Pauline Hopkins

Hopkins was born to Northrop Hopkins (also reported as Benjamin Northup) and Sarah A. Hopkins (née Allen) in Portland, Maine, and grew up in Boston, Massachusetts.[1] Her father was influential in Providence, Rhode Island, due to his political ties and her mother was a native of Exeter, New Hampshire. Allegations of infidelity led to Allen filing for divorce and shortly afterwards she met and married William Hopkins.[2]

The high-achieving Hopkins household encouraged Pauline academically, which led her to develop an appreciation for literature. In 1874, after completing her second year at Girls High School, she entered an essay contest held by the Congregational Publishing Society of Boston and funded by former slave, novelist, and dramatist William Wells Brown. Her submission, "Evils of Intemperance and Their Remedy", highlighted the problems with intemperance and urged parents to be in control of their children's social upbringing. She placed first in the contest and won $10 in gold.[3]

She became well known for her various roles as a dramatist, actress and singer. In March 1877, she participated in her first dramatic performance, Pauline Western, the Belle of Saratoga. After this, she acted in several other plays and received positive reviews. However, it was not until the beginning of the 1900s that she decided to focus more on her literary passions.[4][5]

Her first known work, a musical play called Slaves’ Escape; or, The Underground Railroad (later revised as Peculiar Sam; or, The Underground Railroad), first performed in 1880. Her short story "Talma Gordon", published in 1900, is often named as the first African-American mystery story. She explored the difficulties faced by African-Americans amid the racist violence of post-Civil War America in her first novel, Contending Forces: A Romance Illustrative of Negro Life North and South, published in 1900. She published three serial novels between 1901 and 1903 in the African-American periodical Colored American Magazine: Hagar's Daughter: A Story of Southern Caste Prejudice, Winona: A Tale of Negro Life in the South and Southwest, and Of One Blood: Or, The Hidden Self. She sometimes used the pseudonym Sarah A. Allen. Pauline Hopkins was beginning to make a reputation for herself. As a result of this, she was offered the opportunity to become a member of the board of directors, a shareholder and a creditor of the Colored American Magazine. Along with her writing, she helped to increase subscriptions and raise funding for the magazine. These roles alone helped her break into the literary world, with her work making up a substantial amount of the literary and historical materials promoted by the magazine.

After her involvement with the Colored American Magazine, Hopkins published four additional stories and serialized three novels, Hagar's Daughter: A Story of Caste Prejudice, Winona: A Tale of Negro Life in the South and Southwest, and Of One Blood; or The Hidden Self, in the Colored American Magazine. Her work has been regarded among other notable African-American writers at the time such as Charles Chesnutt, Paul Laurence Dunbar, and Sutton Griggs by Richard Yarborough. In relation to women's publications, Yarborough calls her "the single most productive black woman writer at the turn of the century."[6]

Of One Blood: Or, The Hidden Self is the last of Hopkins's four novels. She is considered by some to be the most prolific African-American woman writer and the most influential literary editor of the first decade of the 20th century, though she is lesser known than many literary figures of the Harlem Renaissance. Of One Blood: Or, The Hidden Self first appeared in serial form in The Colored American Magazine in the November and December 1902 and the January 1903 issues of the publication, during the four-year period in which Hopkins served as its editor. Elements of the work have been compared to Goethe's Faust.[7]

Of One Blood: Or, The Hidden Self tells the story of Reuel Briggs, a medical student who does not care about being black or appreciating African history but finds himself in Ethiopia on an archaeological trip. His motive is to raid the country of lost treasures, which he does find. However, he discovers much more than he expected: the painful truth about blood, race, and the half of his history that was never told. Hopkins wrote the novel intending, in her own words, to "raise the stigma of degradation from [the Black] race." The title, Of One Blood, refers to the biological kinship of all human beings.

Although Of One Blood: Or, The Hidden Self is a work of fiction, Hopkins constructs a historical argument in her novel, using historical and literary sources, as well as travelogues.[8] Her argument, which ran counter to many histories of that time, was that the ancient cultures of the Nile Valley were African in origin, not imported to the area from elsewhere.

In 1988, Oxford University Press released The Schomburg Library of Nineteenth-Century Black Women Writers with Professor Henry Louis Gates as the general editor of the series. Hopkins' novel Contending Forces: A Romance Illustrative of Negro Life North and South (with an introduction by Richard Yarborough) was reprinted as a part of this series. Her magazine novels (with an introduction by Hazel Carby) were also reprinted as a part of this series. Carby did this as a way to reintroduce Hopkins into the sphere and see how her literature influenced writers in the past, present and now future.

