List of political parties in the Philippines

There are many and diverse political parties in the Philippines. Most party membership consists primarily of political figures and leaders, with little or no grassroots membership.

Evolution of political parties.

The Philippines has a multi-party system with numerous political parties, in which no one party often has a chance of gaining power alone, and parties must work with each other to form coalition governments for political expediency and convenience. Since no political parties have sustaining membership to which party leaders are developed, most of the political parties have the rise-and-fall-and-rise character.

There are three types of parties in the Philippines. These are: (a) major parties,[1][2] which typically correspond to traditional political parties; (b) minor parties or party-list organizations, which rely on the party-list system to win Congressional seats; and (c) regional or provincial parties, which correspond to region-wide or province-wide organizations, respectively.

National parties in office

Major parties

There are two major parties that are expected to lead the administration and opposition coalitions for the upcoming 2022 Philippine general election:[3]

PDP–Laban, the ruling party, is expected to lead the administration-backed coalition for 2022.
The Liberal Party, the main opposition party, is expected to lead the opposition coalition, alongside Akbayan, for the 2022 elections.

Five major parties are listed below:[4]

	Abbr.	Leader	Founded	Ideology	Int'l affiliation	Status	House seats	Senate seats
Partido Demokratiko Pilipino-Lakas ng Bayan Philippine Democratic Party-People's Power	PDP–Laban	Disputed (between Alfonso Cusi[5] and Manny Pacquiao)	1983	Social democracy[6][7][8] Democratic socialism[9]	none	Government	62 / 304	5 / 24
Nacionalista Party Nationalist Party	NP	Manny Villar	1907	Conservatism[10][11]	none	Coalition	42 / 304	4 / 24
Nationalist People's Coalition	NPC	Tito Sotto	1992	Conservatism	none	Coalition	33 / 304	3 / 24
Lakas–Christian Muslim Democrats Power-Christian Muslim Democrats	Lakas–CMD	Martin Romualdez	2008	Christian democracy[12][13] Islamic democracy	CDI	Coalition	19 / 304	1 / 24
Liberal Party	LP	Francis Pangilinan	1946	Liberalism[14]	LI, CALD	Opposition	16 / 304	3 / 24

Parties represented in Congress

	Abbr.	Leader	Founded	Ideology	International	House seats	Senate seats
Laban ng Demokratikong Pilipino Fight of Democratic Filipinos	LDP	Sonny Angara	1988	Fiscal conservatism	CDI	2 / 304	1 / 24
Partido para sa Demokratikong Reporma Party for Democratic Reforms	PDR	Pantaleon Alvarez	1998	Social conservatism	none	1 / 304	1 / 24
Akbayan Citizens' Action Party	AKBYN	Risa Hontiveros	1998	Progressivism	PA	0 / 304	1 / 24
United Nationalist Alliance	UNA	Nancy Binay	2012	Right libertarianism	none	0 / 304	1 / 24
Bagumbayan-Volunteers for a New Philippines New Nation-Volunteers for a New Philippines	BVNP	Richard Gordon	2009	Voluntarism	none	0 / 304	1 / 24
National Unity Party	NUP	Elpidio Barzaga Jr.	2011	Conservatism[15]	none	44 / 304	0 / 24
Partido Federal ng Pilipinas Federal Party of the Philippines	PFP	Bongbong Marcos	2018	Federalism	none	5 / 304	0 / 24
Aksyon Demokratiko Democratic Action	Aksyon	Isko Moreno	1997	Liberal democracy	none	2 / 304	0 / 24
People's Reform Party	PRP	Narciso Santiago Jr.	1991	Reformism	none	1 / 304	0 / 24
Pwersa ng Masang Pilipino Force of the Filipino Masses	PMP	Joseph Estrada	1991	Populism	none	1 / 304	0 / 24
Centrist Democratic Party of the Philippines	CDP	Rufus Rodriguez	2010	Fiscal conservatism	none	1 / 304	0 / 24

Party-lists represented in Congress

These parties won more than 2% of the vote. For the complete list, see Philippine House of Representatives election, 2019 (party-list).

