Neodymium acetate

Neodymium acetate is an inorganic salt composed of a Neodymium atom trication and three acetate groups as anions where neodymium exhibits the +3 oxidation state.[3] It has a chemical formula of Nd(CH3COO)3 although it can be informally referred to as NdAc because Ac is an informal symbol for acetate.[4] It commonly occurs as a light purple powder.[1][3]

Neodymium acetate
Names
IUPAC names
Tetra-μ2-acetatodiaquadineodymium(III) neodymium(3+) triacetate
Other names
  • Neodymium ethanoate
  • Neodymium triacetate
  • Neodymium(III) acetate
Identifiers
3D model (JSmol)
ChemSpider
ECHA InfoCard 100.025.677
EC Number
  • 228-244-5
UNII
  • InChI=1S/3C2H4O2.Nd/c3*1-2(3)4;/h3*1H3,(H,3,4);/q;;;+3/p-3
    Key: KETUDCKOKOGBJB-UHFFFAOYSA-K
  • [Nd+3].O=C([O-])C.[O-]C(=O)C.[O-]C(=O)C
Properties
Nd(O2C2H3)3
Molar mass 321.371 (anhydrous)
Appearance light purple solid (anhydrous)[1]
yellow-green crystals (dihydrate)
Density 2.89 g/cm3 (dihydrate)
Melting point 230°C (predicted)[2]
Boiling point 118°C (predicted)[2]
7.77 (in water)[2]
Structure
Triclinic
P 1
Hazards
GHS labelling:
Warning
H315, H319, H335
P261, P264, P271, P280, P302+P352, P305+P351+P338+P315
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
Infobox references

Physical properties

Neodymium acetate is soluble in water.[5] It forms crystalline hydrates[5] in the composition of Nd(CH3COO)3·nH2O, where n = 1 and 4 are red-violet crystals that lose water at 110 °C. The crystalline hydrate with the composition of Nd(CH3COO)3·4H2O forms crystals of triclinic crystal system, with the space group of P 1 and the cell parameters of a = 0.9425 nm, b = 0.9932 nm, c = 1.065 nm, α = 88.09°, β = 115 .06°, γ = 123.69°. The crystalline neodymium source is moderately soluble in water, methyl salicylate,[6] benzyl chloride,[6] benzyl alcohol[6] and carbon disulfide[6] and decomposes to neodymium oxide when heated.[5]

A neodymium acetate crystal

Appearance

Neodymium acetate is a mauve-colored hygroscopic powdery solid.[1] The resulting hydrate, like many other neodymium salts, has the interesting property that it appears different colors under fluorescent light.[7]

Preparation

Neodymium acetate can be formed using neutralisation (acetic acid reacts with neodymium oxide, neodymium hydroxide or neodymium carbonate):[8]

6CH3COOH + Nd2O3 → 2Nd(CH3COO)3 + 3H2O
3CH3COOH + Nd(OH)3 → Nd(CH3COO)3 + 3H2O
6CH3COOH + Nd(CO2)3 → 2Nd(CH3COO)3 + 3H2O + 3CO2

It can also be formed in a reaction with a neodymium magnet and acetic acid:

20CH3COOH + Nd2Fe14B → 2Nd(CH3COO)3 + 7Fe(CH3COO)2 + 10H2 + B

The reaction of neodymium chloride and sodium acetate can also produce neodymium acetate:[9]

NdCl3 + 3Na(CH3COO) → Nd(CH3COO)3 + 3NaCl

Uses

Neodymium acetate can be used for:

It might also be used as:

Substitute for uranyl acetate

Uranyl acetate has been the standard contrasting agent in transmission electron microscopy (TEM) for decades.[11][12] However, its use is increasingly hampered by regulations by governments due to its radioactive properties as well as its high toxicity. Therefore, alternatives are being searched for, including lanthanides or platinum blue [13][14][15][16] as well as the use of less defined substances such as oolong tea extract.[17][18] Despite these published alternatives, uranyl acetate is still the standard for EM contrasting.[4]

