]. "Nasiri classes (History of Iran and Islam)". The Library of the School of Jurisprudence (in Persian). Retrieved 2021-08-01.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link) - Ashmolean (2017). "Sumerian king list". Ashmolean Museum. Retrieved 2021-08-02.
- Black, Jeremy Allen; Baines, John Robert; Dahl, Jacob L.; Van De Mieroop, Marc (2006-12-19) [c. 1900–1600 BC]. Cunningham, Graham; Ebeling, Jarle; Flückiger-Hawker, Esther; Robson, Eleanor; Taylor, Jon; Zólyomi, Gábor (eds.). "The Sumerian king list". Faculty of Oriental Studies. Electronic Text Corpus of Sumerian Literature (ETCSL) (in Sumerian). Translated by Jacobsen, Thorkild Peter Rudolph; Glassner, Jean-Jacques; Römer, Willem H. Ph.; Zólyomi, Gábor (revised ed.). United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland: University of Oxford (published 1997–2006). Retrieved 2021-07-31.
After the kingship descended from heaven, the kingship was in Eridug. In Eridug, Alulim became king; he ruled for 28800 years. Alaljar ruled for 36000 years. 2 kings; they ruled for 64800 years. Then Eridug fell and the kingship was taken to Bad-tibira.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link) - Hallo, William Wolfgang; Simpson, William Kelly (1971). The Ancient Near East: A History. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Inc. ISBN 9780155027756. Retrieved 2021-04-28.
- Harrison, Roland Kenneth (March 1993). "Reinvestigating the Antediluvian Sumerian King List" (PDF). Journal of the Evangelical Theological Society. 36 (1). Retrieved 2021-04-30.
- Jacobsen, Thorkild Peter Rudolph (1939-04-14) [1939]. Wilson, John Albert; Allen, Thomas George (eds.). THE SUMERIAN KING LIST (PDF). Google Books. ASSYRIOLOGICAL STUDIES. Vol. 11 (4th ed.). University of Chicago, Illinois: Oriental Institute (published 1939–1973). p. 65. ISBN 0226622738. LCCN 39-19328. OCLC 397243. Archived from the original on 2015-04-20. Retrieved 2021-07-31.
When the kingship was lowered from heaven: (In) Eridu(g): A-lulim(ak), 28,800 years
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link) - Kuhrt, Amélie (1995). The Ancient Near East, C. 3000-330 BC. Routledge history of the ancient world. Vol. 1. Taylor & Francis (published 1995–2005). ISBN 9780415167635.
- Langdon, Stephen Herbert (June 1923). "THE SUMERO-ACCADIAN SYSTEM OF LEGENDARY AND HISTORICAL CHRONOLOGY". In Milford, Humphrey Sumner (ed.). Historical Inscriptions, Containing Principally the Chronological Prism, W-B. 444. Oxford Editions of Cuneiform Texts (OECT). Vol. II (revised ed.). Oxford University Press. pp. 2–8. Retrieved 2021-07-31.
At Eridu Alulim was king. He ruled 28800 years.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link) - Langdon, Stephen Herbert (2007-04-16) [c. 1900–1600 BC]. Joseph Weld Blundell, Herbert (ed.). "W-B 444". Cuneiform Digital Library Initiative (CDLI) (in Sumerian). Ashmolean Museum, Oxford, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (published 2007–2014). Retrieved 2021-07-31.
eridu{ki} a2-lu-lim lugal mu 8(szar2) i3-ak
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link) - Leick, Gwendolyn (2002-08-29). Mesopotamia: The Invention of the City. UK: Penguin Books. ISBN 9780141927114.
- Lendering, Jona (2020-09-24) [2006]. "Sumerian King List". Livius.org. Netherlands: Livius Onderwijs (published 2006–2020). Retrieved 2021-07-31.
After the kingship descended from heaven, the kingship was in Eridu. In Eridu, Alulim became king; he ruled for 28,800 years. Alalgar ruled for 36,000 years. Two kings; they ruled for 64800 years.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link) - Modelski, George (1997-07-10). "CITIES OF THE ANCIENT WORLD: AN INVENTORY (-3500 TO -1200)". Department of Political Science. University of Washington. Archived from the original on 2008-07-17. Retrieved 2021-06-01.
- Proust, Christine (2009-06-22). "Numerical and Metrological Graphemes: From Cuneiform to Transliteration". Cuneiform Digital Library Journal. ISSN 1540-8779. Retrieved 2021-05-25.
- Sanders, Seth L. (2017). From Adapa to Enoch Scribal Culture and Religious Vision in Judea and Babylon. Tübingen, Germany: Mohr Siebeck. ISBN 9783161544569.
- Shea, William H. (1977). Adam in Ancient Mesopotamian Traditions. Archived from the original on 2011-09-04.
- Sjöberg, Åke Waldemar; Leichty, Erle; Tinney, Steve (2021) [2003]. "Pennsylvania Sumerian Dictionary Project". Pennsylvania Sumerian Dictionary Project (PSD) (published 2003–2021). Retrieved 2021-07-31.
- Wang, Haicheng (2014-05-12). Writing and the Ancient State: Early China in Comparative Perspective. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9781107785878.
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