1993 Russian legislative election

Parliamentary elections were held in Russia on 12 December 1993.[1] They were the first parliamentary elections in post-Soviet Russia and the last to the Federation Council,[2] with future members appointed by provincial legislatures and governors.

1993 Russian State Duma election
12 December 1993
All 450 seats to the State Duma
226 seats needed for a majority
Turnout54.34% 22.66 pp
PartyLeader % Seats
LDPR Vladimir Zhirinovsky 22.92% 64
VR Yegor Gaidar 15.51% 64
CPRF Gennady Zyuganov 12.40% 42
ZhR Alevtina Fedulova 8.13% 23
APR Mikhail Lapshin 7.99% 37
YaBL Grigory Yavlinsky 7.86% 27
PRES Sergey Shakhray 6.73% 22
DPR Nikolay Travkin 5.52% 14
RDDR Anatoly Sobchak 4.08% 5
Civic Union Arkady Volsky 1.93% 10
BRNI Vyacheslav Laschevsky 1.25% 2
KEDR Lyubov Lymar 0.76% 1
DM Konstantin Frolov 0.70% 3
Independents – – 130
This lists parties that won seats. See the complete results below.
Winning party by region
Chairman of the Supreme Soviet before Chairman of the State Duma after
Ruslan Khasbulatov (until October 4, 1993)
Independent		 Ivan Rybkin
APR
1993 Russian Federation Council election
12 December 1993
All 178 seats to the Federation Council
89 seats needed for a majority
Turnout54.3%
Party Seats
Independents 171
Vacant seats 7
This lists parties that won seats. See the complete results below.
Chairman of the Federation Council after
Vladimir Shumeyko
Independent

Background

The 1993 general election was taking place in the aftermath of the 1993 Russian constitutional crisis, a violent confrontation on the streets of Moscow which resulted in the dissolution of the previous Russian parliament by military force. Yeltsin hoped to resolve the political turmoil by decreeing for the election to the new Russian parliament and the constitutional referendum to take place on 12 December 1993.

Electoral system

The new election law adopted for the 1993 Duma election stipulated half the 450 Duma members were elected by a party-list system of proportional representation, and half were elected as individual representatives from single-member districts. Every Russian voter thus received two different ballots. The proportional representation ballot required each voter to endorse an electoral organization or vote against all of them. By contrast, the single-member district ballot required a voter to endorse an individual, whose party affiliation, if any, could not be given on the ballot.

In order to nominate a list of candidates in the proportional representation ballot, a party or electoral organization had to gather 100,000 signatures from the electorate, of which no more than 15% could be from any one region or republic. The method used to calculate the number of seats won by each party was the Hare method, with a threshold of 5.0 per cent of the valid vote, including votes cast against all, but excluding invalid ballots. To secure a place on a single-member district ballot, candidates had to gather the signatures of at least 1.0 percent of the constituency electorate. The winner in each single-member districts contest was simply the candidate with plurality of votes, regardless of the number of votes cast against all.

Political blocs
№ Bloc Abbr. First troika Political position Ideologies Notes
1 Agrarian Party of Russia APR Mikhail Lapshin • Alexander Davydov • Alexander Zaveryukha Left-wing Agrarian socialism / Collectivism [3]
2 Yavlinsky–Boldyrev–Lukin YaBL Grigory Yavlinsky • Yury Boldyrev • Vladimir Lukin Centre-left Social democracy / Social liberalism
3 Future of Russia–New Names BRNI Vyacheslav Laschevsky • Oleg Sokolov • Vladimir Mironov Centre Youth politics / Social policies
4 Choice of Russia VR Yegor Gaidar • Sergei Kovalev • Ella Pamfilova Centre-right Conservative liberalism / Liberal conservatism
5 Civic Union for Stability, Justice and Progress GS Arkady Volsky • Nikolay Bekh • Alexander Vladislavlev Centre to centre-left Social democracy / Anti-Yeltsinism / Federalism
6 Democratic Party of Russia DPR Nikolay Travkin • Stanislav Govorukhin • Oleg Bogomolov Centre-right Conservatism
7 Dignity and Charity DM Konstantin Frolov • Nikolai Gubenko • Vyacheslav Grishin Big tent Federalism / Veterans' rights / Disabled rights
8 Communist Party of the Russian Federation CPRF Gennady Zyuganov • Vitaly Sevastyanov • Viktor Ilyukhin Left-wing to far-left Communism / Marxism–Leninism / Left-wing nationalism
9 Constructive-Ecological Movement of Russia "Kedr" KEDR Lyubov Lymar • Vladimir Chiburayev • Stanislav Baranov Centre to centre-left Green politics / Agrarianism
10 Liberal Democratic Party of Russia LDPR Vladimir Zhirinovsky • Viktor Kobelev • Vyacheslav Marychev Right-wing to far-right Right-wing populism / Pan-Slavism
11 Party of Russian Unity and Accord PRES Sergey Shakhray • Alexander Shokhin • Konstantin Zatulin Centre-right Moderate liberalism / Conservatism / Regionalism
12 Women of Russia ZhR Alevtina Fedulova • Ekaterina Lakhova • Natalya Gundareva Centre Women's rights / Pacifism
13 Russian Democratic Reform Movement RDDR Anatoly Sobchak • Svyatoslav Fyodorov • Oleg Basilashvili Centre Liberal democracy / Federalism