	Abbr.	Ideology/sector	House party-list seats
Anti-Crime and Terrorism Community Involvement and Support Partylist	ACT-CIS	Counterterrorism	3 / 59
Bayan Muna Nation First	Bayan Muna	Anti-imperialism	3 / 59
Ako Bicol Political Party I am Bicol Political Party	AKB	Bicolano ethnic interests	2 / 59
One Patriotic Coalition of Marginalized Nationals	1-PACMAN	Filipino nationalism	2 / 59

Other national parties

COMELEC classifies "national" parties as parties that are not restricted to one locality (province/district/city/municipality).

	Abbr.	Leader	Ideology
Alliance for Barangay Concerns	ABC	James Marty Lim
Ang Kapatiran The Brotherhood or Alliance for the Common Good	KPTRAN	Reynaldo Pacheco	Christian democracy
Bangon Pilipinas Rise Up Philippines	BP	Eddie Villanueva	Christian left
Bigkis Pinoy Movement Bind Filipinos Movement	BIGKIS	Amando Ocampo
Buklod Unite	BUKLOD	Benjamin Punongbayan	Social democracy
Democratic Party of the Philippines	DPP	Baldomero Falcone	Popular democracy
Katipunan ng Demokratikong Pilipino Society/Association of Democratic Filipinos	KDP	Antonio A.S. Valdez
Katipunan ng Kamalayang Kayumanggi Society of Brown Consciousness	KTPNAN	Faisal M. Mangondato	Federalism
Katipunan ng Nagkakaisang Pilipino Society of the United Filipinos	KANP	Kerby Javier Salazar	Liberalism Youth empowerment
Kilusan para sa Pambansang Pagpapanibago Movement for National Renewal	BAGO	Eduardo Bondoc
Laban para sa Kapayapaan, Katarungan at Kaunlaran Struggle for Peace, Progress and Justice	KKK	Rafaelito Garayblas
Ladlad Coming Out	LADLAD	Danton Remoto	LGBT interests
Loyalist Party of the Philippines	LPP	Vicente Millora
National Alliance for Democracy	NAD	Joel Pontillas
Organized Support for the Movement to Enhance the National Agenda	OSMEÑA	John Henry Osmeña
Partido Demokratiko Sosyalista ng Pilipinas Philippine Democratic Socialist Party	PDSP	Norberto Gonzales	Democratic socialism
Partido Lakas ng Masa Party of the Laboring Masses	PLM	Sonny Melencio	Socialism
Partido Maharlika	PM	Willie Ricablanca
Partido Nacionalista ng Pilipinas Nationalist Party of the Philippines	PNP	Susan Ople	Fiscal conservatism
Partido ng Manggagawa at Magsasaka Workers' and Farmers' Party	PMM	Hermogenes Ebdane	Labor movement
Partido Pilipino sa Pagbabago Filipinos for Change Party	PPP	Leonardo Fernandez	Filipino-Styled Federalism
Philippine Green Republican Party	PGRP	Felix Cantal	Green politics
Progressive Movement for the Devolution of Initiatives	PROMDI	Mariano Osmeña	Grassroots democracy
Rizalist Party	RIZALIST	Gregorio Maunahan	Rizal-styled federalism
Reform PH - People's Party	RP	James Layug
Sanlakas	SANLAKAS	Fr. Max Abalos, SVD	Progressivism
Social Justice Society	SJS	Samson Alcantara	Conservatism

