Foreign relations of Poland

The Republic of Poland is a Central European country and member of the European Union and NATO, among others. Poland wields considerable influence in Central and Eastern Europe and is a middle power in international affairs. The foreign policy of Poland is based on four basic commitments: to Atlantic co-operation, to European integration, to international development and to international law.

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The Polish economy is fairly open and relies strongly on international trade. Since the collapse of communism and its re-establishment as a democratic nation, Poland has extended its responsibilities and position in European and Western affairs, supporting and establishing friendly foreign relations with both the West and with numerous European countries.

History

Foreign policy topics are covered in the history articles:

Integration with the West and Europe
Donald Trump's speech in Warsaw, Poland, 6 July 2017

After regaining independence in 1989, Poland has forged ahead on its economic reintegration with the Western world.[1] Poland also has been an active nation in advocating European integration.

In 1994, Poland became an associate member of the European Union (EU) and its defensive arm, the Western European Union (WEU). In 1996, Poland achieved full OECD membership and submitted preliminary documentation for full EU membership. In 1997, Poland was invited in the first wave of NATO policy enlargement at the July 1997 NATO Summit in Madrid, Spain. In March 1999, Poland became a full member of NATO. Poland promoted its NATO candidacy through energetic participation in the Partnership for Peace (PfP) program and through intensified individual dialogue with NATO. Poland formally joined the European Union in May 2004, along with the other members of the Visegrád group.

Poland was a part of the multinational force in Iraq.

Establishing relationships with European countries

The collapse of the Soviet Union led to the establishment of seven new sovereign states in Poland's immediate neighborhood (Latvia, Lithuania, Estonia, Belarus, Ukraine, and Russia), of which Lithuania, Belarus, Ukraine, and Russia (through the Kaliningrad Oblast) border Poland. Poland has actively pursued good relations with all its neighboring countries, signing friendship treaties replacing links severed by the collapse of the Warsaw Pact. The Poles have forged special relationships with Lithuania and particularly Ukraine in an effort to firmly anchor these states to the West.

Due to its tragic historical experience with aggression of powerful neighbors (e.g., Partitions of Poland, Second World War), Polish foreign policy pursues close cooperation with a strong partner, one apt enough to give strong military support in times of critical situations. This creates the background of Poland's tight relations with the US and their sensitivity in relations towards its partner within the European Union, Germany. At the same time, the equally burdened attitude towards Russia results in very tense diplomatic relations, which have been constantly worsening since Vladimir Putin's rise to power. This is an important factor for the special attention Poland pays to the political emancipation of all its Eastern neighbors: Lithuania, Belarus and Ukraine.

Bilateral relations
Nations with which Poland has diplomatic relations.

Note: The Polish People's Republic (Polish: Polska Rzeczpospolita Ludowa, PRL) [2] List of countries which Poland established diplomatic relations with:[3]