In the periodic table the vertical ordering of elements in groups is based on the presence of the same number of electrons in their outermost shell, which determines their chemical and physical properties. Because neodymium (Nd) is right above uranium (U) the chemical properties of uranyl acetate and neodymium acetate would be very similar in binding to tissue in ultrathin sections thus leading to a similar amount of contrast.[4]

See also

References
  1. Sonia Gomez Torres, Gerd Meyer (2008). "Anhydrous Neodymium(III) Acetate". Zeitschrift für anorganische und allgemeine Chemie. 634 (2): 231–233. doi:10.1002/zaac.200700407. ISSN 1521-3749.
  2. See https://comptox.epa.gov/dashboard/chemical/properties/DTXSID10890616
  3. National Center for Biotechnology Information (2022). PubChem Compound Summary for CID 3563803, Neodymium acetate. Retrieved April 10, 2022 from https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Neodymium-acetate
  4. Kuipers, Jeroen; Giepmans, Ben N. G. (1 April 2020). "Neodymium as an alternative contrast for uranium in electron microscopy". Histochemistry and Cell Biology. 153 (4): 271–277. doi:10.1007/s00418-020-01846-0. ISSN 1432-119X. PMC 7160090. PMID 32008069. Text was copied from this source, which is available under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
  5. See https://www.americanelements.com/neodymium-acetate-6192-13-8
  6. Salutsky V.L. The rare earth elements and their compounds: the purification and properties of praseodymium oxide. - A thesis of dissertation. - 1950 pp. 5
  7. O'Donoghue, Michael; Webster, Robert (2006). Gems. Butterworth-Heinemann. p. 523. ISBN 0-7506-5856-8.
  8. Zofia Rzaczynska. Studies on the heterogenic reaction of acetic acid vapors with mixtures of yttrium and neodymium oxides. Zeszyty Naukowe Politechniki Slaskiej, Chemia, 1985. 113: 91-97. ISSN:0372-9494.
  9. Mehrotra, R. C.; Misra, T. N.; Misra, S. N. Organic compounds of lanthanide elements: preparation of carboxylic acid salts of praseodymium and neodymium. Journal of the Indian Chemical Society, 1966. 1: 61-62. ISSN:0019-4522
  10. See https://comptox.epa.gov/dashboard/chemical/chemical-functional-use/DTXSID10890616
  11. Watson ML (1958) Staining of tissue sections for electron microscopy with heavy metals. II. Application of solutions containing lead and barium. J Biophys Biochem Cytol 4:727–730
  12. Watson ML (1958) Staining of tissue sections for electron microscopy with heavy metals. J Cell Biol 4:475–478
  13. Hosogi N, Nishioka H, Nakakoshi M (2015) Evaluation of lanthanide salts as alternative stains to uranyl acetate. Microscopy (Oxf) 64:429–435
  14. Ikeda K, Inoue K, Kanematsu S, Horiuchi Y, Park P (2011) Enhanced effects of nonisotopic hafnium chloride in methanol as a substitute for uranyl acetate in TEM contrast of ultrastructure of fungal and plant cells. Microsc Res Tech 74:825–830
  15. Inaga S, Katsumoto T, Tanaka K, Kameie T, Nakane H, Naguro T (2007) Platinum blue as an alternative to uranyl acetate for staining in transmission electron microscopy. Arch Histol Cytol 70:43–49
  16. Yamaguchi K, Suzuki K, Tanaka K (2010) Examination of electron stains as a substitute for uranyl acetate for the ultrathin sections of bacterial cells. J Electron Microsc (Tokyo) 59:113–118
  17. Sato S, Adachi A, Sasaki Y, Ghazizadeh M (2008) Oolong tea extract as a substitute for uranyl acetate in staining of ultrathin sections. J Microsc 229:17–20
  18. He X, Liu B (2017) Oolong tea extract as a substitute for uranyl acetate in staining of ultrathin sections based on examples of animal tissues for transmission electron microscopy. J Microsc 267:27–33
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