2010 Philippine presidential election

The 2010 Philippine presidential and vice presidential elections were held on Monday, May 10, 2010. The ruling President of the Philippines, Gloria Macapagal Arroyo, was ineligible to seek re-election as per the 1987 Constitution, thus necessitating an election to select the 15th President.

2010 Philippine presidential election
May 10, 2010
Turnout74.3% 2.0%
 
Nominee Benigno Aquino III Joseph Estrada
Party Liberal PMP
Running mate Mar Roxas Jejomar Binay
Popular vote 15,208,678 9,487,837
Percentage 42.08% 26.25%
 
Nominee Manuel Villar Gilbert Teodoro
Party Nacionalista Lakas
Running mate Loren Legarda Edu Manzano
Popular vote 5,573,835 4,095,839
Percentage 15.42% 11.33%
Results according to the final congressional canvass.
President before election

Gloria Macapagal Arroyo
Lakas

 Elected President

Benigno Aquino III
Liberal

2010 Philippine vice presidential election
May 10, 2010
 
Candidate Jejomar Binay Mar Roxas Loren Legarda
Party PDP–Laban Liberal NPC
Popular vote 14,645,574 13,918,490 4,294,664
Percentage 41.65% 39.58% 12.21%
Map showing the official results taken from provincial and city certificates of canvass. The inset shows Metro Manila.
Vice President before election

Noli de Castro
Independent

 Elected Vice President

Jejomar Binay
UNA

Politics of the Philippines
Government
Legislature
Executive
Judiciary
Constitutional commissions
Elections
Political parties
Administrative divisions
Related topics
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Incumbent Vice-President Noli de Castro was allowed to seek re-election, though he could have possibly sought the presidency. As he didn't offer himself in any manner of candidacy at the election, his successor was determined as the 13th Vice President of the Philippines. Although most presidential candidates have running mates, the president and vice president are elected separately, and the winning candidates may be of different political parties.

This election was also the first time that the Commission of Elections (COMELEC) implemented full automation of elections, pursuant to Republic Act 9369, "An Act Authorizing The Commission on Elections To Use An Automated Election System In The May 11, 1998 National or Local Elections and In Subsequent National And Local Electoral Exercises".[1]

The results of the congressional canvassing showed that Senator Benigno Aquino III of the Liberal Party won by a plurality, although he had won with the highest percentage of votes since 1986, but not enough to have the largest margin of victory, even in elections held after 1986.

Meanwhile, in the election for the vice-presidency, Makati Mayor Jejomar Binay of the Partido Demokratiko Pilipino-Lakas ng Bayan (PDP-Laban) defeated Senator Mar Roxas of the Liberal Party in the third-narrowest margin in the history of vice presidential elections. Aquino and Binay were proclaimed in a joint session of Congress on June 9, and took their oaths on June 30, 2010. Roxas filed an electoral protest to the Presidential Electoral Tribunal (PET; the Supreme Court) on July 10, 2010.[2]

Aquino
Teodoro
Villanueva
(2)
Roxas
Manzano
Yasay
Sonza
Chipeco
Metro Manila
Places where the presidential (red) and vice presidential (blue) candidates voted. For candidates that voted in Metro Manila (green), see map below.
Estrada
Villar
Perlas
Madrigal
Binay
Legarda
Fernando
Places where the presidential (red) and vice presidential (blue) candidates voted.

Electoral system

The election is held every six years after 1992, on the second Monday of May. The incumbent president is term limited. The incumbent vice president may run for two consecutive terms. As Joseph Estrada, who was elected in 1998, was able to run in 2010, it is undetermined if the term limit is for life, or is only limited to the incumbent.

The plurality voting system is used to determine the winner: the candidate with the highest number of votes, whether or not one has a majority, wins the presidency. The vice presidential election is a separate election, is held on the same rules, and voters may split their ticket. Both winners will serve six-year terms commencing on the noon of June 30, 2010 and ending on the same day six years later.

The candidates are determined via political conventions of the different political parties. As most political parties in the Philippines are loosely structured, with most politicians switching parties from time to time, a person not nominated by a party may either run as an independent, get drafted by another party, or form their own party. The candidacy process is supervised by the Commission on Elections (usually referred by its abbreviation "COMELEC") which also regulates and holds the elections.

