Nehrungisch

Chortitza-Plautdietsch had no major linguistic difference from the original variety of Danziger Nehrung, which had changed by 1880.[4] By 1880, the most conspicuous features, such as /eiw/ for /au/, had become limited to the Vistula Spit.[4] Most residents of Chortitza Colony were from the Vistula Spit region (Danziger Nehrung in German).[5] Sommerfelder, Reinländer Mennoniten Gemeinde, Evangelical Mennonite Mission Conference and Gospel Mennonite Church are of Chortitza origin. [6] Many of the southern Mexican members of the Kleine Gemeinde are defectors from the Old Colony.[7] Between Narmeln and Neutief (Westsamländisch speaking), ran the sharpest border within Low Prussian.[1] Numerous words were known on Frische Nehrung only in the 20th century, but usual in Danzig and the Weichselwerder in the beginning of the 19th century, as reflected by the vocabulary of Mennonite Low German.[8] Pokraken congregation in East Prussia had members having migrated from West Prussia in 1713, having been members of Frisian congregations in West Prussia. [9] It inter alia included the localities Pokraken (nowadays Leninskoye), Plauschwaren, Grigolienen, Bogdahnen, Neusorge, Sköpen (nowadays Mostovoe), Elbings Kolonie (nowadays Bolshaya Nemoninka), Grüneberg, Klubien and Allekneiten.[10]

The Chortitza-Plautdietsch reflex in Mexico of off-glide of words such as OA usually is [w] < [ɣ] (e.g. Foagel 'fowl' [fɛwl] < [fœɑɣl]).[11] In the same varieties, it sometimes is realized as [ɹ] before voiceless velars (e.g. Knoaken 'bone' [knɛɹkn]<[knœɑken]).[11]

Chortitza-Plautdietsch has accusative case.[40] Entire Low Prussian had both accusative and dative cases.[40]

In some cases, it has no prefix /ge-/.[18]

Chortitza-Plautdietsch has eant for them.[41]

Chortitza-Plautdietsch has the formal address using the pronoun of the second person, jie.[42]

Chortitza-Plautdietsch has infinitive and plural both ending on -en.[43]

For verbs with two preterite forms, Chortitza-Plautdietsch frequently uses the former conjunctive.[44] Chortitza-Plautdietsch has double infinitive forms.[17] Chortitza-Plautdietsch has a strong perfect participle of the word for to be.[45]

Chortitza-Plautdietsch has han for the infinitive have.[46]

Chihuahua, Mexico, Texas and Santa Cruz Department (Bolivia) have residents of Nehrungisch cum Chortitza origin.[47] The speakers of Plautdietsch in Belize speak Chortitza-Plautdietsch.[48] Those Mennonites arriving in Belize from 1958 were Mexican Old Colony Mexican Sommerfelder and Mexican Kleine Gemeinde. Some of them migrated to Canada or Northern Mexico [11] Chortitza-Plautdietsch has respective infinitive, first person singular as well first person plural of to be senn and to have han.[45]

Among the descendants of those who left Chortitza for Canada in the 1870s, who live in many Latin American countries, there is only weak palatalization.[31] In 1874 Manitoba East Reserve Bergthal Colony and other parts of Chortitza Colony. [11] In 1891, Manitoba Bergthal families arrived in Saskatchewan.[11] In the 1940s and/or later Manitoba Altkolonie and Saskatchewan Altkolonie Mennonites immigrated to North Mexico.[11] Vocalism of Plautdietsch in Mexico, Bolivia and Texas mostly is different from that farther North.[11] Chortitza-Plautdietsch is spoken in Menno Colony in Paraguay.[49] Reinfeld Colony in Misiones Department, Paraguay was founded by people from Sommerfeld and Bergthal settlements in Paraguay. In Mexico, the use of features of Chortitza-Plautdietsch to a large degree depends on whether a speaker is among the Old Colony Mennonites.[11] The Mennonite migrants to Canada in the 19th century mainly originated from Chortitza.[11]