Local parties

Name	Abbr.	Location	Leader	Notes
Luzon
Makatizens United Party	MKTZNU	Makati	Abby Binay
Move Makati		Makati	Romulo de Guzman
Malay Democrats of the Philippines	MDP	Metro Manila	Bayan Dela Cruz	affiliated with National Economic Protectionism Association
Kabalikat ng Bayan sa Kaunlaran	KABAKA	Manila's 5th and 6th congressional districts	Amado Bagatsing
Philippine Christian Nationalist Party	PCNP	Quezon City	Andres Genito
Serbisyo sa Bayan Party	SBP	Quezon City	Joy Belmonte	formerly affiliated with Hugpong ng Pagbabago
Retailers Party		Manila's 3rd congressional district	Estelito Mendoza
Liping Kalookan		Caloocan	Macario Asistio	formerly Grand Kalookan Coalition
Katipunan ng Bagong Caloocan	KABACA	Caloocan	Gwendolyn Emnace	affiliated with Aksyon Demokratiko
Kasangga ng Bayan, Tao, Kalikasan at Kaunlaran	KABATAK	Parañaque	Joey Marquez
Kilusang Diwa ng Taguig	KDT	Taguig	Dante Tinga	affiliated with Liberal Party and National Unity Party
Caloocan Team for Action and Progress	CATAPAT	Caloocan	Bonifacio Alis
Partido Tapat		Taguig and Pateros	Edmundo de Borja	also known as Taguig-Pateros Action Team
Partido Navoteño	NVTEÑO	Navotas	Toby Tiangco	affiliated with Pwersa ng Masang Pilipino and United Nationalist Alliance
Reform Caloocan Party		Caloocan	Russel Ramirez
United Citizens of Caloocan Party	UCCP	Caloocan	Nilo Divina
Partido Magdiwang		San Juan	Joseph Victor Ejercito	affiliated with Pwersa ng Masang Pilipino
Lingkod ng Mamamayan ng Valenzuela City	LINKOD	Valenzuela	Magi Gunigundo
Kambilan Party		Pampanga	Dennis G. Pineda	affiliated with Lakas–CMD and PDP–Laban
Lingkod Bayan-Sulong Taguig Coalition	LINGKOD TAGUIG	Taguig	Angelito Reyes
Asenso Manileño	AMM	Manila	Isko Moreno	affiliated with Aksyon Demokratiko
Kapayapaan, Kaunlaran at Katarungan	KKK	Manila	Alfredo Lim	affiliated with Liberal Party
Movement for Economic Transformation & Righteous Opportunities	METRO	Metro Manila	Rodolfo John O. Teope
Bileg Ti La Union		La Union	Joaquin Ortega
Bileg Ti Ilocano	BILEG	Ilocos Sur	Luis Singson
Biskeg na Pangasinan Party	BISKEG	Pangasinan	Oscar Lambino	affiliated with Lakas-CMD
Democratic Tabula Tua		Cagayan	Delfin Telan Ting	affiliated with Lakas-CMD
Buklod Capampangan		Pampanga and Angeles City	Estelito Mendoza
Lapiang Bagong Lakas ng Nueva Ecija	BALANE	Nueva Ecija	Tomas Joson	affiliated with Nationalist People's Coalition and PDP–Laban
Lingap Lugud Capampangan Party		Pampanga	Lito Lapid	affiliated with Lakas-CMD
Pinag-isang Lakas Tungo sa Pagbabako	PINATUBO	Zambales and Olongapo	Philip Camara
Sama Sama Tarlac		Tarlac	Candido Guiam
Democratic Alliance	DA	Central Luzon	Romeo Taruc
Partido del Pilar		Bulacan	Manuel G. Roxas	affiliated with Liberal Party
Nagkakaisang Partido ng mga Kapampangan		Pampanga	Zenaida Ducut
Unang Sigaw-Partido ng Pagbabago	USPP	Nueva Ecija	Aurelio Umali