Gloria Macapagal Arroyo, the incumbent president, whose term expired on June 30, 2010

It is not uncommon for the commission to disqualify certain candidates as "nuisance candidates" or those candidates who have no capacity to mount a nationwide campaign. This usually limits the candidates to a small number. The campaign will run for three months, beginning in early February 2010 and ending on the eve of the election. The Vote Counting Machines was tested and booted up at 5 am and the shading of candidates started at 7:30 am.

The counting of votes is initially held in the individual voting precincts, which are all then tabulated for the different municipalities and cities, then to the provinces, and finally to Congress, which is the final canvasser of the votes. Election protests are handled by the Supreme Court, when it sits as the Presidential Electoral Tribunal.

Background

2008

On August 26, then-Metro Manila Development Authority Chairman Bayani Fernando announced his bid for presidency.[3] On September 4, Senator Manny Villar announced his bid for the presidency.[4] On November 11, Makati mayor Jejomar Binay announced his candidacy for president.[5]

On November 26, senator Manuel Roxas was elected as party president of the Liberal Party and nominated to be the party's standard-bearer.[6]

2009

On March 12, former Defense Secretary Gilbert Teodoro Jr. announced his intention to run for the presidency.[7] On April 25, senator Richard Gordon announces bid for presidency.[8] On May 12, senator Panfilo Lacson announces bid for presidency.[9] On June 17, environmentalist Nicanor Perlas announced his bid for presidency.[10] On July 14, senator Loren Legarda announced her intention to run for president.[11] On July 31, senator Jamby Madrigal announced her bid for presidency.[12]

Several candidacies would not push through. Lacson rescinded his bid on June 6.[13] On August 2, Binay discontinued his bid and endorsed former President Joseph Estrada's candidacy instead, opting to be his running mate.[14] On September 1, Senator Roxas withdrew his bid to make way for Aquino III.[15] On September 4, Pampanga Governor Ed Panlilio and Isabela Governor Grace Padaca withdrew, supporting Aquino instead.[16] Interior and Local Government Secretary Ronaldo Puno withdrew his vice presidential bid on October 23.[17] On October 28, amid pressure to run for president, Senator Francis Joseph G. Escudero left the NPC.[18] He did not run for presidency, opting to withdraw on November 24.[19] On November 30, Hermogenes Ebdane withdrew his presidential bid.[20]

On August 1, former President Corazon Aquino died from colorectal cancer. The country descended into a five-day period of mourning and grief for the late president. This would intensify calls for her son, senator Benigno Aquino III, to run for the presidency. On September 9, Aquino finally announced his bid for the presidency.[21] His running mate would be Roxas after he accepted his offer on September 21.[22]

On August 21, evangelist Eddie Villanueva announces bid for presidency.[23] On August 30, Ang Kapatiran named Olongapo City councilor John Carlos de los Reyes as its standard-bearer.[24]

On September 26, Estrada officially announced his bid for presidency.[25]

On October 24, Legarda slid down to vice president.[26] She was later picked by Villar as his running mate on November 16, completing the Nacionalista ticket.[27]

On November 13, Lakas-Kampi-CMD completed its tandem, with TV personality Edu Manzano becoming Teodoro's running mate.[28] This would be formalized on November 19, when the party held its national convention and nominated Teodoro and Manzano.[29]

On November 23, De los Reyes and Dominador Chipeco Jr. filed their certificates of candidacy (COCs) for president and vice president, respectively, under the Ang Kapatiran party.[30] On November 28 - Aquino and Roxas filed their COCs.[31] On November 29, Perlas filed his candidacy for president.[32] On November 30, Villar and Legarda,[33] Estrada and Binay,[34] Villanueva and Perfecto Yasay, Jr.,[35] filed their certificates of candidacy. On December 1 and 2, Teodoro and Manzano filed their candidacies.[36] Other candidates who filed their candidacies on the same period include Jamby Madrigal for president,[37] Gordon and Fernando for president and vice president,[38] and Jose Sonza for vice president.[39]

On December 11, incumbent vice president Noli De Castro endorsed Roxas for vice president.[40] On December 21, Perlas protested his disqualification at COMELEC.[41] On December 28, the commission heard the appeals and petition of disqualified candidates.[42]

On January 14, Perlas's disqualification was reversed by the COMELEC.[43][44] On January 20, Estrada was also allowed to run after the commission threw out all three disqualification cases against him.[45]

Candidates

In the Philippines, the multi-party system is implemented. Sometimes a coalition of different parties are made. Notable this year is the Pwersa ng Masang Pilipino–PDP–Laban and Nacionalista Party–NPC coalitions. Each party hosts candidates who go through a process to determine the presidential nominee for that party.