# Country Date
1  France 2 April 1919,[4] broken 23.9.1940, with April 1943 Polish Government-in-exile in London, with PRL 29 June 1945
2  United States 2 May 1919,[5] with PRL 5 July 1945
3   Switzerland 8 May 1919,[6] with PRL 7 July 1945
4  Greece 24 May 1919,[7] with PRL 17 July 1945
5  Romania 22 June 1919,[8] broken 4 November 1940, with PRL 13 August 1945[9]
6  United Kingdom 15 July 1919,[10] with PRL 5 July 1945
7   Holy See 19 July 1919[11] to 5.1.1959 with Polish Government-in-exile-in London, with PRL 17 July 1989[12]
8  Belgium 28 July 1919,[11] with PRL 2 October 1945[13]
9  Sweden 2 August 1919,[14] with PRL 7 July 1945
10  Italy 3 August 1919,[11] broken 13.11.1940, with PRL 4 July 1945
11  Norway 25 August 1919,[15] with PRL 6 July 1945
12  Denmark 8 September 1919,[16] broken 9.4.1940, with PRL 6 July 1945
13  Spain 17 September 1919[17] to July 1969 with Polish Government-in-exile-in London, with PRL 31 January 1977
14  Netherlands 13 September 1919,[18] with PRL 19 December 1945
15  Serbia 19 September 1919,[19] with PRL 30 March 1945
16  Finland 7 February 1920,[20] broken 24.6.1941, with PRL 14 July 1945
17  Germany 9 March 1920,[17] broken 1.9.1939, with PRL 14 September 1972[21]
18  Czech Republic 23 March 1920,[22] broken 20.3.1939-26.11.1940, with PRL 2 February 1945 (with Czech Republic 1 January 1993)
19  Brazil 27 May 1920,[23] with PRL 14 September 1945
20  Uruguay 22 July 1920,[24] with PRL 6 February 1946, but first accreditations ambassadors were only in August 1958
21  Paraguay 12 August 1920[25][24]-1945, restored 30 May 1991[26]
22  Japan 12 August 1920,[27] broken 4.10.1941, with PRL 8 February 1957
23  Chile 7 December 1920[28] - 6 October 1945, with PRL 27 January 1965, broken 1.10.1973, restored 11 March 1990[29]
24  Latvia 27 January 1921[30] - 21 September 1939, with 30 August 1991[31]
25  Luxembourg 18 April 1921,[32] with PRL 14 July 1945
26  Russia 27 April 1921,[33] broken 17.9.1939-30.7.1941, broken 25.4.1943, with PRL 5 January 1945
27  Estonia 4 May 1921[34] - 30 September 1939, with 2 September 1991[35]
28  Austria 6 September 1921[24] - 13 March 1938, with PRL 5 March 1946
29  Bulgaria 6 September 1921,[36] broken 4 March 1941, with PRL 16 July 1945
30  Hungary 17 November 1921,[37] broken 30 November 1940, with PRL 8 March 1946
31  Portugal 13 May 1922[38] - 10 July 1945, with PRL 11 July 1974[39]
32  Argentina 19 July 1922,[24] with PRL 20 June 1946
33  Turkey 23 July 1923,[40] with PRL 13 August 1945
34  Peru 6 September 1923[41] - 5 November 1945, with PRL 14 April 1969[42]
35  Iran 1 May 1925,[43][44] with PRL 14 August 1945
36  Egypt 1926,[45] with PRL 31 January 1946
37  Afghanistan 3 November 1927,[46] with PRL 7 July 1946[47]
38  Mexico 26 February 1928,[48] with PRL 29 September 1945
39  Iraq 22 December 1932,[49] with PRL 16 April 1946 - 1950, restored 15 August 1958[50]
40  Cuba 1 January 1933,[51] with PRL 30 August 1960
41  Colombia 18 November 1933,[52] with PRL 31 December 1945, broken in 1952, restored 28 July 1969
42  Costa Rica 18 November 1933,[53] with PRL 25 May 1946
43  Dominican Republic 18 November 1933,[53] with PRL 15 June 1947, broken 1952, re-established 30 November 1994
44  El Salvador 18 November 1933,[53] with PRL 19 April 1947, broken 21 July 1952, restored 27 September 1991[54]
45  Guatemala 18 November 1933,[53] with PRL 15 July 1948, but have not been implemented, re-established 21 September 1990[55]
46  Haiti 18 November 1933,[53] with PRL 3 July 1946
47  Honduras 18 November 1933,[53] with PRL 13 February 1946
48  Nicaragua 18 November 1933,[53] with PRL 1 May 1947
49  Panama 18 November 1933,[53] with PRL 26 February 1946
50  Venezuela 18 November 1933[53] - 6 November 1945, with PRL 1946-1952, restored 19 August 1960
51  Ecuador 5 August 1935, with PRL 10 July 1946, broken 3 April 1962, restored 7 November 1969
52  Bolivia 3 September 1935[56] - 23 December 1945, with PRL 25 February 1970
53  Albania 7 April 1937,[57] with PRL 6 November 1945
54  Lithuania 19 March 1938[58] - 16 October 1939, re-established 5 September 1991[59]
55  Canada 9 February 1942[60] with Polish Government-in-exile in London, with PRL 6 July 1945
56  Ethiopia 1 September 1943[61] with Polish Government-in-exile in London, with PRL 14 July 1945[62]
57  Lebanon 1 August 1944[63] - 20 October 1956 with Polish Government-in-exile in London, with PRL 20 October 1956[64]
58  Syria 18 September 1945 - 1 February 1958, re-established 9 October 1961
59  Iceland 14 January 1946
60  Israel 19 May 1948, broken 12 June 1967, re-established 27 February 1990
61  North Korea 16 October 1948[65]
62  China 7 October 1949[66]
63  Vietnam 4 February 1950[67]
64  Mongolia 14 April 1950[68]
65  India 30 March 1954[69]
66  Indonesia 19 September 1955[70]
67  Myanmar 9 November 1955
68  Sudan 4 April 1956
69  Cambodia 24 April 1956[71]
70  Sri Lanka 18 April 1957[72]
71  Yemen 21 December 1957[73]
72  Guinea 29 June 1959[74]
73  Morocco 7 July 1959[75]
74  Tunisia 15 November 1959[76]
75    Nepal 24 November 1959[77]
76  Ghana 31 December 1959[78]
77  Cyprus 15 January 1961[79]
78  Democratic Republic of Congo 12 February 1961 with Government Gizenga, with Government DRC 2 December 1961
79  Mali 12 May 1961
80  Tanzania 14 January 1962[80]
81  Algeria 2 May 1962
82  Nigeria 30 May 1962[81]
83  Benin 14 June 1962
84  Senegal 18 June 1962
85  Somalia 10 July 1962[82]
86  Burundi 8 August 1962[83]
87  Laos 8 September 1962
88  Sierra Leone 9 November 1962
89  Pakistan 17 December 1962[84]
90  Togo 26 December 1962
91  Uganda 8 April 1963
92  Kuwait 17 May 1963
93  Libya 2 December 1963[85]
94  Kenya 13 December 1963[86]
95  Jordan 20 February 1964[87]
96  Rwanda 10 July 1965[88]
97  Mauritania 3 December 1965[89]
98  Zambia 30 June 1966
99  Burkina Faso 13 June 1968
100  Singapore 12 April 1969[90]
101  Central African Republic 15 January 1970[91]
102  Malaysia 21 June 1971[92]
103  Niger 30 June 1971
104  Malta 23 October 1971[93]
105  Bangladesh 12 January 1972[94]
106  Australia 20 February 1972[95]
107  Cameroon 14 March 1972[96]
108  Guyana 10 July 1972[97]
109  Thailand 14 November 1972[98]
110  Republic of Congo 19 December 1972[99]
111  New Zealand 28 February 1973
112  Liberia 30 May 1973[100]
113  Philippines 22 September 1973[101]
114  Guinea-Bissau 3 October 1973[102]
115  Madagascar 28 November 1973
116  Cote d'Ivoire 9 June 1974
117  Jamaica 4 November 1974
118  Gambia 21 January 1975[103]
119  Mozambique 25 June 1975[104]
120  Angola 25 November 1975
121  Cape Verde 12 February 1976[105]
122  Ireland 30 September 1976[106]
123  Gabon 16 October 1976[107]
124  Comoros 6 June 1977[108]
125  Papua New Guinea 10 February 1978[109]
126  Sao Tome and Principe 20 November 1978[110]
127  Botswana 22 November 1978[111]
128  Lesotho 20 December 1978[112]
129  Chad 5 January 1979
130  Seychelles 14 February 1979
131  Mauritius 30 April 1979
132  Equatorial Guinea 29 May 1979[113]
133  Djibouti 24 February 1980[114]
134  Grenada 2 June 1980[115]
135  Zimbabwe 18 February 1981
136  Maldives 1 October 1984[116]
137  Vanuatu 15 November 1986[117]
--  Palestine 11 April 1989
138  United Arab Emirates 4 September 1989
139  Qatar 16 October 1989
140  South Korea 1 November 1989[118]
141  Oman 24 January 1990[119]
142  Namibia 23 March 1990
143  Eswatini 10 May 1990[120]
--  Sovereign Military Order of Malta 9 July 1990
144  Bahrain 22 April 1991
145  Marshall Islands 17 December 1991[121]
146  South Africa 18 December 1991[122]
147  Ukraine 4 January 1992[123]
148  Kyrgyzstan 10 February 1992
149  Tajikistan 11 February 1992[124]
150  Azerbaijan 21 February 1992[125]
151  Armenia 26 February 1992[126]
152  Belarus 2 March 1992[127]
153  Uzbekistan 19 March 1992[128]
154  Kazakhstan 6 April 1992
155  Slovenia 10 April 1992[129]
156  Croatia 11 April 1992
157  Georgia 28 April 1992[130]
158  Malawi 10 July 1992[131]
159  Moldova 14 July 1992[132]
160  Liechtenstein 5 September 1992
161  Turkmenistan 29 September 1992
162  Slovakia 1 January 1993[133]
163  Suriname 24 May 1993[134]
164  Eritrea 15 July 1993
165  North Macedonia 30 December 1993
166  San Marino 14 November 1994[135]
167  Belize 2 May 1995[136]
168  Saudi Arabia 3 May 1995[137]
169  Bosnia and Herzegovina 22 December 1995[138]
170  Brunei Darussalam 20 March 1996[139]
171  Andorra 15 May 1996
172  Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 16 May 1996[140]
173  Barbados 13 September 1996[141]
174  Trinidad and Tobago 13 August 1998[142]
175  Saint Lucia 24 May 2000[143]
176  Timor Leste 18 November 2002[144]
177  Bahamas 19 November 2003[145]
178  Antigua and Barbuda 13 September 2005[146]
179  Montenegro 14 August 2006[147]
180  Monaco 27 September 2007[148]
181  Dominica 4 June 2009[149]
182  Saint Kitts and Nevis 23 June 2009[150]
183  Palau 27 January 2012[151]
184  Solomon Islands 6 March 2012[152]
185  Samoa 8 March 2012[153]
186  Bhutan 29 November 2012[154]
187  South Sudan 31 January 2013[155]
188  Fiji 11 July 2014[156]
189  Nauru 24 November 2014[157]
190  Kiribati 2 March 2015[158]
191  Micronesia 6 March 2015[159]
192  Tuvalu 4 May 2015[160]
193  Tonga 29 August 2016[161]

