Trilok (Jainism)

The early Jain contemplated the nature of the earth and universe and developed a detailed hypothesis on the various aspects of astronomy and cosmology. According to the Jain texts, the universe is divided into 3 parts:[1][2][3][4]

Urdhva Loka – the realms of the gods or heavens
Madhya Loka – the realms of the humans, animals and plants
Adho Loka – the realms of the hellish beings or the infernal regions

Fourteen Rajaloka or Triloka depicted as cosmic man. Miniature from 17th century, Saṁgrahaṇīratna by Śrīcandra, in Prakrit with a Gujarati commentary. Jain Śvetāmbara cosmological text with commentary and illustrations.

References

Citation

Grimes 1996, p. 177.
Titze & Bruhn 1998, p. 238.
Wiley 2009, p. 131.
Raval 2016, p. 81.

Source

Grimes, John A. (1996), A Concise Dictionary of Indian Philosophy: Sanskrit Terms Defined in English, SUNY Press, ISBN 9780791430675, retrieved 10 September 2017
Titze, Kurt; Bruhn, Klaus (1998), Jainism: A Pictorial Guide to the Religion of Non-violence, Motilal Banarsidass Publication, ISBN 9788120815346, retrieved 10 September 2017
Wiley, Kristi L. (2009), The A to Z of Jainism, Scarecrow Press, ISBN 9780810868212, retrieved 10 September 2017
Raval, Mukundchandra G. (2016), Meru: The Center of our Earth, Notion Press, ISBN 9781945400100, retrieved 10 September 2017

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[FOOTNOTEGrimes1996177-1] Grimes 1996, p. 177.

[FOOTNOTETitzeBruhn1998238-2] Titze & Bruhn 1998, p. 238.

[FOOTNOTEWiley2009131-3] Wiley 2009, p. 131.

[FOOTNOTERaval201681-4] Raval 2016, p. 81.