The Commission on Elections released its list of 16 approved candidates for president and vice-president on December 15.[46] One disqualified candidate, Perlas, was reinstated.[43]

This is arranged by the presidential candidates' surname.

Presidential candidate Vice presidential candidate
Candidate name and party Most recent political position Candidate name and party Most recent political position
Benigno Aquino III
Liberal		 Senator
(Incumbent since 2007)		 Mar Roxas
Liberal		 Senator
(Incumbent since 2004)
John Carlos de los Reyes
Ang Kapatiran		 none Dominador Chipeco Jr.
Ang Kapatiran		 none
Joseph Estrada
PMP		 Former President
(1998 – 2001)		 Jejomar Binay
PDP–Laban		 Mayor of Makati
(Incumbent since 2001)
Dick Gordon
Bagumbayan–VNP		 Senator
(Incumbent since 2004)		 Bayani Fernando
Bagumbayan–VNP		 Chairperson of the Metropolitan Manila Development Authority
(2002 – 2009)
Jamby Madrigal
Independent		 Senator
(Incumbent since 2004)		 none
Nicanor Perlas
Independent		 none
Gilberto Teodoro
Lakas–CMD		 Secretary of National Defense
(2004 – 2010)		 Edu Manzano
Lakas–CMD		 Chairman of the Optical Media Board (2004 – 2009)
Eddie Villanueva
Bangon Pilipinas		 none Perfecto Yasay Jr.
Bangon Pilipinas		 Chairperson of the Securities and Exchange Commission
(1995 – 2000)
Manny Villar
Nacionalista		 Senate President (2006 – 2008) Loren Legarda
NPC		 Senator
(Incumbent since 2007)
none[lower-alpha 1] Jay Sonza
KBL		 none
  1. Vetellano Acosta, Jay Sonza's running mate, was disqualified.

Debates and forums

Several debates and forums were held by various organizations. There was no COMELEC-sponsored debate series for this election.

On December 2, ANC held its presidential forum. Analysts and viewers say praised the performances of Aquino, Teodoro, Estrada, and Gordon.[47] Some candidates were criticized for inconsistent stances on some issues, such as the reproductive health bill and the issue of political dynasties in the country. Presidential candidate Villar was absent.

On January 14, GMA Network held a vice presidential forum.[48]

On January 29, the De La Salle University and ANC held its Presidential Youth Forum 2010. Audience members stated that Aquino, Gordon, Teodoro "made a favorable impression". Candidate Madrigal attended her first forum, while Estrada was absent.[49]

On February 8, the Philippine Daily Inquirer 1st Edition Presidential Debate was held. All candidates participated except Estrada, citing "bias" against him.[50]

On March 21, ABS-CBN held its "Harapan: The Vice Presidential Debate". The Halalan chatroom poll voted Roxas as "most credible candidate" (54%) with Binay, Fernando tie in second (13%) and Yasay (11%); Legarda fared poorly (4%). Absent was Chipeco and Manzano whose absence drew comments on social-networking sites.[51] Analysts also pointed out not "to belittle" the survey underdogs and praised Binay, Yasay and Sonza.[52]

Opinion polling
Main article: Opinion polling for the 2010 Philippine presidential election

Opinion polling in Philippines is conducted by Social Weather Stations (SWS), Pulse Asia and other pollsters.

For president

For vice president

Exit poll

SWS conducted an exit poll. SWS's 2004 exit poll missed by a large margin the result.[53]

According to the SWS exit poll, 45% of Muslims voted for Binay, while only 17% chose Roxas and 28% for Legarda. About 75% of the members of the Iglesia ni Cristo voted for Roxas. Despite having the endorsement of several Catholic bishops, de los Reyes only got 0.2% of the Catholic vote, while Aquino, despite being branded by some Catholic organizations as not pro-life, got 44%.[54]

President
Poll sourceDate(s) conductedSample
size		Margin of
error		AquinoDe los ReyesEstradaGordonMadrigalPerlasTeodoroVillanuevaVillar
SWS[55] May 1052,573±1%43.340.1526.381.400.230.1310.253.4014.73

