130s
The 130s decade ran from January 1, 130, to December 31, 139.
| Millennium: | 1st millennium |
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Events
130
By place
Roman Empire
- A law is passed in Rome banning the execution of slaves without a trial.
- The Temple of Olympian Zeus is completed at Athens.
- Emperor Hadrian visits the cities Petra and Gerasa (Jerash).
- A Triumphal Arch for Hadrian is built in Gerasa.
- Construction begins on Canopus, Hadrian's Villa, Tivoli, Italy.
Asia
- Huviska becomes king of the Kushan Empire in India.
- The Scythian king Rudradaman I reconquers, from the Andhra, the lands annexed by Gautamiputra.
By topic
Arts and sciences
- Claudius Ptolemaeus tabulates angles of refraction for several media.
- The Antinous Mondragone is sculpted.
- c. 130–138 – Hadrian Hunting Boar and Sacrificing to Apollo, sculptural reliefs on the Arch of Constantine, Rome, are made.
- c. 130–138 – Antinous, from Hadrian's Villa at Tivoli, Italy, is made. It is now kept at Museo Gregoriano Egizio, Rome.
131
By place
Roman Empire
- Emperor Hadrian builds the city Aelia Capitolina, on the location of Jerusalem.
- The Praetor's Edict is definitively codified by Salvius Julianus, on Hadrian's orders. This change means that senatorial decrees become a mere confirmation of the imperial speech (oratio principis) which initiated them.
- Reorganization of the Imperial Council: Central administration is reinforced, and administrative positions are entrusted to knights, according to a very strict hierarchy. Under the reorganization, the Roman Senate is excluded from controlling the business of state.
- Hadrian restores the monarchist policy of Claudius and Domitian. The equestrian order is given full legal status, and attains the second order of the state.
- Italy is divided into legal districts managed by consuls, a direct blow to the power and prestige of the Senate.
By topic
Religion
- The Edict of Hadrian prohibits the practice of circumcision. Additionally, Hadrian prohibits public reading of the Torah under penalty of death, as well as observance of festivals and the Sabbath, the teaching of Judaic Law, and the ordination of rabbis.
- The Temple of Baalshamin is built in Palmyra.[1]
132
By place
Roman Empire
- The Temple of Olympian Zeus (Athens) is completed, using Cossutius' design.
- Bar Kokhba revolt: The messianic, charismatic Jewish leader Simon bar Kokhba starts a war of liberation for Judea against the Romans, which is eventually crushed (in 135) by Emperor Hadrian; Rabbi Akiva is supportive of the rebellion.
- Legio X Fretensis must evacuate Jerusalem, returning to Caesarea. The Jews enter the city, and re-establish their system of sacrifices. They strike coins to celebrate their independence, which will last for only 30 months. Legio XXII Deiotariana, which advanced from Egypt, is completely destroyed.
- Merchants in Britain build structures outside the forts of Hadrian's Wall, and offer goods and services (including brothels) to Roman soldiers, who receive salaries in a region that otherwise has virtually no ready money.
- Construction begins on the Mausoleum of Hadrian in Rome (known today as Castel Sant'Angelo).
By topic
Art and Science
- Chinese scientist Zhang Heng invents the first seismometer for determining the exact cardinal direction of earthquakes hundreds of miles away; the device employs a series of complex gears around a central swinging pendulum.
133
By place
Roman Empire
- Bar Kokhba Revolt: Sextus Julius Severus, Roman governor of Britain, is sent to Judea (in 136 renamed Syria Palaestina) to quell the revolt. Jewish rebels, led by Simon bar Kokhba and Eleazar, cut off the vital supply lines and Roman garrisons in Palestine. Despite Roman reinforcements from Syria and Egypt, they establish an independent state in Judea.
134
By place
Roman Empire
- A law improving the lot of free workers is passed in Rome.
- Arrianus, Roman governor of Cappadocia, repulses an attack of the Alani, a nomadic tribe from southeastern Russia.
- Summer – Sextus Julius Severus, Roman governor of Judea begins a campaign against the Jewish rebel strongholds in the mountains.
- The Romans retake Jerusalem. The largely-destroyed city is renamed Aelia Capitolina.
By topic
135
By place
Roman Empire
- A Jewish diaspora begins, as Emperor Hadrian bars Jews from Jerusalem, and has survivors of the massacre dispersed across the Roman Empire. Many join Mediterranean ports.
- Jerusalem is renamed Colonia Aelia Capitolina, in honor of Hadrian. Legio VI Ferrata rebuilds the legionary fortress in the city, and constructs a Roman temple at Golgotha.
- An altar to Jupiter is erected, on the site of the Temple in Jerusalem.
- Canopus, Hadrian's Villa, Tivoli, Italy, is finished.
- Alans threaten Cappadocia; they are repulsed by Arrian.
By topic
136
By place
Roman Empire
- The war against the Suebi begins (they will be defeated by Tiberius Haterius Nepos Atinas, Roman governor of Pannonia, in 138).
- Emperor Hadrian chases the Jews from Galilee, and receives a triumphal arch near Scythopolis.
- The Roman province of Iudaea (plus Galilee) becomes Syria Palaestina, the name Palestine as a designation for this land was used since at least 5th century BC (mentioned by Herodotus).
- Hadrian dictates his memoirs at his villa near Tivoli (Tibur) outside Rome.
- Hadrian uncovers a new conspiracy among certain senators. He adopts Lucius Aelius as his heir.
By topic
Religion
- Pope Hyginus succeeds Pope Telesphorus as the ninth pope of Rome.
- Change of Patriarch of Constantinople from Patriarch Eleutherius to Patriarch Felix.
137
By place
Roman Empire
- Tax laws are passed for trade in Palmyra.[3] The caravan city grows rich by importing rare products from the Persian Gulf, and by exporting items manufactured by the Mediterranean world to the East.
138
By place
Roman Empire
- February 25 – Emperor Hadrian makes Antoninus Pius his successor, on condition that he adopt Marcus Aurelius and Lucius Verus.
- July 10 – Hadrian dies after a heart failure at Baiae, and is buried at Rome in the Gardens of Domitia beside his wife, Vibia Sabina.
- Antoninus Pius succeeds Hadrian as Roman Emperor, and asks the Senate to confer divine honors for Hadrian.
- Construction begins on the Theater of Philadelphia (Amman).
- Hadrian's Villa, Tivoli, Italy, is finished.
By topic
Commerce
- The silver content of the Roman denarius falls to 75 percent under Emperor Antoninus Pius, down from 87 percent under Hadrian.
139
By place
Roman Empire
- The Tomb of Hadrian in Rome is completed; Emperor Antoninus Pius cremates the body of Hadrian, and places his ashes, together with that of his wife Vibia Sabina and his adopted son, Lucius Aelius, in the mausoleum.[4]
- Marcus Aurelius is named Caesar. He marries the 9-year-old Faustina the Younger, daughter of Antoninus Pius.
- Antoninus Pius and Gaius Bruttius Praesens become Roman Consuls.
Significant people
- Hadrian, Roman Emperor
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References
- Javier Teixidor (2015). The Pagan God: Popular Religion in the Greco-Roman Near East. Princeton University Press. p. 132. ISBN 1400871395.
- "List of Rulers of Korea". www.metmuseum.org. Retrieved 18 April 2019.
- Asakura, Hironori (2003). World history of the customs and tariffs. World Customs Organization. p. 90. ISBN 978-2-87492-021-9.
- Claridge, Amanda (2010). Rome: An Oxford Archaeological Guide. Oxford University Press. p. 411. ISBN 9780199546831.
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