Yellow rail

The yellow rail (Coturnicops noveboracensis) is a small secretive marsh bird, of the family Rallidae.

Yellow rail
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Aves
Order: Gruiformes
Family: Rallidae
Genus: Coturnicops
Species:
C. noveboracensis
Binomial name
Coturnicops noveboracensis
(Gmelin, 1789)

Description

Adults have brown upperparts streaked with black, a yellowish-brown breast, a light belly and barred flanks. The short thick dark bill turns yellow in males during the breeding season. The feathers on the back are edged with white. There is a yellow-brown band over the eye and the legs are greenish-yellow.

Measurements:[2]

  • Length: 5.1–7.1 in (13–18 cm)
  • Weight: 1.4–2.4 oz (40–68 g)
  • Wingspan: 11.0–12.6 in (28–32 cm)
specimen at AMNH

Distribution

Their breeding habitat is wet meadows, fens and shallow marshes across Canada east of the Rockies; also the northeastern United States and the entire northern Canada–US border Great Plains to the Great Lakes. A small population may exist in northern Mexico.

The yellow rail migrates to the southeastern coastal United States.

Little is know about the Yellow Rail's winter habits beyond sites along coastal Texas, southeast Oklahoma, and coastal South Carolina. However, researchers have concluded through observational studies that the relative abundance of Yellow Rails increased in relation to the size of the area surveyed and was higher at sites burned within 3 years. Across sites, each additional hour of survey effort increased the number of birds detected by 0.66 rails/h. Findings indicate Yellow Rails overwinter in wet pine savanna habitats along the northern Gulf Coast region.[3]

Behaviour

The yellow rail are very elusive and seldom seen. They generally call at night resembling the sound of two stones being clicked together "tik-tik tik-tik-tik" in repetition. When approached, they are more likely to rely on camouflage and escaping on foot through dense vegetation, rather than flushing.

Breeding

The nest is a shallow cup built with marsh vegetation on damp ground under a canopy of dead plants. It is made out of woven grasses and leaves.[4]

This rail lays a clutch of five to 10 oval or elongate eggs that usually measure around 29 by 21 millimetres (1.14 by 0.83 in). These eggs are creamy, and spotted with both reddish spots that form a ring at one end, and small black spots that are scattered over the egg. They are incubated by the female for a period of 16 to 18 days. If the first set of eggs are destroyed, the female will generally lay another clutch. After the chicks hatch, the female will either crush the eggshells and hide them from view at the bottom of the nest, or remove the eggshells from the nest, dropping them along the paths leading away from the nest.[4]

Diet

The yellow rail feeds primarily on small invertebrates and complements its diet with plant seeds.[5] Beetles (Coleoptera) account for the highest proportion of the birds' diet, followed by spiders (Araneae) and snails (Gastropods), whereas plant matter is dominated by sedges (Cyperaceae) and rushes (Juncaceae).[5]

Status

Their numbers have declined in recent years due to loss of habitat. However, in 2021 a survey using autonomous sound recorders in the Edéhzhíe Protected Area in Canada's Northwest Territories, 150 kilometres (93 mi) outside the species' known range, reported an estimated population of 906 breeding pairs, which may suggest that the species is more widespread than previously thought.[6]

References
  1. BirdLife International (2016). "Coturnicops noveboracensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22692275A93345717. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22692275A93345717.en. Retrieved 11 November 2021.
  2. "Yellow Rail Identification, All About Birds, Cornell Lab of Ornithology". www.allaboutbirds.org. Retrieved 2020-09-27.
  3. Soehren, Eric C.; Hereford, Scott G.; Morris, Kelly M.; Trent, John A.; Walker, Jacob; Woodrey, Mark S.; Rush, Scott A. (1 September 2018). "Winter use of wet pine savannas by Yellow Rail (Coturnicops noveboracensis) along coastal Alabama and Mississippi". Wilson Journal of Ornithology. 130 (3): 615–625. doi:10.1676/17-041.1.
  4. Hauber, Mark E. (1 August 2014). The Book of Eggs: A Life-Size Guide to the Eggs of Six Hundred of the World's Bird Species. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p. 56. ISBN 978-0-226-05781-1.
  5. Robert, Michael; Cloutier, Louise; Laporte, Pierre (December 1997). "The summer diet of the Yellow Rail in Southern Québec". The Wilson Bulletin. 109 (4): 702–710. Retrieved 21 March 2022.
  6. McLeod, Logan J. T.; Haché, Samuel; Pankratz, Rhiannon F.; Bayne, Erin M. (23 December 2021). "High-density Yellow Rail (Coturnicops noveboracensis) Population Beyond Purported Range Limits in the Northwest Territories, Canada". Waterbirds. 44 (2): 175–184. doi:10.1675/063.044.0204. Retrieved 21 March 2022.
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