Sadan people

Sadan are the Indo-Aryan-speaking ethnolinguistic groups of Chota Nagpur Plateau consist of Indian state of Jharkhand and neighbouring states who speak Nagpuri, Khortha, Panchpargania and Kurmali language as their native language.[1][2][3][4]

Sadan people
Regions with significant populations
Chota Nagpur Plateau (Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh, Odisha, West Bengal and Bihar)
Languages
Nagpuri •Khortha• Panchpargania •Kurmali
Religion
Predominantly:

Minorities:

Related ethnic groups
Indo-Aryan peoples

Definition

Sadan refers to Indo-Aryan speaking various castes or social groups of Jharkhand who speak Nagpuri, Khortha, Panchpargania and Kurmali. The term Sadan probably derives from Nishada, referring to an ethnic group of North India.[1] Sadan are those who have settled in the region. According to Bisheshwar Prasad Keshari, original form of these languages must have developed within different Nagjati.[5] According to Ram Dayal Munda and S Bosu Mullick, the category Sadan was used in estate of Nagvanshi king of Chotanagpur and is uncertain one. The Sadan people settled in Chotanagpur much before British Period. Some were adventures who initiated state formation in the 16th-17th century, some were traders, rich peasants, administrator and irregular army.[6][7]

History

The Chota Nagpur plateau region has been inhabited since the Neolithic period. Several stone tools and microliths from the Mesolithic and Neolithic periods were discovered in this region.[8] There are ancient cave paintings in Isko, Hazaribagh district, from the Meso-chalcolithic period (9,000-5,000 BC).[9]

It is believed that Sadan people arrived in Chotanagpur sometime after Aryan came to India.[7] During 2nd millennium BCE the use of Copper tools spread in Chota Nagpur Plateau and these find complex are known as the Copper Hoard Culture. According to many historians Copper hoard people were early Aryan, who came to South Asia before Vedic Aryan.[10] In the Kabra-Kala mound at the confluence of the Son and North Koel rivers in Palamu district, various antiquities and art objects from the Neolithic to medieval periods have been found; the pot-sherds of redware, black and red ware, black ware, black slipped ware, and NBP ware are from the Chalcolithic to late medieval periods.[11] Iron slag, microliths, and potsherds from 1400 BCE, according to carbon dating, were discovered in Singhbhum district.[12]

During the late Vedic period, several janapadas emerged in northern India. Several Nishada kingdoms probably existed in Jharkhand during that time. In the 6th century BCE, the mahajanapadas emerged in several parts of the Indian subcontinent. Some parts of present-day Jharkhand were parts of the Magadha and Anga mahajanapadas. In the Mauryan period, this region was ruled by a number of states, collectively known as the Atavika (forest) states. These states accepted the suzerainty of the Maurya empire during Ashoka's reign (c. 232 BCE). During the medieval period, the Nagvanshi, Ramgarh Raj, and Chero dynasties were ruling this region. The Mughal influence reached this area during the reign of Emperor Akbar when it was invaded by Raja Mansingh in 1574. There was several invasion during Mughal rule.[13] Influence of the British East India Company reached this region in the 18th century. Raghunath Mahato led a revolt against the East India company in the Jungle Mahals in 1769. Thakur Vishwanath Shahdeo and Pandey Ganpat Rai led rebels against the East India company in the 1857 Rebellion. Tikait Umrao Singh, Sheikh Bhikhari, Nadir Ali, Jai Mangal Singh played pivotal role in Indian Rebellion of 1857.[14]

After independence this region became parts of Bihar state. In November 2000, the new state of Jharkhand separated from Bihar, comprising Chota Nagpur Division and Santhal Pargana Division.

Castes and Communities

Various Sadan community and Castes are Ahir/Gowala, Bhogta, Bhuiya, Sonar, Mali, Chamar, Baraik, Gosain, Ghasi, Jhora, Kewat, Rautia, Brahmann, Nagvanshi, Dhanuk, Paik, Dhobi/Baghwar, Koeri, Kumhar, Kudumi Mahato, Kurmi, Tanti , Teli, Rajput and Bania etc. among others.[15][16]

Culture

Language

Sadan people traditionally speak Nagpuri, Khortha, Kurmali and Panchpargania as their native language which are classified as Bihari language.