Africa
Country Formal Relations Began Notes
 AlgeriaSee Algeria–Poland relations
  • Algeria has an embassy in Warsaw.
  • Poland has an embassy in Algiers.
 Angola
  • Angola has an embassy in Warsaw.
  • Poland has an embassy in Luanda.
 Chad
  • Chad is accredited to Poland from its embassy in Moscow, Russia.
  • Poland is accredited to Chad from its embassy in Tunis, Tunisia.
 EgyptSee Egypt–Poland relations
  • Egypt has an embassy in Warsaw.
  • Poland has an embassy in Cairo.
 Ethiopia
 Kenya13 December 1963See Kenya–Poland relations
  • Kenya is accredited to Poland from its embassy in Rome, Italy.
  • Poland has an embassy in Nairobi.
 Libya
  • Libya has an embassy in Warsaw.
  • Poland is accredited to Libya from its embassy in Cairo, Egypt.
 Madagascar
  • Madagascar is accredited to Poland from its embassy in Moscow, Russia.
  • Poland is accredited to Madagascar from its embassy in Nairobi, Kenya.
 Morocco
  • Morocco has an embassy in Warsaw.
  • Poland has an embassy in Rabat.
 Mozambique25 June 1975
  • Mozambique is accredited to Poland from its embassy in Berlin, Germany.
  • Poland is accredited to Mozambique from its embassy in Pretoria, South Africa and maintains an honorary consulate in Maputo.
 Namibia21 March 1990
  • Namibia is accredited to Poland from its embassy in Berlin, Germany.
  • Poland is accredited to Namibia from its embassy in Pretoria, South Africa.
 NigeriaSee Nigeria–Poland relations
  • Nigeria has an embassy in Warsaw.
  • Poland has an embassy in Abuja.
 Senegal
  • Poland has an embassy in Dakar.
  • Senegal has an embassy in Warsaw.
 South Africa1988See Poland–South Africa relations
  • Poland has an embassy in Pretoria.
  • South Africa has an embassy in Warsaw.
 Tanzania1961See Poland–Tanzania relations
  • Poland has an embassy in Dar es Salaam.
  • Tanzania is accredited to Poland from its embassy in Berlin, Germany.
 Tunisia
  • Poland has an embassy in Tunis.
  • Tunisia has an embassy in Warsaw.
 Uganda
  • Poland is accredited to Uganda from its embassy in Nairobi, Kenya and maintains an honorary consulate in Kampala.
  • Uganda is accredited to Poland from its embassy in Berlin, Germany.

