40s
The 40s decade ran from January 1, AD 40, to December 31, AD 49.
| Millennium: | 1st millennium |
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Christianity came to Egypt as the Church of Alexandria was founded with Mark the Evangelist as the first Patriarch. James the Great died in 44 AD: One of the Twelve Apostles of Jesus, he was the first to be martyred according to the New Testament. Claudius expelled the Jews from Rome. (The exact date is uncertain. The maximal time window for the expulsion of Jews from Rome is from January AD 41 until January AD 53.)
Events
AD 40
By place
Roman Empire
- Emperor Caligula is consul without colleague.
- Caligula starts on a campaign to conquer Britain, which fails miserably. He declares himself victorious regardless.
- Noricum and Mauretania are incorporated into the Roman Empire.
- Caligula reforms the principatus into a Hellenistic Autocracy. He distributes honors carelessly, declares himself a god and orders that all the heads of the Greek deity statues be replaced by his. He also appoints his horse, Incitatus, a senator.
- Approximate date of start of construction on the Pont du Gard aqueduct in Gallia Narbonensis.[1]
By topic
Religion
- Christianity comes to Egypt as a church is founded in Alexandria. Mark the Evangelist founds the Church of Alexandria as the first Patriarch.
- An early Christian church is erected at Corinth (most probable date).
- The traditional date of Saint James the Great meeting Our Lady of the Pillar in Spain
AD 41
By place
Roman Empire
- January 24
- Caligula, known for his eccentricity and cruel despotism, is assassinated by his disgruntled Praetorian Guards.[2]
- Claudius succeeds his nephew, Caligula, as emperor.[3]
- January 25 – After a night of negotiation, Claudius is accepted as emperor by the Senate.[3]
- Claudius makes Agrippa king of Judea.[4]
- Messalina, wife of Claudius, persuades Claudius to have Seneca the Younger banished to Corsica on a charge of adultery with Julia Livilla.[5]
- Claudius restores religious freedom to Jews throughout the empire,[6] but prohibits Jews in Rome from proselytising.[7]
- An attack across the Rhine by the Germans is stopped by the Romans.
China
- Emperor Guang Wu of the Han Dynasty deposes his wife, Guo Shengtong, as empress, and makes his consort Yin Lihua empress in her place.[8]
By topic
AD 42
By places
Roman Empire
- Romans take control of Ceuta, a port city on the North African side of the Strait of Gibraltar.
- The territories of the current Algeria and Morocco become a Roman province.
- Dalmatian legate Lucius Arruntius Camillus Scribonianus revolts, but his troops defect, and his rebellion quickly withers.
- Claudius begins construction of Portus, a harbour bearing a lighthouse on the right bank of the Tiber.
By topic
Religion
- 25 January – The Apostle Paul is converted to Christianity (the exact date is not provided in texts, but the Roman Catholic Church chooses to commemorate this date).
- Traditional date of foundation of the Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria by the apostle Mark the Evangelist.
AD 43
By place
Britain
- Roman conquest of Britain:
- May – Aulus Plautius, crossing (probably) from Boulogne (Bononia) in the Classis Britannica, lands with four Roman legions (20,000 men) and the same number of auxiliaries at Rutupiae (probably modern Richborough) on the east coast of Kent.[9] General (future emperor) Vespasian plays a major role in the defeat of the Britons led by the brothers Caratacus and Togodumnus (leaders of the Catuvellauni) in the 2-day Battle of the Medway[10] (probably at the river near Rochester) and the Romans drive them back to and across the River Thames; Togodumnus dies soon after.[9] Plautius halts at the Thames and sends for the Emperor.
- September – Emperor Claudius, who arrives with reinforcements including war elephants,[10] leads the march on Camulodunum (modern Colchester). Eleven British kings, probably including those of the Iceni and Brigantes, submit without a fight.[9][11][12] Plautius becomes first Governor of Roman Britain.[9]
- Vespasian begins to subdue the south-west.
- The Romans begin to construct forts, such as at Peterborough, and a road that later becomes Ermine Street.
- The Romans capture a Brythonic settlement at Kent and rename it Durovernum Cantiacorum (modern Canterbury); and establish a Roman fort to guard the crossing of the Kentish River Stour.
