Shughni language

Shughni or Khughni (in the local language: хуг̌ну̊н зив, tr. khughnön ziv; Tajik: шуғнонӣ, Persian: شغنانی), is one of the Pamir languages of the Southeastern Iranian language group.[2][1] Its distribution is in the Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Region in Tajikistan and Badakhshan Province in Afghanistan.[2]

Shughni
Shugnani-Rushani
xuǧnůn ziv/хуг̌ну̊н зив, pomiray/помирай зив
Native toTajikistan, Afghanistan
Native speakers
(50,000 Shughni proper, ca. 75,000 all varieties cited 1990)[1]
Dialects
Arabic, Cyrillic, Latin
Language codes
ISO 639-3sgh
Glottologshug1248
ELP

Shughni-Rushani tends towards SOV word order, distinguishes a masculine and feminine gender in nouns and some adjectives, as well as the 3rd person singular of verbs. Shughni distinguishes between an absolutive and an oblique case in its system of pronouns. Rushani is noted for a typologically unusual 'double-oblique' construction, also called a 'transitive case', in the past tense. Normally Soviet school scientists consider Rushani as a close but independent language to Shughni, whilst Western school scientists codes Rushani as a dialect of Shughni due to Afghanistan Rushani speakers living in the Sheghnan district of Badakhshan Province.

Dialects

Rushani, Bartangi, Oroshori (Roshorvi), Khufi and Shughni proper are considered to be dialects. However, Bartangi and Khufi are quite distinct and may be separate languages.

Vocabulary
Chart of Sounds in Shughni
Letter Phoneme English equivalent Usage in Shugni
A/aaapple, angrybad, akuniath, aram, anor
Aa/aaaːHarvard, marchxhaab, daav, zamunaa, baad
Ai/aiaɪbite, firetaiyor, arai, aiyuum, maile
B/bbbig, ablebiyor, balad, abor
Ch/cht͡ʃchurch, chairchiiz, chiid, choi, chorik
D/dddead, drieddaak, diidor, murd, dar
Dh/dhðthis, motherdhid, dhust, dhud, pidhid, podh'
Dz/dzd͡zbuds, ladsdzulik, pindz, wixhidz, majdzuunj
E/eɛelephant, eggelak, qate, qine, biide
Ee/eeeːteam, breezetseem, teez, deer, Apreel
Ey/eyeaid, ancientpeydow, xheydow,
Ff/ffffat, rooffort, famtow, faand, boft
G/gggirl, biggaap, gandaa, gardha, yiga
Gh/ghɣsound not used in Englishghaats, ghalat, bogh, shagh
I/iɪbig, liftnist, yiwath, khirs, chis
Ii/iiiːfeet, beattiidow, miidow, shiintow, zhiiwj
J/jd͡ʒjam, bargejumla, jazo, majlis, ajab
Jh/jhʁsound not used in Englishjhinik, saajh, majh, sipajh
K/kkbook, kitkitob, maak, tukmaa, kiinaa
Kh/khxloch, Khorogkhaat, sakht, bakht, kharid
L/lllike, feellap, liing, tambal, balad
M/mmmouse, meetmund, tamand, famtow, shaam
N/nnnut, meannaan, qand, fanaa, baandak
O/oopot, shopoyandaa, ofarin, boft, nolaan
Oo/oooːboot, poodlenoor, joor, mood, moon
P/pppaint, topparwiin, lap, pardhedow, pool
Q/qqQuranqamoch, qand, nuqtaa, qiin
R/rrrabbit, robraang, tsarang, roosht, rukhsat
S/sssit, misssarake, baas, kasal, safar
Sh/shʃshout, bushshamol, maash, bashand, shogird
T/tttitle, timetavaar, turd, sust, chust
Th/thθthink, mothachath, khobath, aquniath, thiir
Ts/tst͡sblitz, fitstsavor, buts, tsarang, xhats
U/uulook, shouldduzd, mund, tuid, buts
Uu/uuuːearn, fernluuvd, uun, yuudand, okhoruun
V/vvvet, leaveviidow, helav, vaz, virod
W/wwfew, waitchiidow, wiintow, boware, wazmin
Xh/xhχsound not used in Englishxheidow, xhats, tuxhna, duxhman
Y/yjyellow, yetyordam, yelav, oyandaa, boyad
Z/zzzoo, blazezamiin, bozor, zardak, ziird
Zh/zhʒpleasure, déjà vuzholaa, zhiiwj, ghazhd, zhow

Orthography

Cyrillic alphabet

The Shughni cyrillic alphabet is as follows:

А а А̄ а̄ Б б В в В̌ в̌ Г г Ғ ғ Г̌ г̌ Ғ̌ ғ̌ Д д Д̌ д̌
Е е Ё ё Ж ж З з З̌ з̌ И и Ӣ ӣ Й й К к Қ қ Л л
М м Н н О о П п Р р С с Т т Т̌ т̌ У у Ӯ ӯ У̊ у̊
Ф ф Х х Ҳ ҳ Х̌ х̌ Ц ц Ч ч Ҷ ҷ Ш ш ъ Э э

Phonology

Vowels

The following are the vowels of Shughni:

Shughni vowels
FrontCentral Back
Close i u
Near-close ɪ ʊ
Close-mid e ø o
Mid ə
Open-mid ɛ ʌɔ
Open a~æ a

Long vowels occur as /iː, eː, oː/.

Consonants

The following are the consonants of Shughni:[3]

Shughni consonants
Labial Dental Alveolar Alveolo-
palatal		 Velar Uvular Glottal
Nasal m n ŋ
Plosive p b t d k ɡ q
Affricate t͡s d͡z t͡ʃ d͡ʒ
Fricative f v θ ð s z ʃ ʒ x ɣ χ ʁ (h)
Approximant l j w
Rhotic r
  • /r/ can be realised as a trill [r] or a tap [ɾ].
  • Velar sounds /x, ɣ/ can also be realised as more fronted palatal sounds [ç, ʝ].

Literature
  • Zarubin, I.I. Shugnanskie teksty i slovar. Moskva : Izd-vo Akademii nauk SSSR, 1960.
  • Džoy I. Edelman and Leila R. Dodykhudoeva (2009). Shughni. In Gernot Windfuhr (ed.), The Iranian Languages, 787-824. London & New York: Routledge.
  • Olson, Karen (2017). Shughni Phonology Statement. SIL International.

References
  1. Shughni at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
  2. Karamšoev, Dodchudo K. (1988–99). Šugnansko-russkij slovar. 3 vols. Moskva: Nauka. ISBN 5-02-016991-9 (Vol. 2), ISBN 5-02-018101-3 /ISBN 5-02-017858-6 (Vol. 3)
  3. Arno, James C. (2007). "Shughni" (PDF) – via people.umass.edu.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)


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