Results

State Duma
PartyParty listConstituencyTotal
seats
Votes%SeatsVotes%Seats
Liberal Democratic Party of Russia12,318,56222.92591,577,4002.96564
Choice of Russia8,339,34515.51403,630,7996.822464
Communist Party of the Russian Federation6,666,40212.40321,848,8883.471042
Women of Russia4,369,9188.1321309,3780.58223
Agrarian Party of Russia4,292,5187.99212,877,6105.401637
Yavlinsky–Boldyrev–Lukin4,223,2197.86201,849,1203.47727
Party of Russian Unity and Accord3,620,0356.73181,443,4542.71422
Democratic Party of Russia2,969,5335.52141,094,0662.05014
Russian Democratic Reform Movement2,191,5054.0801,083,0632.0355
Civic Union1,038,1931.9301,526,1152.871010
Future of Russia–New Names672,2831.250411,4260.7722
Constructive-Ecological Movement "Kedr"406,7890.760301,2660.5711
Dignity and Charity375,4310.700445,1680.8433
Other parties377,8630.7100
Independents25,961,40548.76130130
Against all2,267,9634.22–8,509,30015.98––
Vacant seats66
Total53,751,696100.0022553,246,321100.00225450
Valid votes53,751,69693.1653,246,32192.61
Invalid/blank votes3,946,0026.844,249,5557.39
Total votes57,697,698100.0057,495,876100.00
Registered voters/turnout106,170,83554.34106,170,83554.15
Source: Central Electoral Commission, Politika.su, Nohlen & Stöver

a Five seats in Tatarstan were left vacant due to a low turnout (less than 25%) and were elected at a later date, whilst one seat in Chechnya remained unfilled.[4]

