Quick Charge

Quick Charge (QC) is a proprietary battery charging protocol developed by Qualcomm, used for managing power delivered over USB, mainly by communicating to the power supply and negotiating a voltage.

a USB charger supports QC3.0

Quick Charge is supported by devices such as mobile phones which runs on Qualcomm SoCs, and by some chargers; both device and charger must support QC, otherwise QC charging is not attained. It charges batteries in devices faster than standard USB allows by increasing the output voltage supplied by the USB charger, while adopting techniques to prevent the battery damage caused by uncontrolled fast charging and regulating the incoming voltage internally.

Most chargers supporting Quick Charge 2.0 and later are wall adaptors, but it is implemented on some in-car chargers, and some power banks use it to both receive and deliver charge.

Quick Charge is also used by other manufacturers' proprietary rapid-charging systems.

Details

Quick Charge is a proprietary technology that allows for the charging of battery-powered devices, primarily mobile phones, at power levels exceeding the 5 volts at 2 amps, thus 10 watts allowed by basic USB standards —not considering the USB Power Delivery (USB PD) standard—while still maintaining compatibility to existing USB wires.

The elevated voltages allow for pushing higher amounts of power (wattage) through the cable's copper wires without further heating them up and risking heat damage.

Another benefit of the elevated voltage, as described in Ohm's law, is its improved ability to pass through longer USB cables due to its compensation of voltage drops from wires with higher resistances.

Numerous other companies have their own competing technologies, including MediaTek Pump Express and OPPO VOOC (licensed to OnePlus as Dash Charge), the latter of which elevates the current rather than the power supply voltage to reduce heat from internal voltage regulation, but relying on thicker USB wires to handle the current without overheating, as described in VOOC § Technology.[1]

Circuit board to simulate QuickCharge voltage request signals

Though not publicly documented, the protocol (e.g. voltage negotiations between device and charger) has been reverse-engineered, and a custom voltage can be manually requested from the charger using a trigger circuit that simulates the negotiation to an end device.[2][3]

To use Quick Charge, both the host providing power and the device must support it.

Quick Charge 2.0 introduced an optional feature called Dual Charge (initially called Parallel Charging),[4] using two PMICs to split the power into 2 streams to reduce phone temperature.[5]

Quick Charge 3.0 introduced INOV (Intelligent Negotiation for Optimal Voltage), Battery Saver Technologies, HVDCP+, and optional Dual Charge+. INOV is an algorithm that determines the optimum power transfer while maximizing efficiency. Battery Saver Technologies aims to maintain at least 80% of the battery's original charge capacity after 500 charge cycles.[6] Qualcomm claims Quick Charge 3.0 is up to 4–6 °C cooler, 16% faster and 38% more efficient than Quick Charge 2.0, and that Quick Charge 3.0 with Dual Charge+ is up to 7–8 °C cooler, 27% faster and 45% more efficient than Quick Charge 2.0 with Dual Charge.[4]

Quick Charge 4 was announced in December 2016 alongside the Snapdragon 835. Quick Charge 4 includes HVDCP++, optional Dual Charge++, INOV 3.0, and Battery Saver Technologies 2. It is cross-compatible with both USB-C and USB PD specifications, supporting fallback to USB PD if either the charger or device is not compatible. However, Quick Charge 4 chargers are not backward compatible with Quick Charge. It also features additional safety measures to protect against over-voltage, over-current and overheating, as well as cable quality detection. Qualcomm claims Quick Charge 4 with Dual Charge++ is up to 5 °C cooler, 20% faster and 30% more efficient than Quick Charge 3.0 with Dual Charge+.[5]

Quick Charge 4+ was announced on June 1, 2017. It introduces Intelligent Thermal Balancing and Advanced Safety Features to eliminate hot spots and protect against overheating and short-circuit or damage to the USB-C connector. Dual Charge++ is mandatory, while in prior versions Dual Charge was optional. Unlike Quick Charge 4, Quick Charge 4+ is fully backward compatible with Quick Charge C 2.0 and 3.0 devices.[7][8]

Quick Charge 5 was announced on July 27, 2020.[9] With up to 100 W of power, on a mobile phone with a 4500 mAh battery, Qualcomm claims 50% charge in just 5 minutes. Qualcomm announced that this standard is cross-compatible with USB PD PPS programmable power supply, and that its technology can communicate with the charger when charging double cells and double the voltage and amperage out. For instance, a single battery requests 8.8 V of power. The dual cell can then ask the PPS charger to output 17.6 volts and split it in half to the two separate battery, pulling 5.6 amps total to achieve 100 watts. The first phone with this technology was the Xiaomi Mi 10 Ultra.[10]

