Norodom Sihamoni

Norodom Sihamoni (Khmer: នរោត្តម សីហមុនី, Nôroŭttâm Seihâmŭni Khmer pronunciation: [nɔˈroːɗɑm səjˈhamoniː]; born 14 May 1953) is the King of Cambodia. He became King on 14 October 2004, a week after the abdication of his father, Norodom Sihanouk.[1] He is the eldest son of King Sihanouk and Queen Norodom Monineath and was Cambodia's ambassador to UNESCO, prior to his selection by a nine-member throne council to become the next king. Before ascending to the throne, Sihamoni was educated in Czechoslovakia and was best known for his work as a cultural ambassador in Europe and as a classical dance instructor.

In this Cambodian name, the surname is Norodom. In accordance with Cambodian custom, this person should be referred to by the given name, Sihamoni.
Norodom Sihamoni
នរោត្តម សីហមុនី
King Sihamoni in 2019
King of Cambodia
Reign14 October 2004 – present
Coronation29 October 2004
PredecessorNorodom Sihanouk
Prime MinisterHun Sen
Born (1953-05-14) 14 May 1953
Phnom Penh, Cambodia, French Indochina
HouseNorodom
FatherNorodom Sihanouk
MotherNorodom Monineath
ReligionTheravada Buddhism
Signature
Alma materAcademy of Performing Arts in Prague
WebsiteOfficial website

Early life
Prince Sihamoni with his half-sister Princess Norodom Buppha Devi receiving a bouquet of flowers from US Senator Mike Mansfield in 1969.

Name and family

Sihamoni was born on Thursday, 14 May 1953, in Phnom Penh, Cambodia.[2] His given name "Sihamoni" comprises two morphemes from his parents' given names "Sihanouk" and "Monineath". At the time of his birth and that of his younger brother, his mother Monique Izzi, a Khmer citizen of French, Corsican and Khmer ancestry, had been one of King Norodom Sihanouk's consorts after being a constant companion since the day they met in 1951, when she won first prize in a national beauty contest.[3]

The queen was granted the title of Neak Moneang and the name of Monineath at the time of her marriage to King Norodom Sihanouk in 1952. Furthermore, Queen Monineath is a step-granddaughter of the late Prince Norodom Duong Chakr of Cambodia, and the daughter of Pomme Peang and of her second husband, Jean-François Izzi, a Corsican banker.[4]

Sihamoni has 14 half-brothers and half-sisters by his father; his only full sibling, a younger brother, Samdech Norodom Narindrapong, was born in 1954 and died in 2003.[5][6]

Education and life abroad

The then Prince Sihamoni first began his education in 1959, where he attended Norodom School, followed by Lycée Descartes School in Phnom Penh, developing a keen interest in the arts early on in his life.[2][7]

In 1962 the young Sihamoni was sent to Prague in the former Czechoslovakia by his father to study abroad. There, he completed his early education at Majakovskeho Primary School and later at Ostrovni Elementary School. When he was in his preadolescence years, he starred in a production of Pyotr Tchaikovsky’s The Nutcracker, at the prestigious Prague National Theatre, where he pursued private ballet and piano classes and was once even selected for a television rendition of Brundibár, a well-known children's opera. He then concluded his secondary education at the National Prague Conservatory and was regarded as an able student, getting high marks. Here, he further developed his interest in the performing arts, undertaking courses in this field and excelling at the top of his class. Furthermore, he attained great fluency in Czech.[2][8][9]A movie directed by Vladimir Sís was shot about the prince in Prague in 1967, under the name The Other Little Prince (Jiný malý princ).[10] The prince would occasionally visit his homeland for holidays of which when he did, he involved himself in Cambodia's arts and cultural scene, including starring in a film made by his father and performing ballet. During the 1970 Cambodian coup d'état by Lon Nol, Sihamoni remained in Czechoslovakia.[11]

Between 1971 and 1975, Sihamoni completed his higher education in classical dance and music at the Academy of Performing Arts in Prague, culminating with the attainment of a Master's degree for which he wrote a thesis titled The Conception and Administration of Artistic Schools in Cambodia. After graduation in 1975 he left Prague and began to study filmmaking in North Korea.[2]