Vice president
Poll sourceDate(s) conductedSample
size		Margin of
error		BinayChipecoFernandoLegardaManzanoRoxasSonzaYasay
SWS[55] May 1052,573±1%42.520.432.9211.511.8139.170.201.43

Campaign

The COMELEC-mandated election period for this election was from January 10 to June 9. The formal campaign period was supposed to start on February 9, although early campaigning was allowed by Supreme Court after it issued its ruling on November 26.[56]

February 9, 2010 marked the start of the campaign period. The candidates held their respective proclamation rallies. Teodoro's rally was held at Antipolo. Villar started his campaign at Calamba. Imus was the site of Gordon's campaign kickoff. Olongapo was the site of De los Reyes' proclamation rally. Estrada held his proclamation rally in Quiapo. Villanueva started his campaign at Rizal Park in Manila. The Aquino and Roxas tandem began their campaign in Aquino's home province, Tarlac.[57]

On March 4, COMELEC disqualified Vetellano Acosta.[58] His name, however, would remain in the ballot although votes that would be cast for him will be considered invalid.[59]

On March 28, several Lakas-Kampi-CMD stalwarts left the party to support Villar. The Liberal Party alleged that these defections signified the existence of a Villarroyo (Villar–Arroyo) alliance. Malacañang downplayed the defections and denied having an alliance with Villar.[60] Teodoro later resigned as Lakas-Kampi-CMD chairman on March 30. Other officials, such as party president Miguel Dominguez and secretary-general Francis Manglapus also resigned in less than 24 hours. His resignation fueled further speculation that President Arroyo is dropping her financial support for her party in exchange for supporting Villar due to "winnability",[61] an accusation which Malacañang denied.[62]

On April 10, overseas absentee voting started; this would continue until election day. On April 28, local absentee voting for government officials, teachers performing election duties outside of their precincts, members of the Armed Forces of the Philippines (AFP) and operatives of the Philippine National Police (PNP) starts.[63] Local absentee voting ended on April 30.

This election, being the first automated elections in the country, was marred with technical issues. Some have called for a parallel manual count aside from the official tabulation, which the COMELEC rejected.[64] In Hong Kong, two polling precincts encountered technical problems.[65] In the first week of May, election contractor Smartmatic recalled the compact flash cards (CFC) of all precinct count optical scanner (PCOS) machines due to the machines not counting the votes correctly due to the spacing of the ballot. These were found out after testing. By Election Day, 99% of all CF Cards were already delivered. The remaining 1% was due to some inaccessible precincts. On May 8, the Supreme Court junked petitions to postpone the elections due to the technical difficulties found with the issue of the CF Cards [66]

On May 2, Kingdom of Jesus Christ leader Pastor Apollo Quiboloy endorsed Gilbert Teodoro for president.[67] On May 5, the Iglesia ni Cristo endorsed the Aquino–Roxas ticket. The INC has an estimated command votes of 5-8 million.[68]

Results

The candidate in each position with the highest number of votes will be declared the winner; there is no runoff. Congress shall canvass the votes in a joint public session.

When there are two or more candidates who have the highest and an equal number of votes, Congress, voting separately via majority vote will choose from these candidates, who have the highest and equal number of votes, who is to be the president.

The Supreme Court shall "be the sole judge of all contests relating to the election, returns, and qualifications of the President or Vice President".

There are several parallel tallies, with the Congressional canvass the official tally. The COMELEC used the election returns from the polling precincts; the Congress as the national board of canvassers will base their official tally from the certificates of canvass from the provinces and cities, which were derived from the election returns. The accredited citizen's arm, the Parish Pastoral Council for Responsible Voting (PPCRV) also used the election returns from the polling precincts. In theory, all tallies must be identical.

For president
Main article: Congressional canvass for the Philippine presidential election, 2010
Presidential election results per province and city.

Congress in joint session as the National Board of Canvassers convened in the Batasang Pambansa Complex in Quezon City, the home of the House of Representatives. Only a committee canvassed the votes, with the same number of members from both the Senate and the House of Representatives.