Many speakers of Plautdietsch show main features of both Chortitza-Plautdietsch and Molotschna-Plautdietsch. There are phonological differences between the Plautdietsch of Catholics and that of Mennonites in Saskatchewan Valley in Canada.[50] This includes [iəә] for the phoneme /ea/ in both wea ‘was’ and Pead ‘horses’ for Mennonite speakers, whereas all of the Catholic speakers have [eəә].[50] The Catholic variety is traced to Ukraine.[50] There also are lexical differences.[50] It is apparent that the central cluster situated around the South Saskatchewan River falls largely within the core Old Colony and Bergthaler settlement region, demarcated by the historical boundaries of the Hague-Osler Mennonite Reserve.[50] The peripheral cluster in the northern and western regions of the valley encompasses areas more densely settled by Russländer immigrants after the mass emigration of Old Colony Mennonites and Bergthaler Mennonites to Latin America in the 1920s.[50] In 1983, conservative Mennonites in Northern Mexico began moving into Southern Mexico.[11] In some cases Belizean Mennonites formed communities such as those in Quintana Roo, and in other cases they joined preexisting Mexican congregations, such as many of those in Campeche.[11] Mennonites from Mexico settled in Seminole, Texas.[11] There was a move North into the regions where the original group of settlers from the 1870s live.[11] They now have communities in Oklahoma and further north into Kansas. In 2005, it was estimated that there were approximately 5,000 Mennonite inhabitants in Southwest Kansas of Latin American origin (Keel 2006), centred around Meade, Kansas.[11] The Chortitza-related <oa>-diphthongs before velars are œɐ, ɛɐ, øɐ, eɐœʊ, ɛʊ, øʊ and eʊ.[11] For Molotschna-Plautdietsch [au]/[ɔ], it has [eiw]/[ɛːw]. [11] Non-Chortitza groups in Mexico have adopted many of the Chortitza features of the original settlers.[11] Mennonites in Campeche are predominantly Old Colony Mennonites, but there are also Sommerfeld and Kleine Gemeinde Mennonites.[11] Mennonites entered Chenes region in greater numbers in the 1980: Old Colony Mennonites from Northern Mexico.[11] Eventually other Mennonite groups moved into the region.[11] Mennonites in this region mostly are Old Colony Mennonites, but there are also Sommerfeld and Kleine Gemeinde communities.[11] There is one Evangelical Mennonite Conference community, but it is much smaller than the others.[11] Old Colony and Sommerfeld Mennonites mostly come from the states of Durango, Zacatecas, and Chihuahua, whereas the Kleine Gemeinde also has members from Tamaulipas and Belize. [11] Approximately 6,000 Mennonites in Gaines County, Texas speak Plautdietsch.[11] 5,000 Mennonite inhabitants of Southwest Kansas are of Latin American origin.[11] Canadian Mennonite University in Winnipeg, Manitoba is the result of a merger of institutions of both Molotschna and Chortitza origin. The respective vowel of words such as hett and witt has is a case of fall of short vowels, observed in Mexico and Belize.[11] Rio Verde Colony, Santa Clara, Reinfeld, Sommerfeld, Manitoba Colony, Nueva Durango and Bergthal Colony are all in Paraguay and trace their origins to Chortitza. Santa Clara, Mexico, Canadiense, Bolivia, Morgenland, Bolivia, Bergthal, Bolivia, Sommerfeld, Bolivia and Nueva Holanda, Bolivia trace their origins to Chortitza as well.

This is a list of surnames common among Mennonites in Canada originating (indirectly) from Russia, in descending frequency. The number in brackets indicates the number of places they are higher than on a 21-entry list of West Prussian Mennonite surnames.[51] This list only includes surnames higher on the list concerning Canada than on the list of surnames of West Prussian Mennonites.[51]

• Friesen (16)
• Dyck (1)
• Wiebe (2)
• Reimer (12)
• Neufeld (7)
• Derksen (not on the 21-entry list)
• Peters (not on the 21-entry list)
• Thiessen (not on the 21-entry list)
• Giesbrecht (not on the 21-entry list)
• Löwen (not on the 21-entry list)
• Hildebrand (not on the 21-entry list)
• Hiebert (not on the 21-entry list)
• Töws (not on the 21-entry list)
• Sawatzky (not on the 21-entry list)
• Fehr (not on the 21-entry list)

Flemish surnames included Andres, Claassen, Dieck, Driedger, Dyck, Enz, Epp, Esau, Fieguth, Harder, Loepp, Reimer, Thiessen, van Bergen, van Riesen, Warkentin, Wiehler and Wölke. [52]

• Mennonites in Bolivia
• Mennonites in Belize
• Mennonites in Mexico
• Mennonites in Peru