Americas
Country Formal Relations Began Notes
 Argentina1920 See Argentina–Poland relations
 Belize2 May 1995

Both countries established diplomatic relations on May 2, 1995.[163]

 Bolivia
  • Bolivia is accredited to Poland from its embassy in Berlin, Germany.
  • Poland is accredited to Bolivia from its embassy in Lima, Peru.
 Brazil27 May 1920See Brazil–Poland relations
 Canada1935See Canada–Poland relations
 Chile1920See Chile–Poland relations
  • Chile has an embassy in Warsaw.
  • Poland has an embassy in Santiago.
  • Both countries are full members of the OECD.
 Colombia1931See Colombia–Poland relations
  • Colombia has an embassy in Warsaw.
  • Poland has an embassy in Bogotá.[168]
  • Both countries are full members of the OECD.
 Cuba1933See Cuba–Poland relations
  • Cuba has an embassy in Warsaw.
  • Poland has an embassy in Havana.
 Ecuador
  • Ecuador is accredited to Poland from its embassy in Berlin, Germany.
  • Poland is accredited to Ecuador from its embassy in Lima, Peru.
 El Salvador
  • El Salvador is accredited to Poland from its embassy in Berlin, Germany.
  • Poland is accredited to El Salvador from its embassy in Panama City, Panama.
 Guyana1972

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 10 June 1972.[169]

  • Guyana is accredited to Poland from its high commission in London, United Kingdom.
  • Poland is accredited to Guyana from its embassy in Caracas, Venezuela.
 Haiti
  • Haiti is accredited to Poland from its embassy in Berlin, Germany.
  • Poland is accredited to Haiti from its embassy in Bogotá, Colombia.
 Mexico26 February 1928See Mexico–Poland relations
 Panama
  • Panama has an embassy in Warsaw.
  • Poland has an embassy in Panama City.
 Paraguay
  • Paraguay is accredited to Poland from its embassy in Berlin, Germany.
  • Poland is accredited to Paraguay from its embassy in Buenos Aires, Argentina.
 Peru1923See Peru–Poland relations
  • Peru has an embassy in Warsaw.[172]
  • Poland has an embassy in Lima.[173]
 United StatesSee Poland–United States relations