Despite the climate of racism and other social injustices going on during this time, Hopkins made her voice, especially the black voice, known throughout history. She was fearful of the consequences of her actions, but also knew it was necessary for the world to know the struggles of being black in the United States in the 1900s. Other scholars, and Hopkins herself, have credited the boldness of her writing to her parents and the example they set for her. "The Northup legacy that Pauline Hopkins would claim as her own was one of impressive public action, fearless civic ambition and strong community consciousness."[2]

Hopkins spent the remainder of her years working as a stenographer at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. She died in Cambridge, Massachusetts, from burns sustained in a house fire.

• Slaves’ Escape; or, The Underground Railroad, 1880.
• Contending Forces: A Romance Illustrative of Negro Life North and South Archived 2016-10-10 at the Wayback Machine, 1900.
• "Talma Gordon". First published in The Colored American Magazine, 1900.
• Hagar's Daughter: A Story of Southern Caste Prejudice. First published serially in The Colored American Magazine, 1901–02.
• Winona: A Tale of Negro Life in the South and Southwest. First published serially in The Colored American Magazine, 1902–03.
• Of One Blood: Or, The Hidden Self. First published serially in The Colored American Magazine, 1903.

• The Music Trades, "History," "Post-1996 findings on Freund" (relating to Colored American Magazine)

• Allen, Carol (1998), Black Women Intellectuals: Strategies of Nation, Family, and Neighborhood in the Works of Pauline Hopkins, Jessie Fauset, and Marita Bonner, New York, NY: Garland, ISBN 9780815331124.
• Anderson, Cordell Sigrid (2006), "'The Case Was Very Black against' Her: Pauline Hopkins and the Politics of Racial Ambiguity at the Colored American Magazine", American Periodicals, 16 (1): 52–73, doi:10.1353/amp.2006.0003, JSTOR 20770946, S2CID 145290964.
• Brown, Lois (2008), Pauline Elizabeth Hopkins: Black Daughter of the Revolution, Chapel Hill, NC: U of North Carolina P, ISBN 9781469614564.
• Campbell, Jane (1986), Mythic Black Fiction: The Transformation of History, Knoxville, TN: U of Tennessee P, ISBN 9780870495939.
• Carby, Hazel (1987), Reconstructing Womanhood: The Emergence of the Afro-American Woman Novelist, New York, NY: Oxford UP, ISBN 9780195060713.
• Davies, Vanessa (2021). "Pauline Hopkins' Literary Egyptology". Journal of Egyptian History. 14 (2): 127–144. doi:10.1163/18741665-bja10006. S2CID 245415904. Retrieved 10 February 2022..
• Dworkin, Ira, ed. (2007), Daughter of the Revolution: The Major Nonfiction Works of Pauline E. Hopkins, Piscataway, NJ: Rutgers UP, ISBN 9781469614564.
• Gabler-Hover, Janet (2000), Dreaming Black, Writing White: The Hagar Myth in American Cultural History, Lexington, KY: UP of Kentucky, ISBN 9780813121437.
• Gruesser, John C, ed. (1996), The Unruly Voice: Rediscovering Pauline Elizabeth Hopkins, Urbana, IL: U of Illinois P, ISBN 9780252022302.
• Knight, Alisha R (2012), Pauline Hopkins and the American Dream: An African American Writer's (Re)Visionary Gospel of Success, Knoxville, TN: U of Tennessee P, ISBN 9781572339545.
• Reuben, Paul P, "Pauline Elizabeth Hopkins", PAL: Perspectives in American Literature: A Research and Reference Guide.
• Shockley, Ann Allen (1972), "Pauline Elizabeth Hopkins: A Biographical Excursion into Obscurity", Phylon, 33 (1): 22–26, doi:10.2307/273429, JSTOR 273429.
• Shockley, Ann A (1988), Afro-American Women Writers, 1746-1933: An Anthology and Critical Guide, Boston, MA: G.K. Hall, ISBN 9780452009813.
• Wallinger, Hanna (2005), Pauline E. Hopkins: A Literary Biography, Athens, GA: U of Georgia P, ISBN 9780820343457.

• "Pauline Elizabeth Hopkins", Voices from the Gaps, University of Minnesota
• Hopkins profile at Literary Encyclopedia
• Perspectives in American Literature - Pauline Hopkins bibliography Archived 2012-08-19 at the Wayback Machine
• Martin Japtok's critical essay, "Pauline Hopkins's Of One Blood, Africa, and the 'Darwinist Trap'"
• Home page for The Schomburg Library of Nineteenth-Century Black Women Writers
• The Pauline Elizabeth Hopkins Society
• Reuben, Paul P. "Chapter 6: Pauline Elizabeth Hopkins." PAL: Perspectives in American Literature - A Research and Reference Guide - An Ongoing Project Archived 2012-08-19 at the Wayback Machine
• Works by or about Pauline Hopkins at Internet Archive
• Works by Pauline Hopkins at LibriVox (public domain audiobooks)