Return to Cambodia

However, in 1976, Sihamoni was forced to come back to Cambodia after having been deceived by the Khmer Rouge with a forged telegram, undersigned by King Sihanouk ordering his return.[12][13] Immediately, the ruling Khmer Rouge regime headed by Pol Pot turned against the monarchy, and put the royal family including Sihamoni, his brother Prince Norodom Narindrapong, his mother Queen Norodom Monineath, his father King Norodom Sihanouk under house arrest in the Royal Palace during much of the period of Democratic Kampuchea. The consequent Cambodian genocide saw several members of the wider royal family killed and Sihamoni and his immediate family lived in daily fear for their lives, effectively shut off from the outside world. With the 1979 Vietnamese Invasion, which ousted the Khmer Rouge, the family was airlifted to China and Sihamoni subsequently worked as a secretary for his father.[14][15][16][17]

Career

In 1981 Sihamoni moved to France to teach ballet as a professor of classical dance and artistic pedagogy, a position which he held for almost two decades, at various conservatoires, including the Marius Petipa Conservatory, the Gabriel Faure Conservatory and the W.A. Mozart Conservatory. He was also later president of the Khmer Dance Association there. He lived in France for nearly 20 years and continued his pursuit in the arts, including establishing 'Ballet Deva', an original dance troupe, in which he served as its General Manager and Artistic Director, alongside heading the Royal Khmer Cinematic Corporation.[14][2] During this time, he undertook monkhood under the auspices of Samdech Bour Kry, who would later become a supreme patriarch of Cambodia.[18]

In the early 1990s, Cambodia's Supreme National Council, which was recognized by United Nations Security Council Resolution 668 as part of the transitional process in the country pursuant to the 1991 Paris Peace Agreements, unanimously selected Prince Sihamoni as its permanent representative to the United Nations. The year 1993 saw the prince being appointed Cambodia's permanent representative to UNESCO in Paris, a role he held right until he became King in 2004. In this role he became known for his hard work and devotion to Cambodian culture. He had previously refused an appointment as Cambodia's ambassador to France.[19][14][2]

Reign
A public portrait of King Sihamoni in Phnom Penh of which he is pictured sitting on the throne on his Coronation Day

Accession and coronation

On 14 October 2004 Sihamoni was selected by a special nine-member council, part of a selection process that was quickly put in place after the surprise abdication of King Norodom Sihanouk a week before, given there was no provisions at that time in Cambodia's constitution that covered the subject of abdication. Prince Sihamoni's selection was endorsed by Prime Minister Hun Sen and the then National Assembly President Prince Norodom Ranariddh (Sihamoni's half-brother), both members of the privy council. King Sihanouk backed the decision as well.[20][21][22] Sihamoni was said to have been reluctant to take on the role, but nevertheless accepted it in the national interest,[23][24] returning on 20 October to Phnom Penh, accompanied by his parents, King-Father Norodom Sihanouk and Queen-Mother Norodom Monineath, to an estimated 100,000 people who lined their motorcade route from Phnom Penh International Airport to the Royal Palace to welcome the soon-to-be King.[25][26]

He was then inaugurated and formally appointed as King on 29 October 2004 in a coronation ceremony centered at the Royal Palace in the capital.[27][28] The coronation was noted for its relative simplicity, which was specifically requested by King-Father Sihanouk. King Sihamoni himself did not want the ceremonies to be too lavish because he did not wish for the impoverished country to spend too much money on the event, opting for a more modest affair. In a break with precedent, Sihamoni did not assume his seat on the higher, elevated throne nor did he wore the gold-and-diamond monarchial crown that came with the royal regalia.[29][30][31] In his first speech as monarch, he pledged to be a king of the people who will be a "faithful and loyal servant" of the nation[32] and that he shall "never live apart from the beloved people", whilst also acknowledging words of wisdom imparted to him by his father.[33]On 29 October 2014, there were celebrations to mark the 10th anniversary of his coronation.[34][35]

Privy advisory council

On 12 December 2008, Sihamoni selected twenty-six members of the Cambodian royal family to his advisory court, among them his half-brother and former Prime Minister Prince Norodom Ranariddh as chief advisor and president of the council. Other choices included Prince Sisowath Sirirath, Princess Norodom Marie (estranged wife of Prince Ranariddh) and Prince Sisowath Thomico.[36][37] The King's half-sister and Cambodia's former Ambassador to Malaysia, Princess Norodom Arunrasmy[38] and uncle, Prince Norodom Sirivudh are also duly appointed members.[39]

Philanthropy
King Norodom Sihamoni meeting with South Korean president Lee Myung-bak in the throne hall of the Royal Palace in 2009.
The King is pictured visiting a school in Sihanoukville in 2007.