By region
Region Total
seats		 Seats won
LDPR VR CPRF APR Yabloko ZhR PRES DPR GS RDDR DM BRNI Kedr Ind. Vacant
 Adygea 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0
 Agin-Buryat Autonomous Okrug 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0
 Altai Krai 4 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 2 0
 Altai Republic 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0
 Amur Oblast 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
 Arkhangelsk Oblast 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0
 Astrakhan Oblast 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0
 Bashkortostan 6 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 0
 Belgorod Oblast 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0
 Bryansk Oblast 2 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
 Buryatia 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0
 Chechnya 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
 Chelyabinsk Oblast 5 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0
 Chita Oblast 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0
 Chukotka 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0
 Chuvashia 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0
 Dagestan 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0
 Evenk Autonomous Okrug 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0
 Ingushetia 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0
 Irkutsk Oblast 4 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0
 Ivanovo Oblast 2 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0
 Jewish Autonomous Oblast 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0
 Kabardino-Balkaria 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0
 Kaliningrad Oblast 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0
 Kalmykia 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0
 Kaluga Oblast 2 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Kamchatka Oblast 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0
 Karachay-Cherkessia 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0
 Karelia 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
 Kemerovo Oblast 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 0
 Khabarovsk Krai 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0
 Khakassia 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
 Khanty–Mansi Autonomous Okrug 2 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0
 Kirov Oblast 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0
 Komi Republic 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0
 Komi-Permyak Autonomous Okrug 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0
 Koryak Okrug 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0
 Kostroma Oblast 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0
 Krasnodar Krai 7 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0
 Krasnoyarsk Krai 4 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0
 Kurgan Oblast 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0
 Kursk Oblast 2 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0
 Leningrad Oblast 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0
 Lipetsk Oblast 2 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0
 Magadan Oblast 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0
 Mari El 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
 Mordovia 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
 Moscow 15 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 8 0
 Moscow Oblast 10 1 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 5 0
 Murmansk Oblast 2 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
 Nenets Autonomous Okrug 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
 Nizhny Novgorod Oblast 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0
 North Ossetia–Alania 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0
 Novgorod Oblast 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
 Novosibirsk Oblast 4 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0
 Omsk Oblast 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0
 Orenburg Oblast 3 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0
 Oryol Oblast 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0
 Penza Oblast 2 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Perm Oblast 4 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 2 0
 Primorsky Krai 3 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0
 Pskov Oblast 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
 Rostov Oblast 6 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 0
 Ryazan Oblast 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0
 Saint Petersburg 8 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 5 0
 Sakha 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0
 Sakhalin Oblast 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0
 Samara Oblast 5 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 2 0
 Saratov Oblast 4 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0
 Smolensk Oblast 2 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
 Stavropol Krai 4 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0
 Sverdlovsk Oblast 7 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 0
 Tambov Oblast 2 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
 Tatarstan 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5
 Taymyr Autonomous Okrug 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0
 Tomsk Oblast 2 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
 Tula Oblast 3 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0
 Tuva 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0
 Tver Oblast 2 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0
 Tyumen Oblast 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0
 Udmurtia 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0
 Ulyanovsk Oblast 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0
 Ust-Orda Buryat Autonomous Okrug 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0
 Vladimir Oblast 2 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
 Volgograd Oblast 4 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0
 Vologda Oblast 2 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0
 Voronezh Oblast 4 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 2 0
 Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0
 Yaroslavl Oblast 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0
Party list 225 59 40 32 21 20 21 18 14 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
 Russia 450 64 64 42 37 27 23 22 14 9 5 3 1 1 132 6

Federation Council
Party Votes % Seats
Independents53,751,696100171
Invalid/blank votes3,946,002––
Vacant seats[a]––7
Total57,697,698100178
Registered voters/turnout106,170,83554.3–
Source: Nohlen & Stöver

a Five seats were elected at a later date, whilst two seats in Chechnya remained unfilled.[5]

Although the Federation Council was contested on a non-party basis,[2] 11 were members of the Communist Party, six were members of Russia's Choice and nine were members of other parties.[6]

Aftermath

The results of the polls proved to be disappointing for the Kremlin: the two competing pro-government parties, Russia's Choice and the Party of Russian Unity and Accord, gained 15.5% and 6.7% of the vote respectively and won 123 of the 450 seats in the State Duma. Neither party was able to control the parliamentary agenda nor impose the will of the president on the Duma. Lacking legislative success, both parties rapidly lost membership.

Parliamentary groups

The use of the mixed system for the election of the Duma produced a large number of deputies which were unaffiliated with any electoral bloc. By joining other parliamentary groups or forming groups of independent deputies, they could significantly influence the balance of power in the Duma. Hence, the parliamentary groups in the first two-year term of the Duma showed lack of stability and its numbers may be given only with approximation.

Parliamentary group Leader Seats
Liberal Democratic Party of Russia Vladimir Zhirinovsky 53-64
Russia's Choice Yegor Gaidar 47-78
Communist Party of the Russian Federation Gennady Zyuganov 45-47
Women of Russia Yekaterina Lakhova 20-24
Agrarian Party of Russia Mikhail Lapshin 50-55
Yabloko Grigory Yavlinsky 27-28
Party of Russian Unity and Accord Sergey Shakhray 12-34
Democratic Party of Russia Nikolay Travkin 8-15
Liberal Democratic Union of 12 December Irina Khakamada 11-38
New Regional Politics - Duma-96 V. Medvedev 30-67
Russia I. Shichalin 34-38
Stability A. Leushkin 34-40
Russian Way (unregistered) Sergei Baburin 11-14
Strong State (Derzhava) (unregistered) V. Kobelev 4-5

References
  1. Dieter Nohlen & Philip Stöver (2010) Elections in Europe: A data handbook, p1642 ISBN 978-3-8329-5609-7
  2. Nohlen & Stöver, p1656
  3. https://www.rcoit.ru/lib/history/russian_federation/18050/ «Выборы в Государственную Думу Федерального Собрания Российской Федерации первого созыва»
  4. Результаты выборов в Думу I созыва (in Russian).
  5. Nohlen & Stöver, p1659
  6. Nohlen & Stöver, p1658
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