Quick Charge for Wireless Power

On February 25, 2019, Qualcomm announced Quick Charge for Wireless Power. Quick Charge for Wireless Power falls back on the Qi standard by the Wireless Power Consortium if either the charger or device is not compatible.[11]

Versions
Technology Voltage Maximum New features Release date Notes
Current Power[lower-alpha 1]
Quick Charge 1.0 Up to 6.3 V[12] 2 A 10 W
  • AICL (Automatic Input Current Limit)
  • APSD (Automatic Power Source Detection)
 2013 Snapdragon 215, 600[13][14]
Quick Charge 2.0
  • Class A: 5 V, 9 V, 12 V
  • Class B: 5 V, 9 V, 12 V, 20 V[15]
 1.67 A, 2 A, or 3 A 18 W (9 V × 2 A)[16][lower-alpha 2]
  • HVDCP (High Voltage Dedicated Charging Port)
  • Dual Charge (optional)
 2014[lower-alpha 3] Snapdragon 200, 208, 210, 212, 400, 410, 412, 415, 425, 610, 615, 616, 653, 800, 801, 805, 808, 810[18]
Quick Charge 3.0 3.6–22 V[19] in 0.2 V increments.[15] 2.6 A, or 4.6 A[19] 36 W (12 V × 3 A)
  • HVDCP+
  • Dual Charge+ (optional)
  • INOV 1.0 & 2.0
  • Battery Saver Technologies
 2016 Snapdragon 427, 429, 430, 435, 439, 450, 460, 617, 620, 625, 626, 632, 650, 652, 653, 662, 665, 820, 821[18]
Quick Charge 3+ scalable voltage with 20mV steps from Quick Charge 4 backward compatible with previous-generation Quick Charge devices

Integrated cable power capability/identification various safety mechanisms

 2020 Snapdragon 765, 765G[20]
Quick Charge 4
  • 3.6–20 V in 20 mV increments via QC
  • 5 V, 9 V via USB PD[21]
  • 3–21 V in 20 mV increments[22] via USB PD 3.0 PPS (Programmable Power Supply)
  • 2.6 A, or 4.6 A via QC
  • 3 A via USB PD
  • 100 W (20 V × 5 A) via QC[16]
  • 27 W via USB PD
  • HVDCP++
  • Dual Charge++ (optional)
  • INOV 3.0
  • Battery Saver Technologies 2
  • USB PD compatible
 2017 Snapdragon 630, 636, 660, 710,[23][24] 720G, 835,[25][26] 845
Quick Charge 4+
  • Dual Charge++ (mandatory)
  • Intelligent Thermal Balancing
  • Advanced Safety Features
 Snapdragon 670, 675, 690, 712, 730, 730G, 732G, 750G, 765, 765G, 768G, 778G, 780G, 845, 855, 855+/860, 865, 865+, 870[27][28]
Quick Charge 5 >100 W
  • >100 W charging power
  • 100% in 15 minutes
  • Better thermal management (not more than 40 °C)
  • Dual Charge
 2020 Snapdragon 888, 888+

Other charging protocols

Quick Charge-based protocols

Note: These are compatible with Quick Charge-enabled chargers

Other proprietary protocols
  • VOOC (OPPO until 2019 and pre-2020 Realme models ), SuperVooc (OPPO from 2019 to present)
  • SuperCharge (Huawei)
  • Warp (formerly Dash) Charge (OnePlus) - interchangeable with SuperVooc (OPPO)
  • Pump Express (MediaTek)
  • Super Flash Charge (Vivo, 2020 onwards)
  • DART (Realme, 2020 onwards) - interchangeable with SuperVooc (OPPO)
  • XCharge(Infinix)

Notes
  1. Some mobile phones deactivate fast charging during operation, and only activate fast charging during standby mode or power-off state.
  2. Because Quick Charge 3.0 power supplies are backwards-compatible with Quick Charge 2.0, Quick Charge 3.0 chargers are often able to deliver more power to Quick Charge 2.0 loads than Quick Charge 2.0 chargers, since Quick Charge 3.0 chargers support higher currents at the same voltages.
  3. The Galaxy Note 4, released in September 2014, was already equipped with Quick Charge 2.0.[17]
  4. Samsung's own 15 W Quick Charge 2.0 mobile phone chargers only support 5 and 9 volts (at 2 A and 1.67 A respectively), not 12 volts (at which 1.25 A is supported by some other 15 W Quick Charge 2.0 chargers).[29][30]