The reign of Sihamoni has been characterized as having a focus on the wellbeing of the Khmer people and culture. The King has been described by some as a humble monarch whom regularly connects with his people[40][41][42] as well as an individual engaging in numerous significant and noteworthy philanthropic efforts throughout his reign. For example, in 2010, in the aftermath of the tragic stampede at Koh Pich in the capital that saw hundreds killed and injured, he reached out to the victims and their families, donating money to every household who had lost a family member in the incident, as well as financially supporting those who were injured.[43][44][45] Another example was in 2016, where he donated the $6.5 million proceeds that was gained from the selling of the royal residence in Koh Kong to the Kantha Bopha Children's Hospital founded by Beat Richner, which was the largest donation ever made in the hospital's history.[46] Furthermore, in 2018, upon learning about the situation of people affected by flooding in the provinces, he contributed essential goods to over 500 Cambodian families.[47] At times, he has even assisted his fellow citizens first-hand during adverse events, such as venturing out into flooded areas and handing out goods to victims directly.[48] Additionally, Sihamoni reportedly donates to the Cambodian Red Cross on a regular basis[49] and has authorized royal grants for infrastructure,[50] schools,[51] orphanages,[52] struggling communities,[53] religious institutions,[54] people affected by a disability,[55] rehabilitation centres,[56] mental health organizations,[57]and sponsoring student's trips[58] among others. His philanthropy extends in the international context as well, like for instance, after Hurricane Katrina, the King made a personal good-will donation to victims of the storm.[59]

Amidst the global COVID-19 pandemic, King Sihamoni, alongside Queen Mother Norodom Monineath has donated well over $1 million to the Royal Government of Cambodia's efforts to address the situation in Cambodia, inspiring a concerted public campaign across the country.[60][61] Moreover, the King has made contributions in the provision of essential supplies, including donations of food, water and face masks to Cambodians severely impacted by COVID-19.[62]

Political role

The King rarely gets involved in the Cambodian political space, in conformance with his position as constitutional monarch and is considered 'above politics'.[63][42] At times when there are politically contentious periods, he has attempted to play a mediating role between parties, including calling for national unity and reconciliation, like for example, in relation to the 2013 Cambodian general election. In the lead-up to the election, Sihamoni at the request of the government, granted a royal pardon which enabled then Opposition Leader Sam Rainsy, who had been in self-imposed exile overseas, to partake in the election.[64][65] When the outcome became disputed between the ruling Cambodian People's Party and opposition Cambodia National Rescue Party, the subsequent aftermath resulted in the 2013–2014 Cambodian protests. Consequently, the King exercised his moral authority to facilitate talks between the two party leaders, Rainsy and Prime Minister Hun Sen, urging a de-escalation of tensions and for the parties to find common ground towards a resolution regarding their issues, which eventually they settled.[66][67][68][69]After this, Sihamoni encouraged the two sides to "continue to work together for the sake of stability, development and national unity"[70] and for a time, there was a 'culture of dialogue' between the rival political parties.[71]

Some Cambodian opposition figures, however, have called for him to be more vocal and directly involved in the political issues of the country, like his predecessor, King-father Norodom Sihanouk was, contending that the King has the constitutional prerogative to do so, in terms of powers accorded to him.[72][73] Conversely, others have cautioned against this notion, citing that the constitution strictly warrants for a predominantly ceremonial monarch that “reign, but shall not govern”, noting that resorting to political intervention is neither in the long-term interests of the monarchy nor nation,[74][75] and Sihamoni since the outset of his reign, has pledged and adhered to a consistently apolitical stance.[76][77] Indeed, during the monarchical selection process, King Sihanouk touted then Prince Sihamoni's neutral and impartial approach to politics as a key trait for why he is suited to the role.[78] This is reinforced by analysis from observers that Sihamoni "has represented both continuity and change - withdrawing royalty from active politics, but advancing it as a symbol of national reconciliation", thereby restoring the "monarchy's traditional role as an ‘umbrella’ under which Cambodians could unite",[79] hence limiting any politicization of the monarchy as an institution whilst maintaining its neutrality as well as legitimacy, especially amid the context of the sometimes controversial and turbulent nature of Cambodian politics.[80][81]