On June 8, Congress finished canvassing all of the votes, with the final canvass showing that Aquino and Binay had won. Aquino and Binay were proclaimed as president-elect and vice president-elect in a joint session on June 9. The president-elect and vice president-elect were inaugurated on June 30, 2010.[69]

In case a president has not been determined by June 30, the vice president-elect shall act as president until a president has been determined. If both positions have not yet been determined, the President of the Senate, or the Speaker of the House of Representatives if the former is unable to do so, shall act as president. Congress shall enact a law on who acts as president if neither of the officials already stated are unable to do so.

CandidatePartyVotes%
Benigno Aquino IIILiberal Party15,208,67842.08
Joseph EstradaPwersa ng Masang Pilipino9,487,83726.25
Manny VillarNacionalista Party5,573,83515.42
Gilbert TeodoroLakas Kampi CMD4,095,83911.33
Eddie VillanuevaBangon Pilipinas1,125,8783.12
Dick GordonBagumbayan–VNP501,7271.39
Nicanor PerlasIndependent54,5750.15
Jamby MadrigalIndependent46,4890.13
John Carlos de los ReyesAng Kapatiran44,2440.12
Total36,139,102100.00
Valid votes36,139,10294.73
Invalid/blank votes2,010,2695.27
Total votes38,149,371100.00
Registered voters/turnout51,317,07374.34
Source: COMELEC
Popular vote
Aquino
 
 42.08%
Estrada
 
 26.25%
Villar
 
 15.42%
Teodoro
 
 11.33%
Others
 
 4.91%

By region

For vice president
Vice presidential election results per province and city. Loren Legarda and Bayani Fernando, despite having more votes than Edu Manzano, failed to win in any province or city where COCs had been canvassed by Congress.

The candidate with the highest number of votes wins the vice presidency. In case when two or more candidates have the highest number of votes, one of them shall be chosen by the vote of a majority of all the members of both Houses of the Congress, voting separately.

CandidatePartyVotes%
Jejomar Binay[lower-alpha 1]PDP–Laban14,645,57441.65
Mar RoxasLiberal Party13,918,49039.58
Loren Legarda[lower-alpha 2]Nationalist People's Coalition4,294,66412.21
Bayani FernandoBagumbayan–VNP1,017,6312.89
Edu ManzanoLakas Kampi CMD807,7282.30
Perfecto Yasay Jr.Bangon Pilipinas364,6521.04
Jay Sonza[lower-alpha 3]Kilusang Bagong Lipunan64,2300.18
Dominador Chipeco Jr.Ang Kapatiran52,5620.15
Total35,165,531100.00
Valid votes35,165,53192.18
Invalid/blank votes2,983,8407.82
Total votes38,149,371–
Registered voters/turnout51,317,07374.34
Source: COMELEC
  1. Running mate of Joseph Estrada (Pwersa ng Masang Pilipino)
  2. Running mate of Manny Villar (Nacionalista Party)
  3. Running mate of Vetellano Acosta (Kilusang Bagong Lipunan) who was disqualified
Popular vote
Binay
 
 41.65%
Roxas
 
 39.58%
Legarda
 
 12.21%
Others
 
 6.56%

By region

Close provinces/cities
Results of provincial canvasses for the presidential election

Aquino
Estrada

Villar
Teodoro
Results of provincial canvasses for the vice presidential election

Binay
Roxas

Legarda
Swing as compared from the 2004 election: In 2004 the Liberals didn't field a candidate and instead supported Lakas-CMD's candidate Gloria Macapagal Arroyo as part of the K-4 coalition. 76% of the provinces and cities that Arroyo won went for Aquino. PMP's nominee in 2004, Poe, was the nominee of the KNP and retained 20 provinces and cities, and picked up six more provinces and cities, all but one in Mindanao.

Margin of victory is less than 5% for the presidential election:

Margin of victory is less than 5% for the vice presidential election:

Electoral protest

On July 10, 2010, Roxas filed an electoral protest against Binay at the Presidential Electoral Tribunal (PET). Binay's camp shrugged off the protest and says that tribunal will "uphold his victory".[2] On July 12 , the PET declared the electoral protest of Roxas "sufficient in form and substance". The PET issues summons to Binay to respond to the protest within ten days.[70]

Unofficial tallies
Winning presidential and vice presidential candidates per province/city in the elections. Note that the two positions are voted separately and voters can split their votes.