Kalapian ng mga Kaibigan ng Kaunlaran-Bayan ng Hagonoy	LAPIANG K	Hagonoy, Bulacan	Angel Cruz, Jr.
Kapanalig at Kambilan Ning Memalen Pampanga	KAMBILAN	Pampanga	Rosve Henson
Partido Malolenyo	PM	Malolos, Bulacan	Carolina Mangawang
Sulong Zambales Party	SZP	Zambales	Hermogenes Ebdane (Chairman) Jun Omar Ebdane (President)	affiliated with Labor Party Philippines
Partido ABE Kapampangan	PAK, ABE	Angeles City, Pampanga	Edgardo Pamintuan (chairman) Alex Cauguiran (president)	Founded March 28, 2012. [16]
Partido Balikatan ng Bataan	BALIKATAN	Bataan	Enrique Garcia, Jr.
Partido Magdalo		Cavite	Jonvic Remulla	affiliated with Nacionalista Party, United Nationalist Alliance, Pwersa ng Masang Pilipino and Partido Federal ng Pilipinas
Forward with Vitality for Reforms-Sigaw ng Kabite	FVR-Sigaw	Cavite	Franco Loyola
Quezon Nationalist Democratic Party	QNDP	Quezon and Lucena	Bienvenido Marquez, Jr.
Pangkat Laguna		Laguna	Marito Mendoza
Partido Dimasalang		Laguna	Teresita Lazaro	affiliated with Lakas-CMD
Partido Batangueño		Batangas	Franklin Tabaquin, Jr.
Partido ng Masang Batangueno	PMB	Batangas	Nicanor Briones
Union of Nationalist Democratic Filipino Organization	UNIDO	Region 4A	Josef Cea Maganduga (President/Convenor)
One Batangas Movement	One Batangas	Batangas	Vilma Santos-Recto	affiliated with Nacionalista Party
Partido Bagong San Pablo		San Pablo, Laguna	Arsenio Escuderro, Jr.
People's Alliance Development of Romblon	PADER	Romblon	Natalio Beltran, Jr.
Partido Pagbabago ng Palawan	PPP	Palawan	Jose Alvarez	affiliated with Hugpong ng Pagbabago
Sulong Palawan Party	SPP	Palawan and Puerto Princesa	Vincent Dennis Socrates
Mindoro Sandugo Para sa Kaunlaran	SANDUGO	Oriental Mindoro	Agustin Cusi
Bicol Saro		Bicol Region	Ma. Corazon Imperial
Catanduanes Alliance for Reform and Democracy	CARD	Catanduanes	Dexter Francisco
Alliance of Bicolnon Party	ABP-BICOLNON	Bicol Region	Enrique Olonan
Ako Bicol Political Party	AKB	Bicol Region	Elizalde Co
Visayas
Panaghiusa	PANAGHIUSA	Cebu and Cebu City	Jose Daluz III
Paglaum Party		Negros Occidental	Alfredo Montelibano, Jr.	affiliated with Nacionalista Party
Kusog Han Eastern Samar		Eastern Samar	Jaime Opinion
People's Progressive Alliance for Peace and Good Government Towards Alleviation of Poverty and Social Advancement	Partido PAGASA	Western Visayas	Rene Juaneza
Pusyon Pilipino		Central Visayas	Casimiro Madarang, Jr.
Abante Anak Bisaya		Central Visayas	Geraldo Carillo
United Negros Alliance	UNA	Negros Occidental	Alfredo Marañon, Jr.	formerly affiliated with Nationalist People's Coalition & Liberal Party, now with PDP-Laban
Barug Alang sa Kauswagan ug Demokrasya	BAKUD	Cebu's 5th congressional district	Ramon Durano III	affiliated with Nationalist People's Coalition
Alayon Alang sa Kalambu-an ng Kalinaw	ALAYON	Central Visayas	Eduardo Gullas