Cultural advocacy
King Sihamoni arrives for the 2008 Royal Ploughing Ceremony in Phnom Penh with National Assembly President Heng Samrin and Royal Palace Minister Kong Sam Ol

Sihamoni also remains an ardent advocate for Cambodian arts and culture.[82] For instance, in 2006, when he was designated by the International Theatre Institute as its 'Message Author' for International Dance Day, he extolled the symbolism and virtue of dance, with reference to the Royal Ballet of Cambodia.[83][84]In 2017, he presided over the opening of acclaimed Cambodian-based film,[85] First They Killed My Father, directed by Oscar-winning actress Angelina Jolie, documenting the experiences of Loung Ung, a survivor of the Khmer Rouge.[86] The King is a strong proponent of buddhism and of the integral place it maintains in the cultural life of the Khmer nation,[87][88][89] and he usually officiates key festivals on the Buddhist calendar.[90] Moreover, he supports the work of the country's Ministry of Culture and Fine Arts whom reportedly engages regularly in consultations with him on advancing their overall strategic agenda.[91] Additionally, as King, he presides over the annual Bon Om Touk Water Festival, a major festive cultural event on the yearly calendar with ancient roots dating back to the Khmer Empire,[92][93][94] in conjunction with other traditionally important national events like for example, Independence Day,[95] the Royal Ploughing Ceremony,[96] and Khmer New Year.[97][98][99]

Furthermore, Sihamoni has been commended for his dedication to archaeological preservation, conservation and research, with specificity to Cambodia.[100] In particular, as Honorary President of ICC-Angkor (International Coordination Committee for the Safeguarding and Development of Historic Site of Angkor), King Sihamoni places special emphasis on the efforts to protect this national symbol and treasure, engaging frequently with the body's work through fulfilling representative functions or routine briefings given directly to him or via a delegated senior representative.[101][102][103][104] In 2011, he attended the completion ceremony pertaining to restoration works at the Baphuon historical temple in Angkor.[105] In late 2021, he championed Cambodia's bid for the proposed inclusion of Koh Ker, an ancient Khmer archaeological site, alongside Bokator, one of the kingdom's oldest martial arts on the UNESCO Intangible cultural heritage and World Heritage Site lists.[106][107]

King Norodom Sihamoni and Japanese prime minister Shinzo Abe during the enthronement of Emperor Naruhito, Tokyo, 22 October 2019.

Overseas visits
Main article: List of state visits made by Norodom Sihamoni

In the international arena, his first official foreign trip as King was to China in 2004, where he met with President Hu Jintao, indicative of a strong friendship long established from the days of his father between China and the Cambodian royal family.[108][109] In 2015, he attended the United Nations COP21 summit, and gave an impassioned speech highlighting the impact of the climate crisis on Cambodia and urging international efforts on this front to be expedited.[110][111] He represented Cambodia at the 2019 UNESCO Conference on Dialogue of Asian Civilizations (CDAC) in Beijing aimed at enhancing regional cooperation.[112][113] Other notable trips include to Japan, where he was the first Cambodian sovereign since the monarchical restoration of the 1990s to visit,[114] his "second homeland" of the Czech Republic where he spent his childhood,[115] and France, Cambodia's former colonial power.[116]

Public image

In contrast to his father, former King Norodom Sihanouk's "mercurial" reign,[117][118][119] commentators note that Sihamoni has maintained a relatively "quiet" and "low-key" profile,[120][121] albeit stable reign.[122] Nonetheless, leading national leaders across the political spectrum recognize the King as a unifying force in Cambodian society. Prime Minister Hun Sen gave praise to Sihamoni for his humanitarianism[123]and pivotal contribution in "promoting national prestige, expanding rule of law and promoting economic development",[124] as well as fostering a "spirit of solidarity" amongst Cambodians.[125] Similarly, de facto Leader of the Opposition Sam Rainsy, shares this sentiment, expressing admiration for his majesty as someone who can bring people together in the national interest,[126] although amid internal political developments,[127] this view held by Rainsy has not always been consistent,[128][129][130] and it is within this juxtaposition, from a power politics analytical standpoint,[131] that there are divergent perspectives concerning the King, between those who implore for his active politicism[132][133][134] and those who advocate he sustain his guarded Apoliticism.[135][136][137]