A tighter security alliance with the United States was announced in the middle of the Georgian crisis as an agreement between the two countries was reached to allow the US to install and operate an interceptor missile defense shield, a move which Russia sees explicitly targeting it and which it stated made Poland "a legit military target".[174] A high-ranking Russian military official said: "Poland in deploying [the US system] opens itself to a nuclear strike".[175]

 Uruguay22 July 1920See Poland–Uruguay relations
  • Poland is accredited to Uruguay from its embassy in Buenos Aires, Argentina.
  • Uruguay is accredited to Poland from its embassy in Berlin, Germany.
 Venezuela1933See Poland–Venezuela relations
  • Poland has an embassy in Caracas.
  • Venezuela has an embassy in Warsaw.

Asia
Country Formal Relations Began Notes
 AfghanistanSee Afghanistan–Poland relations
  • Afghanistan has an embassy in Warsaw.
  • Poland is accredited to Afghanistan from its embassy in New Delhi, India.
 Armenia1992-2-26[178] See Armenia–Poland relations
 Azerbaijan1992-02-21[181] See Azerbaijan–Poland relations
 BangladeshSee Bangladesh–Poland relations
  • Bangladesh has an embassy in Warsaw.
  • Poland is accredited to Bangladesh from its embassy in New Delhi, India.
 China1919 See China–Poland relations
Poland's President Andrzej Duda and Chinese President Xi Jinping exchanging signed declarations on strategic partnership, 2016.
  • Relations between Poland and the People's Republic of China began on 5 October 1949.
  • China has an embassy in Warsaw.
  • Poland has an embassy in Beijing and consulates-general in Chengdu, Guangzhou, Hong Kong and Shanghai.
 Georgia1992-04-28See Georgia–Poland relations
  • Georgia has an embassy in Warsaw.
  • Poland has an embassy in Tbilisi.
  • Both countries are full members of the Council of Europe.
 IndiaSee India–Poland relations

Historically, relations have generally been close and friendly, characterized by understanding and cooperation on international front.[182]

 IndonesiaSee Indonesia–Poland relations
  • Indonesia has an embassy in Warsaw.
  • Poland has an embassy in Jakarta.
 IranSee Iran–Poland relations
  • Iran has an embassy in Warsaw.
  • Poland has an embassy in Tehran.
 IraqSee Iraq–Poland relations
  • Iraq has an embassy in Warsaw.
  • Poland has an embassy in Baghdad.
 Israel27 February 1990See Israel–Poland relations

Poland broke off relations with Israel after the Six-Day War of 1967, following most other countries of the Soviet Union controlled Eastern Bloc. Poland was the first Eastern bloc country to recognize Israel again in 1986. Full diplomatic relations have been reestablished in 1990, after the communist People's Republic of Poland was transformed into modern, democratic Poland. Government relations between Poland and Israel are steadily improving, resulting in the mutual visits of presidents and the ministers of foreign affairs.[185][186]

 JapanSee Japan–Poland relations
  • Japan has an embassy in Warsaw, and an honorary consulate in Kraków.
  • Poland has an embassy in Tokyo, and 2 honorary consulates (in Kobe and Hiroshima).[187]
  • Both countries are full members of the OECD.
 Kazakhstan6 April 1992 See Kazakhstan–Poland relations

Poland opened its embassy in Nur-Sultan in March 1994. Kazakhstan's embassy to Poland was opened in October 2000.[188]

  • Kazakhstan has an embassy in Warsaw.
  • Poland has an embassy in Nur-Sultan.
 Kuwait
  • Kuwait has an embassy in Warsaw.
  • Poland has an embassy in Kuwait City.
 Lebanon
  • Lebanon has an embassy in Warsaw.
  • Poland has an embassy in Beirut.
 MalaysiaSee Malaysia–Poland relations

Malaysia has an embassy in Warsaw,[189] and Poland has an embassy in Kuala Lumpur and a consulate in Kuching.[190][191]

