Lolopo language

Lolopo (autonyms: lɔ21 lo33 pʰɔ21, lo31 lo31 pʰo31; Chinese: 倮倮泼; Central Yi) is a Loloish language spoken by half a million Yi people of China. Chinese linguists call it "Central Yi" as well, which is one of the six Yi languages recognized by the government of China.

Not to be confused with Lipo language.
Lolopo
Central Yi
Loxrlavu
Native toChina
EthnicityYi
Native speakers
570,000 (2002–2007)[2]
Yi script
Language codes
ISO 639-3ycl – inclusive code
Individual code:
ysp – Southern Lolopo[3]
Glottologlolo1259

Names

Lolo speakers are referred to by a variety of exonyms. Below is a list of exonyms followed by their respective autonyms and demographics.[4]

  • Mili: lo21 lo33 pʰo21 (spoken by about 12,000 people in Jingdong County). Also called Alie.
  • Enipu 厄尼蒲 (ɣɯ55 ni21 pa̠21 'water buffalo people', an offensive exonym used by Lalo speakers): lo21 lo33 pʰo21 (spoken in Nanjian County). Spoken by nearly 20,000 people in Weishan County (Qinghua Township) and Nanjian County (in Wuliang, Xiaowandong, and Langcang townships)
  • Tu 土 (Tuzu 土族): lo21 lo33 pʰo21 (spoken by nearly 10,000 people in southern Xiangyun County)
  • Qiangyi 羌夷: lɔ̠21 lɔ33 sɨ55 (spoken by nearly 15,000 people in northern and central Xiangyun County)
  • Eastern Lalu: lo̠21 lo̠33 (spoken by nearly 20,000 people in Xinping County and Zhenyuan County)
  • Lolo (of northeastern Binchuan County): lo̠21 lo33 pʰo21
  • Xiangtang 香堂 (spoken in Zhenkang County). Widespread distribution in Jinggu, Zhenyuan, Pu'er, Jiangcheng, Mengla, Jinghong, and Zhenkang counties, with perhaps under 80,000 speakers.
  • Lolo (of Nanhua County): lo̠21 lo̠33 pʰo21
  • Lolo (of Yao'an County): lo21 la33 pʰo21
  • Wotizo: wɔ21 ti33 zɔ21 (Yang 2010:7)[5]

Classification

Yang (2011) proposes this tentative internal classification of Lolo.

  • Southern Lolo (?)
    • Western Lolo (Southern Lolopo in Ethnologue, ISO 639 ysp)
    • Xiangtang
    • Jingdong Lolo (Mili)
  • Southern Dali Lolo (Enipu)
  • Nanhua Lolo
    • Eastern Lalu
    • Tu
  • Binchuan Lolo (?)
  • Yao'an Lolo (Qiangyi) (?)

The Chuxiong Prefecture Ethnic Gazetteer (2013:364)[6] lists the following cognacy percentages between Lolopo 罗罗濮 and other Yi languages in Chuxiong Prefecture.

  • Ache 阿车: 74.86% (211/282)
  • Chesu 车苏: 55% (155/282)
  • Luowu 罗武: 75.89% (214/282)
  • Shansu 山苏: 78.4% (221/282)
  • Lipo 里濮: 93.36% (253/271)

Phonology

Consonants
Labial Alveolar Post-
alveolar		 Palatal Velar Glottal
Stop voiceless p t k ʔ
aspirated pʰ tʰ kʰ
voiced b d ɡ
Affricate voiceless ts tʃ
aspirated tsʰ tʃʰ
voiced dz dʒ
Fricative voiceless f s ʃ x
voiced v z ʝ ɣ
Nasal m n ŋ
Lateral l~ɮ
Semivowel w
  • /m, n, ŋ/ before stops and fricatives are heard as syllabic sounds [m̩, ɱ̍], [n̩], and [ŋ̍].
  • /l/ is also heard in free variation as a voiced lateral fricative [ɮ].

Vowels
Front Back
unrd. rnd.
Close i, i̠ ɯ, ɯ̠
Near-close ʊ, ʊ̠
Mid e, e̠ o, o̠
Near-open æ, æ̠
Open a, a̠
Diphthongs
Front Back
Mid ʲo, ʲo̠
Open ʲɛ, ʲæ̠ ʲa, ʲa̠
  • Sounds /ʊ, ʊ̠/ are pronounced as syllabic consonants [z̩ʷ, z̠̩ʷ] when following alveolar sibilants, and as [v̩, v̠̩] when following /d/ in a low [˨] tone syllable.
  • Sounds /i, i̠/ are heard as syllabic consonants [z̩, z̠̩] when following alveolar sibilants.
  • Sounds /ɯ, ɯ̠/ are heard as central sounds [ə, ə̠] when following alveolar consonants.
  • /æ/ is heard as open-mid [ɛ] following alveolar plosives /t, d, ts, dz/, a palatal fricative /ʝ/, and within palatalized diphthongs /ʲ/.[7]

Tones
Name Pitch Symbol
Low 21 ˨
Mid 33 ˧
High 55 ˦

References
  1. Hammarström (2015) Ethnologue 16/17/18th editions: a comprehensive review: online appendices
  2. Lolopo at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
    Southern Lolopo[1] at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
  3. Hammarström (2015) Ethnologue 16/17/18th editions: a comprehensive review: online appendices
  4. Yang, Cathryn. 2011. Assessment of the Lolo languages: Current understanding and recommended next steps. m.s.
  5. Yang, Cathryn. 2010. Lalo regional varieties: Phylogeny, dialectometry, and sociolinguistics. Melbourne: La Trobe University PhD dissertation. http://arrow.latrobe.edu.au:8080/vital/access/HandleResolver/1959.9/153015.
  6. 楚雄彝族自治州民族事务委员会编. 2013. 楚雄彝族自治州民族志. 云南民族出版社.
  7. Merrifield, W. Scott (2012). Yáo'ān Central Yi Phonology. SIL.
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