- Roman London (Londinium) is established on the Thames.[9]
Roman Empire
- Julia Livia, daughter of Drusus Julius Caesar, is executed at the instigation of Claudius' wife Messalina.
- Claudius annexes Lycia in Asia Minor, combining it with Pamphylia as a Roman province.
- The Romans now have complete control of the Mediterranean Sea.
Vietnam
- The warrior Trung Sisters commit suicide after their resistance is defeated at Nam Viet.
- Vietnam is designated a province of China.
By topic
Religion
- In Coptic Orthodox Christianity, Mark the Evangelist becomes the first Pope of Alexandria, thus establishing the Christian Church in Africa.
AD 44
By place
Roman Empire
- Emperor Claudius returns from his British campaign in triumph, the southeast part of Britannia now held by the Roman Empire, but the war will rage for another decade and a half.
- Boudicca marries Prasutagus, king of the British Celtic tribe the Iceni (doubtful).[13]
- Mauretania becomes a Roman province.
- The Isle of Rhodes returns to the Roman Empire.
- Judaea is controlled by Roman governors.
- Cuspius Fadus (Roman governor of Judea) suppresses the revolt of Theudas, who is decapitated.
By topic
AD 45
By place
Roman Empire
- Salzburg (Juvavum) is awarded the status of a Roman municipium.
- Emperor Claudius expels the Jews from Rome.
- Claudius founds Savaria, today the Hungarian city of Szombathely.
- The Senate holds consultations regarding real estate speculation in Rome.
China
By topic
AD 46
By place
Roman Empire
- The settlement at Celje gets municipal rights, and is named municipium Claudia Celeia.
- Dobruja is annexed into Roman Moesia.
- A census shows that there are more than 6,000,000 Roman citizens.
- After the death of its king, Thracia becomes a Roman province.
- Rome and its northeast border are reunited by the Danube Road.
- According to Orosius, there is a serious famine in Syria[15]
Central Asia
- A drought and an invasion of locusts hit the Mongolian steppes, causing a famine and a revolt at Xiongnu.
AD 47
By place
Roman Empire
- Claudius revives the censorship and ludi saeculares, and organises the order of the Haruspices, with 60 members.
- Gnaeus Domitius Corbulo is made commander of the Roman army in Germania Inferior. He conquers the Chauci and fights against the Cherusci and Frisians.
- Cauci pirates led by the Roman deserter Gannascus ravage the Gallic coast; Corbulo uses the Rhine fleet against them. The Frisian revolt is suppressed.
- Publius Ostorius Scapula replaces Aulus Plautius as governor of Britain. The south-east of the island is now a Roman province, while certain states on the south coast are ruled as a nominally independent client kingdom by Tiberius Claudius Cogidubnus, whose seat is probably at Fishbourne near Chichester. Ostorius immediately faces incursions from unconquered areas, which he puts down.
- Corbulo orders the construction of the canal Fossa Corbulonis, between the Rhine and Meuse in the Netherlands, which connects the city Forum Hadriani (Voorburg).
- Romans build the Traiectum fortification near the mouth of the Rhine, which will later grow to be the city of Utrecht.
- Claudius founds the city Forum Claudii Vallensium (modern Martigny) in the Alpes Poeninae (Switzerland).
By topic
Religion
- Ananias becomes high priest in Judaea.
- Paul starts his evangelistic work (first missionary journey) accompanied by Barnabas and Mark
AD 48
By place
Roman Empire
- Emperor Claudius invests Agrippa II with the office of superintendent of the Temple in Jerusalem.
- After the execution of his wife Messalina, Claudius gets senatorial approval to marry his niece, Agrippina the Younger.
- Publius Ostorius Scapula, governor of Britain, announces his intention to disarm all Britons south and east of the Trent and Severn. The Iceni, an independent, allied kingdom within that area, revolt but are defeated. Ostorius then moves against the Deceangli in north Wales, but is forced to abandon the campaign to deal with a revolt among the allied Brigantes.
- Gallic nobles are admitted to the Roman Senate. Claudius grants the rights of citizenship to the Aedui.
China
- Emperor Guang Wu of Han, restores Chinese domination of Inner Mongolia. The Xiongnu are made confederates and guard the Northern border of the empire.
- The Xiangnu empire dissolves.