 Mongolia
  • Mongolia has an embassy in Warsaw.
  • Poland has an embassy in Ulaanbaatar.
 North Korea1948 October[192]See Poland–North Korea relations
  • North Korea has an embassy in Warsaw.
  • Poland has an embassy in Pyongyang.
 Pakistan17 December 1962 See Pakistan–Poland relations
  • Pakistan has an embassy in Warsaw.
  • Poland has an embassy in Islamabad.
 Palestine1988 See Palestine–Poland relations
  • Palestine has an embassy in Warsaw.
  • Poland has a representative office in Ramallah.
 PhilippinesSee Philippines–Poland relations
 Qatar
  • Poland has an embassy in Doha.
  • Qatar has an embassy in Warsaw.
 Saudi ArabiaSee Poland–Saudi Arabia relations
  • Poland has an embassy in Riyadh.
  • Saudi Arabia has an embassy in Warsaw.
 Singapore1969[194]
  • Poland has an embassy in Singapore.[194]
  • Singapore has a non-resident ambassador based in Singapore accredited to Poland and has an honorary consulate-general in Warsaw.[194]
 South Korea1 November 1989[195]See Poland–South Korea relations
 TaiwanSee Poland–Taiwan relations
 Thailand
  • Poland has an embassy in Bangkok.
  • Thailand has an embassy in Warsaw.
 TurkeySee Poland–Turkey relations
 United Arab EmiratesSee Poland–United Arab Emirates relations
  • Poland has an embassy in Abu Dhabi.
  • United Arab Emirates has an embassy in Warsaw.
 Uzbekistan
  • Poland has an embassy in Tashkent.
  • Uzbekistan has an embassy in Warsaw.
 VietnamSee Poland–Vietnam relations
  • Poland has an embassy in Hanoi.
  • Vietnam has an embassy in Warsaw.

Europe
Country Formal Relations Began Notes
 AlbaniaSee Albania–Poland relations
 Andorra1996-5-15
  • Andorra is accredited to Poland from its Ministry of Foreign Affairs in Andorra la Vella, Andorra.
  • Poland is accredited to Andorra from its embassy in Madrid, Spain.
 Austria1921 See Austria–Poland relations

Austria was one of the three partitioners of Poland, along with Prussia/Germany and Russia.

 Belarus1992-03-02[200] See Belarus–Poland relations
  • Both countries share a common border of 416 kilometres (258 miles).[201]
  • Poland was one of the first countries to recognise Belarusian independence.[200]
  • Belarus has an embassy in Warsaw and a consulate-general in Gdańsk and Białystok, and a consulate in Biała Podlaska.[202]
  • Poland has an embassy in Minsk and consulates-general in Brest and Hrodna.[203]
  • The authoritarian and anti-Western political course taken by the country of neighboring Belarus presents a huge problem for Polish foreign policy.
 Belgium1919-3[204]
  • Belgium has an embassy in Warsaw.
  • Poland has an embassy in Brussels.
  • Both countries are full members of the European Union and NATO.
 Bulgaria1920sSee Bulgaria–Poland relations
 Croatia1992-04-11 See Croatia–Poland relations
 Cyprus1960sSee Cyprus–Poland relations
  • Cyprus has an embassy in Warsaw and 2 honorary consulates (in Gdynia and Szczecin).
  • Poland has an embassy in Nicosia and an honorary consulate general in Limassol.
  • Both countries are full members of the European Union.

[209]

 Czech Republic1991-10-6[210]See Czech Republic–Poland relations
  • Both countries share a common border of 790 kilometres (490 miles).[201]
  • Czech Republic has an embassy in Warsaw and a consulate-general in Katowice.
  • Poland has an embassy in Prague and a consulate-general in Ostrava.
  • Both countries are full members of the European Union, NATO and the Visegrád Group.
 DenmarkSee Denmark–Poland relations
 Estonia1991-09See Estonia–Poland relations
 Finland1919-03-08See Finland–Poland relations
 France1919-2-24[214]See France–Poland relations

Polish-French relations date several centuries, although they became really relevant only with times of French Revolution and reign of Napoleon I. Poles have been allies of Napoleon; large Polish community settled in France in the 19th century, and Poles and French were also allies during the interwar period. The official relations, having cooled down during the Cold War, have improved since the fall of communism. Currently both countries are part of the European Union and NATO.

  • France has an embassy in Warsaw.
  • Poland has an embassy in Paris and a consulate-general in Lyon.
 GermanySee Germany–Poland relations

After the creation of modern Germany in 1871, Germany was one of the three partitioners of Poland, along with Austria and Russia.

The joint Nazi-Soviet invasion of Poland of 1939 started World War II, and then until 1945, Poland was occupied by Germany and subjected to crimes against its popualtion.

During the Cold War, communist Poland had good relations with East Germany, but had strained relations with West Germany. After the fall of communism, Poland and the reunited Germany have had a mostly positive but occasionally strained relationship due to some political issues. After the collapse of the Soviet Union, Germany has been a proponent of Poland's participation in NATO and the European Union.