Reflecting after a royal audience with the King in 2013, then International Monetary Fund Managing Director Christine Lagarde, expressed how she was profoundly touched by his "thoughtfulness and compassion" and how he "is a monarch who not only cares deeply about the welfare of his people, but is clearly passionately devoted to promoting the cultural and artistic heritage of his country."[138] Scholar Milton Osborne, widely regarded as "one of the world's leading authorities on Southeast Asian" history and politics, commends him as a "dedicated servant of his people" that is "cultured and disciplined."[18][139] Prominent Cambodian history professor, Sambo Manara credits him as a "morale model" for all Khmer people whom is devoted to the service of the nation.[91] Moreover, the King is renowned for his calm and kind demeanor, underpinned by a genuine warmth and sincerity towards his subjects.[140][141]

On the occasion of his 68th birthday, ASEAN described King Sihamoni as a monarch who is "cherished and well-respected by the people of Cambodia" and as someone who exemplifies "dignified and humbled leadership", characterized by his frequent engagements with the populace through local visitations.[142][143] The King's birthday on 14 May in conjunction with his coronation day on 29 October are both annual public holidays in Cambodia[144] and in 2019, a special commemorative 15,000 riel was issued in his honour, celebrating the 15th anniversary of his tenure as sovereign.[145][146] His majesty is also featured on the 500, 10,000, and 20,000 riels respectively[147] and his portrait, alongside the King-father and Queen-mother is prominent across many parts of the country, illustrative of their highly revered status.[148]

King Sihamoni visiting Banteay Srei temple in 2005

Lèse-majesté

In February 2018, the penal code was formally revised to incorporate Lèse-majesté legislation, which makes it an offence to insult the king, pursuant to its promulgation by Cambodia's National Assembly and Senate and the law came into effect the following month.[149][150] After this law was enacted, there have been seldom arrests, charges [151][128][152] and convictions.[153][154] Prior to this legislative enactment, the constitution did acknowledge the “inviolability” of the monarch and this constitutional provision was tested in 2017, when the Ministry of Interior pursued charges against a few individuals who was indignant towards the King on Social media.[155]

Personal life

The King is a bachelor and has no children. As Cambodia is not a hereditary monarchy, but rather an elective monarchy, his future successor will be determined by the Royal Council of the Throne, chosen from the lineage of one of the two royal houses of Cambodia, in accordance with the country's constitution.[156][157] His parents, King-Father Norodom Sihanouk and Queen-Mother Norodom Monineath, when questioned about Sihamoni's marital status, once remarked that he was uninterested in relationships and is instead, rather committed to a monastic way of life, underpinned by buddhist principles.[158] In some respects, Sihamoni is regarded somewhat as an enigmatic figure, with the available literature pointing to a "reflective, deliberate and cultured man" who apparently had reservations in becoming King, yet in spite of this, humbly assumed the solemn responsibility of his position, whilst holding "his cards close to his chest."[159][160][161]

Interests

Apart from his interest in the arts and culture, which is well-documented, it is reported that the king "is a man of simple tastes." Purportedly, in his free time he enjoys the peace of meditation, reading, exercising, listening to classical music such as by the likes of Beethoven and observance to traditional Buddhist rituals. In addition, it is reported that he enjoys comedy films, is the occasional fan of chocolates, and likes to keep up with current events and news, balancing his personal interests with that of his busy and strict schedule as head of state.[162] His commitment to the duties of a monarch could be seen in 2011 where he famously declined to attend the royal wedding of then Kate Middleton and Prince William, which the British tabloids headlined as a "snub." This was quickly refuted by Ministry of Foreign Affairs officials who informed that a declination notification was indeed advised and that no snub occurred whatsoever.[163][164] He is also skilled at playing the piano.[140]

Languages

Besides his native Khmer, Norodom Sihamoni speaks Czech fluently, the only ruling monarch in the world to do so.[165][166] The king is also fluent in French and is a conversational speaker of English and Russian. He has basic fluency in Mandarin as well.[167][120]

Filmography
Main article: Norodom Sihanouk filmography

Then Prince Sihamoni during the 1960s and 1990s starred in a few films, mainly directed by his father, who was a prolific and accomplished film-maker. He has also been the subject of documentaries and directed a few films himself.

