Volcanic tsunami
A volcanic tsunami, also called a volcanogenic tsunami, is a tsunami produced by volcanic phenomena. They can result from volcanic earthquakes, caldera collapse, explosive submarine eruptions, the effects of pyroclastic flows and lahars on water, base surges with accompanying shock waves, lava avalanching into the sea, air waves from subaerial explosive eruptions, avalanches of cold rock, and avalanches of hot material.[1] Volcanic tsunamis produced by large lateral collapse landslides and ocean-entering pyroclastic flows are the largest and most hazardous.[2]
About 20–25% of all fatalities at volcanoes during the past 250 years have been caused by volcanic tsunamis. The most devastating volcanic tsunami in recorded history was that produced by the 1883 eruption of Krakatoa. The waves reached heights of 40 m (130 ft) and killed 36,000 people.[1]
Examples
| Volcano | Location | Year | Notes | Sources |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Santorini | Aegean Sea, Greece | 1638 BC | 35 to 150 m (115 to 492 ft) high waves. Destroyed the population of Crete. | [3] |
| Mount Vesuvius | Campania, Italy | 79 | Tsunami caused by caldera collapse. | [3] |
| Mount Vesuvius | Campania, Italy | 1631 | Tsunami caused by a Plinian eruption. | [3] |
| Hokkaido Koma-ga-take | Hokkaido, Japan | 1640 | Tsunami caused by summit collapse from a landslide. | [3] |
| Taal Volcano | Batangas, Philippines | 1715 | Tsunami caused by a base surge. | [3] |
| Oshima | Sea of Japan | 1741 | Tsunami caused by a volcanic earthquake. 1,467 people killed. | [3] |
| Taal Volcano | Batangas, Philippines | 1749 | Tsunami caused by a base surge. | [3] |
| Mount Unzen | Kyushu, Japan | 1792 | 55 m (180 ft) high waves caused by a landslide. About 15,000 people killed. | [3] |
| Mount Tambora | Sumbawa, Indonesia | 1815 | More than 10 m (33 ft) high waves caused by pyroclastic flows entering the sea. More than 10,000 people killed. | [3] |
| Mount Ruang | Sangihe Islands, Indonesia | 1871 | 26 m (85 ft) high wave caused by a pyroclastic flow. | [3] |
| Mount Yasur | Tanna Island, Vanuatu | 1878 | 16 m (52 ft) high wave caused by a volcanic earthquake. | [3] |
| Mount Okmok | Aleutian Islands, Alaska, United States | 1878 | Tsunami caused by a volcanic earthquake. | [3] |
| Augustine Volcano | Alaska, United States | 1883 | 9 m (30 ft) high waves caused by a volcanic landslide. | [3] |
| Krakatoa | Sunda Strait, Indonesia | 1883 | 40 m (130 ft) high waves. 36,000 people killed. | [3] |
| Ritter Island | Papua New Guinea | 1888 | 15 m (49 ft) high waves caused by volcano collapse and avalanche. Many people killed. | [3] |
| Mount Pelée | Martinique, France | 1902 | Tsunami caused by a pyroclastic flow. | [3] |
| Ambrym | Malampa Province, Vanuatu | 1913 | Tsunami caused by an underwater eruption. | [3] |
| Paluweh | East Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia | 1928 | 10 m (33 ft) high waves caused by a volcanic landslide. 150 people killed. | [3] |
| Stromboli | Tyrrhenian Sea, Italy | 1930 | 2 m (6.6 ft) high wave caused by volcanic earthquake and landslide. | [3] |
| Kharimkotan | Kuril Islands, Russia | 1933 | 10 m (33 ft) high waves caused by a volcanic earthquake. | [3] |
| Bezymianny | Kamchatka Peninsula, Russia | 1956 | Tsunami caused by a shock wave. | [3] |
| Didicas Volcano | Cagayan, Philippines | 1969 | Three people killed. | [3] |
| Ritter Island | Papua New Guinea | 1972 | Small tsunamis caused by volcano subsidence. | [3] |
| Ritter Island | Papua New Guinea | 1974 | Small tsunamis caused by volcano subsidence. | [3] |
| Illiwerung | Indonesia | 1979 | 9 m (30 ft) high waves caused by a volcanic landslide. More than 500 people killed. | [3] |
| Mount St. Helens | Washington, United States | 1980 | 250 m (820 ft) high waves caused by a volcanic landslide into Spirit Lake. | [3] |
| Illiwerung | Indonesia | 1983 | Tsunami caused by a submarine eruption. Some deaths. | [3] |
| Lake Nyos | Northwest Region, Cameroon | 1986 | 75 m (246 ft) high waves caused by an underwater eruption of carbon dioxide. | [3] |
| Vulcano | Aeolian Islands, Italy | 1988 | 5.5 m (18 ft) high waves caused by a volcanic landslide. | [3] |
| Rabaul caldera | East New Britain Province, Papua New Guinea | 1994 | 1.2 m (3.9 ft) high waves caused by a pyroclastic flow. | [3] |
| Karymsky | Kamchatka Peninsula, Russia | 1996 | 30 m (98 ft) high waves caused by a phreatomagmatic eruption. | [3] |
| Soufrière Hills | Montserrat, United Kingdom | 1997 | 3 m (9.8 ft) high waves caused by a volcanic debris flow. | [3] |
| Stromboli | Tyrrhenian Sea, Italy | 2002 | Tsunami caused by a volcanic landslide. | [3] |
| Ritter Island | Papua New Guinea | 2007 | Tsunami caused by a volcanic landslide. Many homes destroyed. | [3] |
| Anak Krakatau | Sunda Strait, Indonesia | 2018 | Tsunami caused by a volcanic landslide. 437 people killed. | [4] |
| Hunga Tonga–Hunga Ha'apai | Tonga Islands, Pacific Ocean | 2022 | Tsunami caused by volcanic eruption. At least 5 killed. | [5] |
See also
- Megatsunami – Very large wave created by a large, sudden displacement of material into a body of water
References
- Latter, J. H. (1981). "Tsunamis of volcanic origin: Summary of causes, with particular reference to Krakatoa, 1883". Bulletin Volcanologique. 44 (3): 467–490.
- Day, Simon J. (2015). "Volcanic Tsunamis". The Encyclopedia of Volcanoes. Elsevier. Retrieved 2022-03-21.
- Keeley, J. (2010). "Volcanogenic Tsunamis". Oregon State University. Retrieved 2021-04-27.
- Ye, Lingling; Kanamori, Hiroo; Rivera, Luis; Lay, Thorne; Zhou, Yu; Sianipar, Dimas; Satake, Kenji (2020). "The 22 December 2018 tsunami from flank collapse of Anak Krakatau volcano during eruption". Science Advances. American Association for the Advancement of Science. 6 (3): 1. ISSN 2375-2548.
- "Shock waves, landslides may have caused 'rare' volcano tsunami: experts". France24.com. 17 January 2022. Retrieved 27 January 2022.
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