By topic
AD 49
By place
Roman Empire
- Emperor Claudius marries his niece Agrippina the Younger (approximate date), and most of the real power falls to Agrippina.
- Seneca the Younger becomes Nero's tutor.[17]
- Melankomas is the boxing champion, at the 207th Olympic Games.
- Likely date for the expulsion of the Jews from Rome.
- Nero becomes engaged to Claudia Octavia, daughter of Claudius.
- Agrippina the Younger charges Octavia's first fiancé Lucius Junius Silanus Torquatus with incest. He is brought before the Senate, and sentenced to death.
- In Britain, governor Publius Ostorius Scapula founds a colonia for Roman veterans at Camulodunum (Colchester). Verulamium (St Albans) is probably established as a municipium the same year. A legion is stationed on the borders of the Silures of South Wales in preparation for invasion.
By topic
Religion
- First apostolic council in Jerusalem ( approximate date)
- The Apostle Paul begins his second missionary journey with Silas while Barnabas goes to Cyprus with Mark.
- The New Testament book Paul's Epistle to the Galatians is probably written.
- Christianity spreads into Europe, especially at Rome and at Philippi (probable date according to chronology derived from the Acts of the Apostles).
Significant people
- Gaius Caesar Germanicus/Caligula (AD 37–41).
- Claudius, Roman Emperor (AD 41–54).
- Agrippina the Younger, Empress Roman and Real Power behind the throne (AD 49–54)
- Paul of Tarsus, Christian evangelist
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References
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to 40s. |
- Fabre, Guilhem; Fiches, Jean-Luc; Paillet, Jean-Louis (1991). "Interdisciplinary Research on the Aqueduct of Nimes and the Pont du Gard". Journal of Roman Archaeology. 4: 63–88. doi:10.1017/S104775940001549X.
- Barrett, Anthony A. (2002). Caligula: The Corruption of Power. Routledge. p. 170. ISBN 978-0-203-13776-5.
- Adkins, Lesley; Adkins, Roy A. (2004). Handbook to life in ancient Rome (2nd ed.). Infobase Publishing. p. 21. ISBN 978-0-8160-5026-0.
- Dixon, William Hepworth (1865). The holy land. Vol. 2. B. Tauchnitz. p. 222.
- Moran, Michael G. (2005). Ballif, Michelle (ed.). Classical rhetorics and rhetoricians: critical studies and sources. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 343. ISBN 978-0-313-32178-8.
- Freedman, David Noel, ed. (2000). Eerdmans Dictionary of the Bible. Amsterdam University Press. p. 262. ISBN 978-90-5356-503-2.
- Scullard, H. H. (2010). From the Gracchi to Nero: A History of Rome 133 BC to AD 68. Taylor & Francis. p. 249. ISBN 978-0-415-58488-3.
- Xiao Hong Lee, Lily; Stefanowska, A. D., eds. (2007). Biographical dictionary of Chinese women: antiquity through Sui, 1600 B.C.E.–618 C.E. Vol. 3. M.E. Sharpe. pp. 146–147. ISBN 978-0-7656-1750-7.
- Palmer, Alan; Veronica (1992). The Chronology of British History. London: Century Ltd. pp. 16–20. ISBN 0-7126-5616-2.
- Cassius Dio, Roman History.
- Suetonius, The Twelve Caesars.
- Williams, Hywel (2005). Cassell's Chronology of World History. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. p. 47. ISBN 0-304-35730-8.
- Carolyn D. Williams (2009). Boudica and Her Stories: Narrative Transformations of a Warrior Queen. University of Delaware Press. pp. 79–82. ISBN 978-0-87413-079-9.
- "List of Rulers of Korea". www.metmuseum.org. Retrieved 18 April 2019.
- Paulus Orosius. Historiae Adversum Paganos.
Eodem anno imperii eius fames grauissima per Syriam facta est, quam etiam prophetae praenuntiauerant; sed Christianorum necessitatibus apud Hierosolymam conuectis ab Aegypto frumentis Helena Adiabenorum regina conuersa ad fidem Christi largissime ministrauit.
(early 5th century) - "List of Rulers of Korea". www.metmuseum.org. Retrieved 18 April 2019.
- Roberts, John. The Oxford dictionary of the classical world. Oxford University Press. p. 695. ISBN 9780192801463.
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