References
  1. "How fast can a fast-charging phone charge if a fast-charging phone can charge really fast?". CNet. Retrieved 2016-12-04.
  2. Hackster.io guide: Custom voltage from Qualcomm Quick Charge powerbank.
  3. Hackaday guide: “Unlocking 12V Quick Charge On A USB Power Bank”
  4. Roach, Everett (September 2015). "Advancing charging technologies: Qualcomm Quick Charge" (PDF). Qualcomm.
  5. Humrick, Matt. "Qualcomm Announces Quick Charge 4: Supports USB Type-C Power Delivery". www.anandtech.com. Retrieved 2019-08-20.
  6. "Introducing Quick Charge 3.0: next-generation fast charging technology". Qualcomm. 2015-09-14. Retrieved 2019-08-20.
  7. "For fast charging, look for Qualcomm Quick Charge 4+ in your next mobile device". Qualcomm. 2017-06-01. Retrieved 2019-08-20.
  8. "How can Quick Charge 4+ turbocharge your mobile device?". Qualcomm. 2018-02-23. Retrieved 2019-08-20.
  9. "Qualcomm Announces World's Fastest Commercial Charging Solution, Quick Charge 5, World's First Commercial 100W+ Charging Platform". 27 July 2020.
  10. Russell, Brandon (12 August 2020). "The Xiaomi Mi 10 Ultra is the first phone with Qualcomm's 100W+ Quick Charge 5 technology". www.xda‑developers.com. Retrieved 24 February 2021.
  11. "Qualcomm Announces Quick Charge for Wireless Power and Introduces Qi Interoperability". Qualcomm. 2019-02-24. Retrieved 2019-08-20.
  12. Qualcomm.com: Qualcomm Quick Charge 1.0 Battery Charger ICs
  13. "Qualcomm Quick Charge 1.0: Less Time Charging, More Time Doing". Qualcomm. 2013-02-14. Retrieved 2016-12-05.
  14. "Qualcomm's Quick Charge 2.0 technology explained". Android Authority. 2014-11-06. Retrieved 2016-12-05.
  15. "What is Qualcomm Quick Charge?". Power Bank Expert. 18 January 2020. Retrieved 21 July 2020.
  16. "What is Qualcomm Quick Charge 3.0?". Belkin. Retrieved 2019-08-20.
  17. "Galaxy Note 4: To use fast charging, what kind of charger should be used?" — Samsung.com
  18. "Compare Snapdragon Processors". Qualcomm. Retrieved 14 May 2017.
  19. "Quick Charge 3.0 specs". Qualcomm.
  20. "Introducing Qualcomm Quick Charge 3+, fast and efficient charging for the masses". Retrieved 2022-03-02.
  21. "Nubia Z17 by Nubia and PD6 by BatPower Compatibility". Retrieved 2017-09-20.
  22. "Fresco Logic to demonstrate the Industry's First USB-C PD3.0 Programmable Power Supply (PPS) Total Solution". Retrieved 2018-02-25.
  23. "Snapdragon 710 Mobile Platform Qualcomm". Qualcomm. Retrieved 2018-08-25.
  24. https://www.qualcomm.com/media/documents/files/snapdragon-710-product-brief.pdf
  25. "Qualcomm can charge your phone faster than you can read this story". CNET. Retrieved 2016-12-04.
  26. "Snapdragon 835 Mobile Platform". Qualcomm. Retrieved 2018-08-25.
  27. "Snapdragon 845 Mobile Platform | Qualcomm". Qualcomm. Retrieved 2018-01-04.
  28. https://www.qualcomm.com/media/documents/files/snapdragon-845-mobile-platform-product-brief.pdf
  29. "Samsung EP-TA20EWEU". Samsung de (in German). Retrieved 2020-11-08.
  30. "Voltcraft CQCP2400 operating instructions" (PDF) (User manual). Voltcraft. Output voltage/current 5 V/DC, max. 2400 mA or 9 V/DC, max. 1670 mA or 12 V/DC, max. 1250 mA
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