  • Both countries share a common border of 467 kilometres (290 miles).[201]
  • Germany has an embassy in Warsaw and consulates-general in Gdańsk, Kraków, Opole and Wrocław.
  • Poland has an embassy in Berlin and consulates-general in Cologne, Hamburg and Munich.
 GreeceSee Greece–Poland relations
  • Greece has an embassy in Warsaw.
  • Poland has an embassy in Athens.
  • Both countries are full members of the European Union and NATO.
  Holy See1919See Holy See–Poland relations
  • Holy see has an apostolic nunciature in Warsaw.
  • Poland has an embassy to the Holy See based in Rome.
 HungarySee Hungary–Poland relations

Relations between the two states date back from the Middle Ages. For a long time, they enjoy traditional close friendship.

 IcelandJanuary 1946See Iceland–Poland relations
 Ireland1976-9-30[219]See Ireland–Poland relations
 Italy1919-2-27[224]See Italy–Poland relations
 Latvia1991-08-30See Latvia–Poland relations
 Lithuania1991-9-5[229]See Lithuania–Poland relations

Poland and Lithuania formed a close alliance and political union since 1385, which was eventually transformed into the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, one of the greatest historic powers of Central and Eastern Europe.

The fall of communism in the years of 1989-1991 led to a formal reestablishment of relations by the Polish and Lithuanian states. Poland was highly supportive of the Lithuanian independence, and became one of the first countries to recognize independent Lithuania.[230] Despite that, there was a relative crisis in the early 1990s,[231] due to Lithuanian mistreatment of Polish minority, and Lithuanian suspicious that Poland would want to put Lithuania under its sphere of influence.[230] After a few years, as the situation normalized, Polish-Lithuanian relations have been steadily improving over the past two decades, with both countries joining the NATO and European Union.

 Luxembourg1945-7-14[232]
 Moldova1991-8-27[233]See Moldova–Poland relations
  • Moldova has an embassy in Warsaw.
  • Poland has an embassy in Chișinău.
 Monaco1990[234]
  • Monaco is accredited to Poland from its embassy in Berlin, Germany and maintains an honorary consulate in Warsaw.
  • Poland is accredited to Monaco from its embassy in Paris, France.
 Montenegro
  • Montenegro has an embassy in Warsaw.
  • Poland has an embassy in Podgorica.
  • Both countries are full members of NATO.
  • Montenegro is an EU candidate and Poland is an EU member.
 NetherlandsSee Netherlands–Poland relations
  • Netherlands has an embassy in Warsaw.
  • Poland has an embassy in The Hague.
  • Both countries are full members of the European Union and NATO.
 North Macedonia
  • North Macedonia has an embassy in Warsaw.
  • Poland has an embassy in Skopje.
  • Both countries are full members of NATO.
 NorwaySee Norway–Poland relations
 Portugal11 July 1974See Poland–Portugal relations
  • Poland has an embassy in Lisbon.
  • Portugal has an embassy in Warsaw.
  • Both countries are full members of the European Union and NATO.
 Romania1919-02-09See Poland–Romania relations
 RussiaSee Poland–Russia relations

Russia was one of the three partitioners of Poland, along with Austria and Prussia/Germany.

The joint German-Soviet invasion of Poland of 1939 started World War II.

In recent years, relations with Russia have worsened considerably. During the Russo-Georgian War Poland stated its support for Georgia and condemned Russia's actions. The Polish believed the war was carried out by the Russians in an attempt to reestablish and reassert its dominance over its former republics. Since 2009, however, relations with Russia somewhat improved, despite the Smolensk air disaster where the former Polish president died on what is still considered a controversial event. After the annexation of Crimea by Russia the relations deteriorated again, as Poland strongly condemned Russian actions against Ukraine.

 Serbia1919See Poland–Serbia relations
 Slovakia1993See Poland–Slovakia relations
 Slovenia1992-4-10[239]
 Spain1919-5-19[240]See Poland–Spain relations
  • Poland has an embassy in Madrid and a consulate-general in Barcelona.
  • Spain has an embassy in Warsaw.
  • Both countries are full members of the European Union and NATO.
 Sweden1919-6-3[240]See Poland–Sweden relations

Poland and Sweden formed the Polish–Swedish union in the late 16th century.

  Switzerland
 Ukraine1992-1-4[241]See Poland–Ukraine relations

Both countries share a border of about 529 kilometres (329 miles).[201] Poland's acceptance of the Schengen Agreement created problems with the Ukrainian border traffic. On July 1, 2009 an agreement on local border traffic between the two country's came into effect. This agreement enables Ukrainian citizens living in border regions to cross the Polish frontier according to a liberalized procedure.[242] The Orange Revolution in Ukraine evoked a wide and authentic support within the Polish society.