COMELEC

The COMELEC originally released results for president and vice president based from election returns but stopped in order not to preempt Congress. The COMELEC held their tally at the Philippine International Convention Center in Pasay.

On May 11, after initial election results, De los Reyes, Gordon, Teodoro, Villar and Villanueva conceded defeat to Aquino in the presidential race while Estrada says he won't concede and will wait for the congressional canvass. Chipeco, Legarda, Manzano and Yasay conceded defeat in the vice presidential race.

2010 Philippine presidential election, COMELEC tally
Candidate Party Results
Votes %
Benigno Aquino III Liberal 12,233,002 42.16%
Joseph Estrada PMP 7,749,597 26.71%
Manuel Villar Nacionalista 4,329,215 14.92%
Gilbert Teodoro Lakas Kampi CMD 3,243,688 11.18%
Eddie Villanueva Bangon Pilipinas 916,543 3.16%
Richard J. Gordon Bagumbayan-VNP 431,954 1.49%
Nicanor Perlas Independent 42,205 0.15%
Jamby Madrigal Independent 37,119 0.13%
John Carlos de los Reyes Ang Kapatiran 34,833 0.12%
Total valid votes cast 29,018,156 56.57%
Registered voters 51,292,465 100.00%
Clustered precincts reporting 59,965 78.41%
2010 Philippine vice presidential election, COMELEC tally
Candidate Party Results
Votes %
Jejomar Binay PDP-Laban 12,025,429 42.45%
Mar Roxas Liberal 11,213,563 39.59%
Loren Legarda NPC 3,808,944 11.51%
Bayani Fernando Bagumbayan-VNP 847,100 2.99%
Edu Manzano Lakas Kampi CMD 593,653 2.10%
Perfecto Yasay Bangon Pilipinas 295,558 1.04%
Jay Sonza KBL 50,722 0.18%
Dominador Chipeco Jr. Ang Kapatiran 40,335 0.14%
Total valid votes cast 28,326,323 55.23%
Registered voters 51,292,465 55.84%
Clustered precincts reporting 59,965 78.41%

PPCRV

The PPCRV held their tally at the Pope Pius Center in Manila.

2010 Philippine presidential election, PPCRV-KBP count
Candidate Party Results
Votes %
Noynoy Aquino Liberal 14,012,761 42.10%
Joseph Estrada PMP 8,860,076 26.62%
Manuel Villar Nacionalista 5,073,824 15.24%
Gilbert Teodoro Lakas Kampi CMD 3,709,681 11.14%
Eddie Villanueva Bangon Pilipinas 1,029,406 3.09%
Richard J. Gordon Bagumbayan-VNP 470,131 1.41%
Nicanor Perlas Independent 49,362 0.15%
Jamby Madrigal Independent 42,657 0.13%
John Carlos de los Reyes Ang Kapatiran 40,430 0.12%
Total valid votes cast 33,288,328 64.90%
Registered voters 51,292,465 100.00%
Clustered precincts reporting 69,001 90.23%
2010 Philippine vice presidential election, PPCRV-KBP count
Candidate Party Results
Votes %
Jejomar Binay PDP-Laban 13,653,873 42.11%
Mar Roxas Liberal 12,823,404 39.55%
Loren Legarda NPC 3,856,989 11.89%
Bayani Fernando Bagumbayan-VNP 944,584 2.91%
Edu Manzano Lakas Kampi CMD 712,996 2.20%
Perfecto Yasay Bangon Pilipinas 327,501 1.01%
Jay Sonza KBL 58,202 0.18%
Dominador Chipeco Jr. Ang Kapatiran 47,799 0.15%
Total valid votes cast 32,455,348 63.28%
Registered voters 51,292,465 100.00%
Clustered precincts reporting 69,001 90.23%