Katig-buan Nortehanon		Northern Samar	Emil Ong
Partido Pundok Biliranon		Biliran	Danilo Parilla
Aton Tamdon Utod Negros-anon	ATUN	Negros Occidental	Rafael Coscolluela
Kugi Uswag Sugbo	KUSUG	Cebu City	Raymond Alvin Garcia
Ugyon		Visayas	Franklin Drilon	affiliated with Liberal Party
Timawa		Iloilo City	Rona Anape-Ganzon	affiliated with United Nationalist Alliance
United Guardians Party	UGP	Western Visayas and Central Visayas	Clodualdo P. Dedicatoria
Economic Development and Social Advancement	EDSA	Central Visayas	Melchor Cubillo
Democracy of the Independent Liberal Conservative Party	DILC	Liloan, Cebu	Vincent Frasco
Ugyon Kita Capiz	UK CAPIZ	Capiz	Frenedil Castro	affiliated with United Nationalist Alliance
One Cebu	1-CEBU	Cebu	Gwendolyn Garcia	affiliated with PDP-Laban
Bando Osmeña - Pundok Kauswagan	BOPK	Cebu City	Tomas Osmeña	affiliated with Laban ng Demokratikong Pilipino
Partido Barug	BARUG	Cebu City	Michael Rama	affiliated with PDP–Laban
Mindanao
Hugpong ng Pagbabago	HNP	Davao Region	Sara Duterte	affiliates with Lakas-CMD, PMP, PRP, NUP & Partido Federal ng Pilipinas
Christian Muslim Independent Party	CMIP	Zamboanga del Norte	Tiburcio Pasquil
Aggrupation of Parties for Prosperity	APP	Zamboanga del Norte	Seth Frederick Jalosjos	affiliated with Hugpong ng Pagbabago
Sarangani Reconciliation and Reformation Organization	SARRO	Sarangani	Estelito Mendoza	affiliated with Lakas-CMD
Islamic Party of the Philippines	IPP	Mindanao	Ebrahim Abdurrahman
Ompia Party	OMPIA	Mindanao	Mahid Mutilan
Democratic Alliance of Mindanaoans for Good Government	DAMAGO	Davao Region and Soccsksargen	Fernando Toquillo
Muslim Reform Party	MRP	Lanao del Norte and Lanao del Sur	Kamar Mindalano
Ummah Party		Lanao del Norte, Lanao del Sur and Iligan	Geraldo Carillo
Compostela Valley Rainbow Alliance	CORAL	Davao de Oro	Rogelio Sarmiento
Cotabato United People's Movement		Cotabato	Emmanuel Piñol
Lanao People's Party		Lanao del Sur	Casan Macabanding
Siap Party		Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao	Aleem Abdul Matabalo Amerol
Padajon Surigao	PS	Surigao del Norte	Francisco Matugas	affiliated with Lakas-CMD
People's Champ Movement	PCM	General Santos and Sarangani	Manny Pacquiao	affiliated with PDP-Laban & PROMDI
Citizens Call for Action Party of Zamboanga City	CCA	Zamboanga City	Susan de los Reyes
Adelante Zamboanga Party	AZAP	Zamboanga City	Jose Lobregat
Aksyon Magsasaka-Partido ng Tinig ng Masa	AKMA-PTM	Soccsksargen	Ali Sangki
Achievers with Integrity Movement	AIM	South Cotabato	Adelbert Antonino
Padayon Pilipino	PDP	Cagayan de Oro	Vicene Emano	affiliated with Pwersa ng Masang Pilipino
People's Consultative (Mushawara) Party		Bangsamoro, Lanao del Norte and Zamboanga del Sur	Basher Caluato Edris
Bukidnon Paglaum	BPP	Bukidnon	Jose Maria Zubiri Jr.
United Bangsamoro Justice Party	UBJP	Bangsamoro	Murad Ibrahim

