War of the Emboabas
The War of the Emboabas (Portuguese: Guerra dos Emboabas, lit. 'newcomers' war') was a conflict in colonial Brazil waged in 1706-1707 and 1708-1709 over newly discovered gold fields, which had set off a rush to the region between two generations of Portuguese settlers in the viceroyalty of Brazil - then the Captaincy of São Vicente. The discovery of gold set off a rush to the region, Paulistas asserted rights of discovery and non-Paulistas challenged their claims. Although the Portuguese crown sought more control in the area and the Paulistas sought protection of their claims, the Emoboabas won. The crown re-assessed its position in the region and made administrative changes subsequently.[1]
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The following day, the residents of São Luis with 100 more insurgents took the city, surrendered the troops, arrested the captain-major, Balthazar Fernandes, and started the movement known as the Beckman revolt, on the grounds that they were loyal vassals and they should ask their prince for relief from work, and the correction of disorders, which they suffer; for humble supplication, and not violent sedition, is the licit means and the right way. (COUTINHO, 2004: 196) The governor of the State of Maranhão and Grão-Pará was in Belém where, a few days later, he received news about what was happening in the capital from the person responsible for the application of the stank in the region, Pascoal Jansen.
The movement was a reflection of the difficult economic, political and social context in which the captaincies of northern Portuguese America lived. With activities aimed at low-productivity and commercialization genres, such as sertão drugs (indigo, cinnamon, cloves, sarsaparilla, rosemary and other groceries), the region had a small monetary circulation, which caused an intense use of labor. gentile work as blacks ended up becoming an expensive product to purchase (BOXER, 2000). In addition, the location was also marked by internal differences, as São Luis, after a frustrated insertion in the sugar world, ended up turning to extractive activities; Belém became a commercial hub for the supply of foodstuffs. Although the former was the state capital, it was in the latter where the governors spent most of their administration. The characteristics of the State of Maranhão ended up generating the main reasons that led to the outbreak of the 1684 movement. In the first place, the restrictive measures imposed by the Companhia Geral do Comércio do Maranhão. Created in 1682, the estanco had the function of supplying the captaincy with varied and black products, despite being well received by the population, it did not fulfill its duties, being marked by accusations of theft, commercial privileges for product vessels, vexations, poor quality of the foodstuffs used to supply the region, as well as it did not solve the problem of the lack of labor in local crops (LISBOA, 1997: 85). Second, the physical absence of the royal administrator, Francisco de Sá e Menezes. Housing in Belém bothered the subjects of Maranhão who saw themselves harmed by the abandonment of the shade of the sun, accused of being much more interested in their personal and private gains than in solving the problems and difficulties that the residents of São Luis were going through. Mainly because he had been responsible for the application of the feint, being responsible for the inspection and the actual fulfillment of his duties.
No dia seguinte, os moradores de São Luis com mais 100 revoltosos tomaram a cidade, renderam a tropa, prenderam o capitão-mor, Balthazar Fernandes, e deram início ao movimento conhecido como revolta de Beckman, sob a alegação de que eram leais vassalos e deveriam solicitar de seu príncipe alívio dos trabalhos, e a emenda das desordens, que se padecem; porque a súplica humilde, e não sedição violenta, é para isso o meio lícito e caminho certo. (COUTINHO, 2004: 196) O governador do Estado do Maranhão e Grão-Pará encontrava-se em Belém onde poucos dias depois recebia notícias sobre o que estava acontecendo na capital pelo responsável da aplicação do estanco na região, Pascoal Jansen. O movimento fora reflexo do contexto econômico, político e social difícil no qual viviam as capitanias do norte da América Portuguesa. Com atividades voltadas para gêneros de baixa produtividade e comercialização, como as drogas do sertão (anil, canela, cravo, salsaparrilha, alecrim e outros mantimentos), a região tinha uma pequena circulação monetária, o que ocasionava uma intensa utilização da mão-de-obra gentia já que os negros acabavam se tornando um produto caro para sua aquisição (BOXER, 2000). Além disso, a localidade também era marcada pelas diferenças internas, pois enquanto São Luis após uma inserção frustrada no mundo açucareiro acabou se voltando para as atividades extrativistas; Belém tornou-se um pólo comercial de abastecimento de gêneros. Apesar de a primeira ser a capital do Estado, era na segunda onde os governadores passavam a maior parte de sua administração. As características do Estado do Maranhão acabaram gerando os principais motivos que levaram a eclosão do movimento de 1684. Em primeiro lugar, as medidas restritivas impostas pela Companhia Geral do Comércio do Maranhão. Criada de 1682, o estanco tinha por função abastecer a capitania de produtos variados e negros, apesar de ser bem recebida pela população, não cumpriu com suas atribuições, sendo marcada por acusações de roubos, privilégios comerciais para embarcações de produtos, vexações, má qualidade dos gêneros usados para munir a região, bem como não resolveu o problema da carência da mão-de-obra das lavouras locais (LISBOA, 1997: 85). Em segundo lugar, a ausência física do administrador régio, Francisco de Sá e Menezes. A moradia em Belém incomodava os súditos maranhenses que se viam prejudicados pelo abandono da sombra do sol acusado de estar interessado muito mais em seus ganhos pessoais e particulares do que em resolver os problemas e as dificuldades que passavam os moradores de São Luis. Principalmente por que o mesmo tinha sido o responsável pela aplicação da finta, cabendo-o a fiscalização e o real cumprimento de suas atribuições
History
Starting from the village of São Paulo dos Campos de Piratininga (now São Paulo) the Bandeirantes had explored most of what is now southeastern and southwestern Brazil, effectively taking advantage of the union of the Crowns of Portugal and Spain from 1580 to 1640 to incorporate all the former Spanish territories then west of the Tordesilhas Line. Their goal was to capture new Indian slaves (which put them in conflict with the Jesuit Reductions), recapture runaway slaves and find precious minerals.