English title Other names Year Role Notes Ref.
The Curious History Of Cambodia's Beloved Kings N/A 2021 Subject Documentary part of a series called 'Asia's Monarchies', made by 'Real Royalty' [168]
The Other Little Prince Jiný malý princ 1967 Subject Czech Documentary film - Directed by Vladimir Sís [10]
My Village at Sunset Mon village au coucher du soleil 1992 Actor Film was the winner of the Prix Special at the Saint Petersburg Festival - Directed by Norodom Sihanouk [169]
The Little Prince Prachea Komar (ព្រះប្រជាកុមារ) 1967 Actor Film won the Golden Apsara Award at the 1968 Phnom Penh International Film Festival - Directed by Norodom Sihanouk [170]
Dreams N/A 1988-1993 Director A ballet film by Prince Sihamoni during his time at the Royal Khmer Cinematic Corporation or "Khemara Pictures" [171]
The Four Elements N/A 1988-1993 Director A ballet film by Prince Sihamoni during his time at the Royal Khmer Cinematic Corporation or "Khemara Pictures" [171]

Titles and styles
Styles of
King Norodom Sihamoni of Cambodia
Reference styleHis Majesty
Spoken styleYour Majesty

Before he was crowned king, his princely royal title was: Sdech Krom Khun (Khmer: ស្តេចក្រុមឃុន), or His Royal Highness Sdech Krom Khun Norodom Sihamoni, equating him to the rank of "Great Prince."[172]

As King, his full regnal title is: Preah Karuna Preah Bat Sâmdach Preah Bâromneath Norodom Sihamoni Saman Bhumichat Sasana Rakkhata Khattiya Khmeraratrat Putthintra Mohaksat Khemareacheana Samuhobhas Kampuchea Ekareacharath Bureanasanti Subheamagala Sirivibunla Khmera Sri Bireat Preah Chao Krung Kampuchea Dhibodi (in romanized Khmer); Khmer: ព្រះករុណាព្រះបាទសម្តេចព្រះបរមនាថ នរោត្តម សីហមុនី សមានភូមិជាតិសាសនា រក្ខតខត្តិយា ខេមរារដ្ឋរាស្ត្រ ពុទ្ធិន្ទ្រាធរាមមហាក្សត្រ ខេមរាជនា សមូហោភាស កម្ពុជឯករាជរដ្ឋបូរណសន្តិ សុភមង្គលា សិរីវិបុលា ខេមរាស្រីពិរាស្ត្រ ព្រះចៅក្រុងកម្ពុជាធិបតី roughly translating to: "His Merciful Excellent Majesty Protector, King Norodom Sihamoni, who unites the nation, religion, realms, and people of Khmer state, the great king who is supported by Buddha and Indra, the protector of independence, unification, and peace, the Great King of the Kingdom of Cambodia".[173][174][175] The King's shortened official title is: His Majesty Preah Bat Samdech Preah Boromneath Norodom Sihamoni, King of the Kingdom of Cambodia.[176][177]

In 2015, he was bestowed the honorary title, Preah SriLoka Dhammika Raja, or "Virtuous King for the Propagation of Buddhism in the World", conferred to him at the Sixth Bhuddist Summit in the year prior.[178][179]

Additionally, within the military context, he is styled as Supreme Commander of the Royal Khmer Armed Forces, in line with the country's constitution.[180]

Patronages

As King, Sihamoni has served as the patron of many causes and organizations as well as a range of NGOs and NPOs. This includes, but is not limited to the below list;

Heritage

Cultural

Community
  • Cambodian Red Cross - Patron[199]
  • Krousar Thmey Foundation - 25th Anniversary Ceremony Honorary President[200]
  • Transcultural Psychosocial Organization (Cambodia) - Patron of 20th Anniversary and new Mental Health Treatment Center[201]
  • Kantha Bopha Foundation - Patron of 20th Anniversary & major benefactor[202][203]
  • Waltzing Around Cambodia Onlus - Patron[204]

Environmental

Honours

National honours

Foreign honours

Ecumenical orders

Awards

Honorary degrees

Namesakes

Ancestry

References
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Further reading
  • Miroslav Nožina, Jiří Šitler, and Karel Kučera. Royal Ties: King Norodom Sihamoni and the History of Czech-Cambodian Relations. Prague: Knižní klub, 2006. ISBN 978-80-86938-75-2
  • Julio A Jeldres. The Royal House of Cambodia [First edition]. Cambodia: Monument Books, 2003. ISBN 974-90881-0-8
  • Julio A Jeldres. The Royal House of Cambodia [Second edition]. Cambodia: The Sleuk Rith Institute, 2017. ISBN 978-99-24907-85-5
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