Not registered with the government

These are national parties that are not registered with the Commission on Elections:

Party	Abbr.	Leader	Ideology
Green Party of the Philippines	GPP-KALIKASAN MUNA	David D. D'Angelo	Green politics
MAKAKALIKASAN Nature Party Philippines	MAKAKALIKASAN	Roy J. Cabonegro	Ecologism
Philippine Libertarian Party	PHILIPA	Julius Apud (interim chairman)	Right-libertarianism
Koalisyong Katoliko Kristiyano	KKK	Rizalito David	Christian democracy
Communist Party of the Philippines	CPP	Jose Maria Sison	Marxism–Leninism–Maoism
Lakas Partido Komunista	LPK	Ban James Lumacad John Wendell Lagazo Jefferson Magbutay	Marxism–Leninism
Partido Komunista ng Pilipinas-1930 Philippine Communist Party	PKP-1930	Antonio Paris	Marxism–Leninism
Marxista-Leninistang Partido ng Pilipinas Marxist-Leninist Party of the Philippines	MLPP	Caridad Magpantay	Marxism–Leninism
Partido ng Manggagawang Pilipino – Pinagsanib Filipino Workers Party	PMP-Pinagsanib	Patricio Ramirez	Syndicalism
Rebolusyonaryong Partido ng Manggagagawa – Pilipinas Revolutionary Workers' Party of the Philippines	RPM-P	Arturo Tabara Nilo dela Cruz	Marxism–Leninism

Historical parties/coalitions

Parties

Major coalitions

Election year	Administration	Opposition
Ferdinand Marcos (KBL) was the incumbent.
1986	Kilusang Bagong Lipunan (KBL)	United Nationalist Democratic Organization (UNIDO)
Marcos was declared winner but was overthrown at the People Power Revolution days later. His supporters were forced into opposition.
1987	United Nationalist Democratic Organization (UNIDO)	Grand Alliance for Democracy (GAD)
In 1992, UNIDO broke up and the Marcos loyalists coalesced with the other parties. Fidel V. Ramos (Lakas-NUCD) won the presidential election and his supporters became the administration coalition
1995	Lakas-Laban Coalition	Nationalist People's Coalition (NPC)
1998	Lakas-NUCD-UMDP	Laban ng Makabayang Masang Pilipino (LAMMP)
In 2001, Joseph Estrada was overthrown at the 2001 EDSA Revolution; his supporters were forced into opposition.
2001	People Power Coalition (PPC)	Puwersa ng Masa (PnM)
2004	Koalisyon ng Katapatan at Karanasan sa Kinabukasan (K-4)	Koalisyon ng Nagkakaisang Pilipino (KNP)
2007	TEAM Unity	Genuine Opposition (GO)
In 2010, the anti-Arroyo forces were split into different parties: Aquino defeated Estrada and eight others to lead the government under the Liberal Party.
2010	Liberal Party (LP)	Lakas-CMD Nacionalista Party (NP) Pwersa ng Masang Pilipino (PMP)
In 2013, the main opposition party Lakas–CMD (formerly as Lakas-Kampi CMD) has weakened following the arrest of Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo. Thus, the Estrada-Binay group established the United Nationalist Alliance as the main opposition party.
2013	Team PNoy	United Nationalist Alliance (UNA)
2016	Koalisyon ng Daang Matuwid (KDM)	United Nationalist Alliance (UNA) Partido ng Galing at Puso (PGP) Coalition for Change
2019	Hugpong ng Pagbabago	Otso Diretso