 United Kingdom1919-2-25[243]See Poland–United Kingdom relations

During the Cold War Poland retained a largely negative view of Britain as a sluggish ally of Poland during World War II, later acceptance of neglecting Poland in the international arena and placing it in communist influences. In communist times the UK was a part of the NATO block, so consequently it was considered by the communists as natural enemy of the communist bloc. British efforts meanwhile were focussed at trying to break Poland off from the Warsaw Pact and encouraging reforms in the country. In the 1990s and 2000s democratic Poland has maintained close relations with Britain; both in defence matters and within the EU; Britain being one of only a few countries allowing equal rights to Polish workers upon their accession in 2004.[244]

  • Poland has an embassy in London and consulates-general in Belfast, Edinburgh and Manchester.[245]
  • United Kingdom has an embassy in Warsaw.
  • According to official estimates there were around 900,000 Poles living in the UK in December 2019.[246]
  • Both countries are full members of NATO.

Oceania
Country Formal Relations Began Notes
 AustraliaFebruary 1972See Australia–Poland relations
  • Australia has an embassy in Warsaw.[247]
  • Poland has an embassy in Canberra and a consulate-general in Sydney.[248]
  • Both countries are full members of the OECD.
 Micronesia12 February 2019

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 12 February 2019.[249]

  • Poland is accredited to Micronesia from its embassy in Canberra, Australia.
  • Micronesia currently does not have an accredited ambassador to Poland.
 New Zealand1 March 1973 See New Zealand–Poland relations
  • New Zealand has an embassy in Warsaw.[250]
  • Poland has an embassy in Wellington.[251]
  • Both countries are full members of the OECD.
 Solomon Islands6 March 2012

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 6 March 2012.[252]

  • Poland is accredited to the Solomon Islands from its embassy in Canberra, Australia.
  • Solomon Islands are accredited to Poland from its embassy Brussels, Belgium.

See also

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 This article incorporates public domain material from the CIA World Factbook website https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/.

Further reading
  • Biskupski, M. B. The History of Poland. Greenwood, 2000. 264 pp. online edition
  • The Cambridge History of Poland, 2 vols., Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1941 (1697–1935), 1950 (to 1696). New York: Octagon Books, 1971 online edition vol 1 to 1696, old fashioned but highly detailed
  • Davies, Norman. God's Playground. A History of Poland. Vol. 2: 1795 to the Present. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1982 / ISBN 0-19-925340-4.
  • Davies, Norman. Heart of Europe: A Short History of Poland. Oxford University Press, 1984. 511 pp. excerpt and text search
  • Fedorowicz, Krzysztof (July 2007). "National Identity and National Interest in Polish Eastern Policy, 1989-2004". Nationalities Papers. 35 (3): 537–553. doi:10.1080/00905990701368761. S2CID 154831664.
  • Frucht, Richard. Encyclopedia of Eastern Europe: From the Congress of Vienna to the Fall of Communism Garland Pub., 2000 online edition
  • Gerson Louis L. Woodrow Wilson and the Rebirth of Poland 1914-1920 (1972)
  • Hetherington, Peter. Unvanquished: Joseph Pilsudski, Resurrected Poland, and the Struggle for Eastern Europe (2012) 752pp excerpt and text search
  • Kenney, Padraic. "After the Blank Spots Are Filled: Recent Perspectives on Modern Poland," Journal of Modern History (2007) 79#1 pp 134–61, in JSTOR historiography
  • Klatt, Malgorzata. "Poland and its Eastern neighbours: Foreign policy principles." Journal of Contemporary European Research 7.1 (2011): 61-76. online
  • Kuźniar, R. ed. Poland's Security Policy 1989-2000 (Warsaw: Scholar Publishing House, 2001).
  • Lerski, George J. Historical Dictionary of Poland, 966-1945. Greenwood, 1996. 750 pp. online edition
  • Leslie, R. F. et al. The History of Poland since 1863. Cambridge U. Press, 1980. 494 pp. excerpt
  • Lukowski, Jerzy and Zawadzki, Hubert. A Concise History of Poland. (2nd ed. Cambridge U. Press, 2006). 408pp. excerpts and search
  • Magocsi, Paul Robert t al. A History of East Central Europe (1974).
  • Pogonowski, Iwo Cyprian. Poland: A Historical Atlas. Hippocrene, 1987. 321 pp.
  • Prazmowska, Anita J. A History of Poland (2004\)
  • Sanford, George. Historical Dictionary of Poland. Scarecrow Press, 2003. 291 pp.
  • Snyder, Timothy. The Reconstruction of Nations: Poland, Ukraine, Lithuania, Belarus, 1569-1999 (2003).
  • Wróbel, Piotr. Historical Dictionary of Poland, 1945-1996. Greenwood, 1998. 397 pp.
  • Zięba, Ryszard. Poland's Foreign and Security Policy Springer, 2020) online
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