Folk dance

Jhumair is a common folk dance of Sadan. Chhau is another folk dance prevalent in the Kurmali-speaking region. Akhara is a village ground where people dance.[17]

Chhau Dancers in Jharkhand village

Festival

The Karam and Jitia are important festivals of the Sadan.[17] Other important festivals are Mansa puja, Sohrai, Sarhul, Tusu, and Fagua.[18]

Karam puja
Women group painting in the festival of sohrai

Religion

Sadan people worship Suraj (Sun), Chand (Moon), Gramadevata, Karam Devta (Tree spirit) in various festival which is usually performed by head of family in home and village priest in village known as "Pahan". Sadan people follow folk Hinduism which is different from vedic religion and is non-vedic culture prevalent since Chalcolithic period.[19]

Notable people

Notes

    References
    1. "Sadani / Sadri". Southasiabibliography.de. Retrieved 17 February 2019.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
    2. Tillin, Louise (October 2013). Remapping India: New States and their Political Origins. ISBN 9781849042291. Retrieved 22 August 2019.
    3. Tiwari, Lalan (1995). Issues in Indian Politics. ISBN 9788170996187. Retrieved 22 August 2019.
    4. "JHARKHAND: March To Extreme Tribalism?". www.southasiaanalysis.org. Retrieved 23 April 2019.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
    5. Ranjan, Manish (19 January 2021). JHARKHAND PUBLIC SERVICE COMMISSION PRELIMS EXAMS COMPREHENSIVE GUIDE PAPER-I & PAPER-II. ISBN 978-9390906321. Retrieved 4 April 2022.
    6. Ram Dayal Munda, S Bosu Mullick (2003). "Jharkhand movement" (PDF). p. vii. Retrieved 5 April 2022.
    7. Vinay Sinha. Jharkhand Digdarshan. books.google. p. 183. ISBN 9352032217. Retrieved 6 April 2022.
    8. periods, India-Pre- historic and Proto-historic (4 November 2016). India – Pre- historic and Proto-historic periods. Publications Division Ministry of Information & Broadcasting. ISBN 9788123023458. Retrieved 17 February 2019 – via Google Books.
    9. "Cave paintings lie in neglect". The Telegraph. 13 March 2008.
    10. Yule, Paul (8 January 2019). "Addenda to "The Copper Hoards of the Indian Subcontinent: Preliminaries for an Interpretation"". Man in Environment. 26: 117–120. doi:10.11588/xarep.00000510 – via crossasia-repository.ub.uni-heidelberg.de.
    11. "KABRA – KALA". www.asiranchi.org.
    12. Singh, Upinder (8 September 2018). A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century. Pearson Education India. ISBN 9788131711200. Retrieved 17 February 2019 – via Google Books.
    13. "History". Latehar.nic.in.
    14. "JPCC remembers freedom fighters Tikait Umrao Singh, Sheikh Bhikari". news.webindia123.com.
    15. "1 Paper for 3 rd SCONLI 2008 (JNU, New Delhi) Comparative study of Nagpuri Spoken by Chik-Baraik & Oraon's of Jharkhand Sunil Baraik Senior Research Fellow". slideplayer.com.
    16. Jewitt, Sarah (31 July 2019). Environment, Knowledge and Gender: Local Development in India's Jharkhand. ISBN 978-1351729895. Retrieved 4 April 2022.
    17. "talk on nagpuri folk music at ignca". daily Pioneer.com.
    18. Know Your State Jharkhand. Arihant Experts. 2019. p. 316. ISBN 978-9324190888. Retrieved 7 April 2022.
    19. June McDaniel "Hinduism", in John Corrigan, The Oxford Handbook of Religion and Emotion, (2007) Oxford University Press, 544 pages, pp. 52–53 ISBN 0-19-517021-0
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