References

"LP declared as dominant minority (7:57 p.m.)". Sunstar Manila. May 7, 2010. Archived from the original on November 5, 2013. Retrieved November 16, 2010.
"Archived copy". Archived from the original on November 10, 2013. Retrieved November 5, 2013.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
Hugpong ng Pagbabago vs. Otso Diretso Debate Unlikely, Says Comelec. The Philippine Star. Retrieved April 11, 2019.
Dominant parties: LP, UNA to get more perks, Rappler.
"Cusi named as new PDP-Laban president in Duterte-led assembly; Pacquiao faction questions legality". CNN Philippines. July 17, 2021. Archived from the original on September 14, 2021. Retrieved September 14, 2021.
Raul P. De Guzman, Mila A. Reforma, ed. (1988). Government and Politics of the Philippines. Oxford University Press. p. 101.
Robert Dayley, ed. (2019). Southeast Asia in the New International Era. Routledge. the Philippine Democrat Party—People's Power (PDP-Laban), the current ruling party which claims social democracy as its ideology and advocates for federalism.
Jeffrey M. Riedinger, ed. (2020). Agrarian Reform in the Philippines: Democratic Transitions and Redistributive Reform. Stanford University Press. p. 28. Organized in February 1982, the Pilipino Democratic Party ( PDP ) was the principal political vehicle for social democrats in the later years of the Marcos regime.
"Philippines with Chinese characteristics? – The Manila Times Online". www.manilatimes.net. May 14, 2018. Retrieved August 12, 2018.
Bertrand, J. (2013). Political Change in Southeast Asia. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
Berneo, N.; Yashar, D. (2016). Parties, Movements, and Democracy in the Developing World. New York: Cambridge University Press USA.
abs-cbnNEWS.com/Newsbreak, by Carmela Fonbuena. "JDV quits Lakas, won't join Lakas-Kampi". ABS-CBN News. Retrieved July 24, 2018.
"Major party-list groups join Lakas | Philstar.com". philstar.com. Retrieved July 24, 2018.
"Values Charter – Liberal Party of the Philippines". Liberal Party of the Philippines. Retrieved July 24, 2018.
"Who to Vote For? Get to Know the Political Parties in the Philippines".
COMELEC OKs Partido ABE Kapampangan Archived December 3, 2012, at archive.today

This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

[1] "LP declared as dominant minority (7:57 p.m.)". Sunstar Manila. May 7, 2010. Archived from the original on November 5, 2013. Retrieved November 16, 2010.

[2] "Archived copy". Archived from the original on November 10, 2013. Retrieved November 5, 2013.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)

[3] Hugpong ng Pagbabago vs. Otso Diretso Debate Unlikely, Says Comelec. The Philippine Star. Retrieved April 11, 2019.

[4] Dominant parties: LP, UNA to get more perks, Rappler.

[5] "Cusi named as new PDP-Laban president in Duterte-led assembly; Pacquiao faction questions legality". CNN Philippines. July 17, 2021. Archived from the original on September 14, 2021. Retrieved September 14, 2021.

[6] Raul P. De Guzman, Mila A. Reforma, ed. (1988). Government and Politics of the Philippines. Oxford University Press. p. 101.

[7] Robert Dayley, ed. (2019). Southeast Asia in the New International Era. Routledge. the Philippine Democrat Party—People's Power (PDP-Laban), the current ruling party which claims social democracy as its ideology and advocates for federalism.

[8] Jeffrey M. Riedinger, ed. (2020). Agrarian Reform in the Philippines: Democratic Transitions and Redistributive Reform. Stanford University Press. p. 28. Organized in February 1982, the Pilipino Democratic Party ( PDP ) was the principal political vehicle for social democrats in the later years of the Marcos regime.

[chicharacteristics-9] "Philippines with Chinese characteristics? – The Manila Times Online". www.manilatimes.net. May 14, 2018. Retrieved August 12, 2018.

[bertrand-10] Bertrand, J. (2013). Political Change in Southeast Asia. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.

[berneo-11] Berneo, N.; Yashar, D. (2016). Parties, Movements, and Democracy in the Developing World. New York: Cambridge University Press USA.

[12] s-cbnNEWS.com/Newsbreak, by Carmela Fonbuena. "JDV quits Lakas, won't join Lakas-Kampi". ABS-CBN News. Retrieved July 24, 2018.

[13] "Major party-list groups join Lakas | Philstar.com". philstar.com. Retrieved July 24, 2018.

[14] "Values Charter – Liberal Party of the Philippines". Liberal Party of the Philippines. Retrieved July 24, 2018.

[15] "Who to Vote For? Get to Know the Political Parties in the Philippines".

[16] COMELEC OKs Partido ABE Kapampangan Archived December 3, 2012, at archive.today

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