Their search was rewarded in an area just north of their original Capitania, until then inaccessible, which became Minas dos Matos Gerais and is now Minas Gerais. However the mines, while rich, were in a vast area they could not effectively settle, so theynattracted a gold rush from Portugal. The newcomers, called Emboabas, found an alternative, shorter route to the sea; the Caminho Novo das Minas dos Matos Gerais to São Sebastião do Rio de Janeiro on Guanabara Bay, bypassing and alienating the original discoverers.
The Bandeirantes, or Paulistas, tried to assert rights of precedence but were defeated. As a result, the provinces of Minas Gerais and Rio de Janeiro were formed, their capital cities of Vila Rica do Ouro Preto and São Sebastião do Rio de Janeiro, respectively, became the new centers of power in the vice-kingdom of Brazil. São Sebastião (later shortened to its present name of Rio de Janeiro) became the capital city of the viceroyalty and later of the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves.
As soon as news of the discovery of gold spread thousands of outsiders moved to the area and became known pejoratively as "Emboabas". The term is derived from the Tupi mbóaba which literally means "hairy leg" (mbo (leg) + tab (hairy)). Originally the term referred to birds with feathered legs and as, unlike the Paulista pioneers, the outsiders always wore knee-high boots with their trousers tucked in, giving them the name.[2] [4] [5]
Alternatively, according to the Dicionário Houaiss emboaba could be derived from the Tupi words mbo (do) and tab (hurt) meaning "those who invade or attack" and would be applied to a group rather than an individual.
Consequences

- Regulation of the distribution of mines between Emboabas and Paulistas.
- Regulation of collection of the quinto do ouro tax.
- Breakup on 3 November 1709 of the Province of São Vicente into São Paulo e Minas de Ouro and Rio de Janeiro, ruled directly by the Crown.
- São Paulo attained city status.
- End of the wars in the mining areas with the crown assuming the administrative control of the region.
- The defeat of Paulistas caused some of them to move west where, years later, they would discover new gold deposits in the current states of Mato Grosso do Sul, Mato Grosso and Goiás.
- The production of gold after the war increased so that Minas Gerais became the richest region of Brazil between 1740 and 1760.
References
- Donald Ramos, "Emoboabas" in Encyclopedia of Latin American History and Culture, vol. 2, p. 487-88. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons 1996.
- Ramos, "Emboaba" p. 487
- "Há controvérsias" (in Portuguese). Biblioteca Nacional. 2008-10-01.
- FURTADO, Júnia Ferreira. José Rodrigues Abreu e a geografia imaginária emboaba da conquista do ouro. In: Modos de Governar - Ideias e práticas políticas no Império Português séculos XVI a XIX. BICALHO, Maria Fernanda & FERLINI, Vera Lúcia do Amaral (Orgs.). 1ª ed. São Paulo: Alameda, 2005, p.278
Further reading
- Cardozo, Manoel S. "The Guerra dos Emboabas, Civli War in Minas Gerais, 1708-1709". Hispanic American Historical Review 22 (August 1942), 470-492.
- Boxer, Charles R. The Golden Age of Brazil, 1695-1750. 1964.
- Franco, Francisco de Assis Carvalho, "Dicionário de Bandeirantes e Sertanistas do Brasil", Ed. São Paulo University, São Paulo, Ed Itatiaia, Belo Horizonte (1989)
- Leme, Pedro Taques de Almeida Paes, "Nobiliarquia Paulistana Histórica e Genealógica", Ed. São Paulo University (1980, São Paulo).
- Mello, José Soares de. Emboabas. São Paulo: Governo do estado de São Paulo, 1942.
- Miranda, Ana. "O retrato do rei" São Paulo: Companhia das Letras, 1991. Romance brasileiro.
- Taunay, Afonso de E., "Relatos Sertanistas", Ed. São Paulo University (1981, São Paulo)
- Taunay, Afonso de E., "História das Bandeiras Paulistas", Ed. Melhoramentos (São Paulo)
- Ribeiro, Berta. O índio na história do Brasil. Editora Global, 1987.