Voter demographics

President
2010 Presidential vote by demographic subgroup
Demographic subgroup Aquino Estrada Villar Other  % of
total vote
Total vote 41 29 16 14 100
Location
NCR 43 31 10 16 10
Balance Luzon 43 31 16 10 44
Visayas 53 10 19 18 20
Mindanao 33 40 16 11 27
Community
Urban 44 28 13 15 44
Rural 39 30 18 13 56
Socio-economic class
ABC 52 17 13 18 8
D 43 27 15 15 60
E 35 35 18 12 32
Gender
Male 39 32 15 14 46
Female 43 27 17 13 54
Age
18-24 37 30 18 15 12
25-34 40 30 17 13 24
35-44 41 30 16 13 23
45-54 42 29 15 14 20
55-64 45 26 16 13 12
65 & up 43 28 14 16 9
Education
Some elementary/elementary graduate 38 32 18 12 30
Some high school 35 36 18 11 14
High school graduate 41 31 16 12 25
Vocational 45 29 13 13 6
Some college 45 24 14 17 12
College graduate/post-college graduate 50 15 13 22 12
Working status
Employed 41 29 15 15 56
Unemployed 41 29 17 13 44
Religion
Roman Catholic 41 31 16 12 80
Islam 48 12 30 10 5
Iglesia ni Cristo 85 10 1 4 4
Aglipayan 38 27 22 13 1
Others 24 34 16 26 10
Ethnic groups
Tagalog 43 34 11 12 35
Cebuano 39 31 14 16 26
Ilocano 28 33 26 13 8
Ilonggo 48 20 17 15 8

Source: Exit polls conducted by Pulse Asia[71]

Vice president
2010 Vice Presidential vote by demographic subgroup
Demographic subgroup Binay Roxas Legarda Other  % of
total vote
Total vote 43 37 14 6 100
Location
NCR 54 33 5 8 10
Balance Luzon 46 34 15 5 44
Visayas 25 55 13 7 20
Mindanao 47 31 15 7 27
Community
Urban 48 38 9 5 47
Rural 39 37 17 7 56
Socio-economic class
ABC 41 45 7 7 8
D 43 39 12 6 60
E 42 33 18 7 32
Gender
Male 45 36 13 6 46
Female 41 39 14 6 54
Age
18-24 46 33 15 6 12
25-34 45 34 16 6 24
35-44 44 37 14 6 23
45-54 44 40 11 5 20
55-64 38 43 12 7 12
65 & up 33 45 14 8 9
Education
Some elementary/elementary graduate 38 35 19 8 30
Some high school 43 35 16 6 14
High school graduate 45 38 12 5 25
Vocational 50 40 7 3 6
Some college 46 39 11 4 12
College graduate/post-college graduate 42 43 7 8 12
Working status
Employed 43 37 14 6 56
Unemployed 42 38 14 6 44
Religion
Roman Catholic 45 37 13 5 80
Islam 40 19 36 5 5
Iglesia ni Cristo 9 86 3 2 4
Aglipayan 29 44 19 8 1
Others 44 30 15 11 10
Ethnic groups
Tagalog 52 34 9 5 35
Cebuano 41 41 11 7 26
Ilocano 41 30 24 5 8
Ilonggo 29 56 9 6 8

Source: Exit polls conducted by Pulse Asia[71]

Campaign expenses

According to the Fair Elections Act, the COMELEC's cap on spending is 10 pesos per voter for each candidate and another 5 pesos per voter for one's political party; since there are about 50 million voters, a candidate can spend up to 500 million pesos and a party can spend an additional 250 million pesos.

The following is a list of published campaign expenses; the COMELEC has no ability to confirm if these were true.[72][73][74][75]

Candidate (Party)Amount raised (PHP)Amount spent (PHP)VotesSpent per vote (PHP)Spent per voter (PHP)
Benigno Aquino III (LP)440,050,000 (approx.)403,119,981.8115,208,67826.517.86
Joseph Estrada (PMP)8,000,000 (approx.)227,500,0009,487,83723.984.44
Manny Villar (NP)431,557,816431,557,8165,573,83577.438.41
Gilbert Teodoro (Lakas-Kampi)64,688.883,463,307.214,095,8390.850.07
Jamby Madrigal (I)55,182,26455,182,26446,4891,187.001.08
Jejomar Binay (PDP-Laban)231,480,000 (approx.)217,938,28914,645,57414.884.25
Mar Roxas (LP)246,000,000 (approx.)279,351,22413,918,49020.075.45
Loren Legarda (NPC)N/A210,280,0004,294,66448.964.10
Bayani Fernando (B-VNP)61,000,000 (approx.)80,081,865.611,017,63178.691.56

See also

Literature
  • Reyes, Vicente (2013), "The impact of automation on elections: Case study of the May 2010 Philippine presidential contests", Journal of Developing Societies, 29 (3): 259–285, doi:10.1177/0169796X13494276

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