Matsuri float

A matsuri float (山車, dashi or sansha) is a general term for a float that is pulled or carried during a festival in Japan. They are often gorgeously decorated with flowers and dolls. It is also called Hikiyama and Matsuri Yatai (also simply Yatai). In events such as Shinko-shiki, these floats are sometimes paraded through the town.

Long sword hoko of Gion Matsuri, one of the three largest hoko in Japan, photographed on 17 July 2017.
One of the three major hikiyama floats in Japan (Chichibu Night Festival floats)
One of the three largest floats in Japan (a cart at the Takayama Festival)
Parade of floats at the Akasaka Hikawa Festival Hikawa Shrine (Taken on 18 September 2010)

Strictly speaking, those that imitate the shape of a mountain or have a tree on top as a symbol of a mountain are classified as "yama", while those without such a shape and with a roof are called "yatai".[1]。But in reality the name is often standardized to one or the other regardless of the shape for each festival.

Another name for floats

It is called in various ways depending on the region.

Yama no tsukemono
  • Yamahama (mountain, float, obstacle), Hikiyama (pulling mountain, towing mountain), Kakiyama (carrying mountain, carrying mountain).
  • Yamahoko (Yamahoko). A float with a structure in the shape of a mountain on a stand, and a Hoko yari or long sword.[2]。From the legend that evil gods are attracted to shiny things like spears.[3]。
  • Yamakasa (Yamakasa) (Northern Kyushu region)
  • Yatai (floats) (Shinjo City, Yamagata Prefecture, Mogami region)

Things with cars (except the above)

Kasabo (kasa) (excluding the above)

Objects of the platform

The word dashi is derived from two theories: one is that it is a display outside the temple or precincts, and the other is that it is a display of Yorishiro, the beard basket. The word "yama" refers to all kinds of floats, but the word "kuruma" is often used to refer to hikiyama.

Mountain (the original form of a float)

A mountain is a substitute made to resemble a natural mountain and is used in festivals. The original form of a float.

In the ancient Folk belief, there was a belief that gods descended from the heavens using rocks and trees on mountains and mountaintops as substitutes. These remain as Mountain worship or Shinto shrines with mountains as Shintai. A typical example is Okami Shrine (Mt. Miwa). Even small shrines located at the foot of a mountain often have a Iwakura or Shinboku at the top.

As villages developed, rituals began to be held in the plains, and temporary shrines were established. At this time, a yorishiro was also set up to pray for the coming of the gods, and this became permanent, resulting in the establishment of facilities such as today's shrines. One of these substitutes is a mountain (yama, tsukuri yama or decorative yama) built to resemble a mountain. In addition to the permanent reliquaries inside the temples, these mountains came to be used at festivals as temporary reliquaries to express or reaffirm the descent of the gods. Originally, the mountain was actually built and prayed on, but later the altar came to be regarded as the mountain.

The first recorded mountain is "Mt. Aoba" in the article of Taruhito in Kojiki, where it is said that Kibisatsumi, the ancestor of the Izumo Kunizukuri, built a mountain decorated with green leaves as a garden to enshrine Okuninushi.

A rare example that retains the original meaning is the "Karasuyama no Yamaage event" (commonly known as "Yamaage Matsuri", a national List of Important Intangible Folk Cultural Properties) in Tochigi Prefecture Nasu Karasuyama City.Originally, the festival involved the construction and dedication of an earthen mound in the town, but with the rise of the economy, the local specialty washi paper (Chomura-gami) was used to attach the mound to a frame made of wood and bamboo.The largest of these is 7 meters wide (the full width of the road) and over 10 meters high. At present, several floats and stage sets are combined over a depth of 100 meters, and entertainment (such as Kyogen and Kagura) is dedicated to the floats. These floats are paraded through the town just like other floats in other places. All of the floats are handmade, 7m wide, 10m high, and 100m deep, and the stage sets are assembled each time, entertained, dismantled, and moved up to 6 times a day, or 18 times in a 3-day festival. The waterfalls are painted on all of the mountains, in the hope that the blessings of the mountains will spread to all of the towns. Until the early Showa period (1926–1989), the mountains were burned at each festival and the ashes were given away as good luck charms.

The first mountain to be recorded as a form of ritual object is "Shirushi-no-Yama", which was pulled up for the Nimei-tennō's Great Lenten Festival in the 10th year of the Tenchō (833), November Boshin-jō in the Chiku Nihon Kouki. (Shirushi-no-yama, Hyo-no-yama, Shime-yama), which was pulled during the Emperor Ninmyō It is said to be the original form of a float, with a role similar to that of a mobile shrine. There was a time when the festival was suspended, and the Shibeyama seems to have been abolished at that time.

The same type of floats appeared in folk festivals, and they were called "yokiyama," a type of float temporarily built like an altar, "hikiyama," a type of float pulled, and "kakiyama," a type of float carried. In the current festival, there are only a few floats that are not paraded, and most of them are paraded.

[The Hozutsu Hachimangu Shrine in Toyama Prefecture and the Futagami Imizu Shrine in Takaoka City still perform the Tsukiyama event, a form of ancient worship. Although the origins of the Tsukiyama ritual are not well known, it is known that the Tsukiyama ritual at Hojozu Hachimangu Shrine has been performed since the early Edo period, according to 1721 (Kyōho in 1721 and "Tsukiyama Kooro Denki".

A temporary Tsukiyama (Altar) is set up in front of a large pine tree at Hōyūzu Hachimangu Shrine and three large cedar trees at Futagami Sagami Shrine to welcome the gods. Both mounts have a two-tiered altar, and the lower tier has two masks, one for each of the Four Heavenly Kings (Dhṛtarāṣṭra, Virūḍhaka (Heavenly King), Virūpākṣa, and Vaiśravaṇa), with a Karahafu-roofed temple (Hokora) in the center of the upper row. Hokora) in the center of the upper tier is a Karahafu roofed temple (Shrine). After the rituals are over, the mounds are dismantled in a great hurry according to the legend that each God is said to go berserk.

This event was also held at the Isurugihiko Shrine on Ishidōzan in Noto, but was discontinued during the Meiji period. In Toyama Prefecture, the ceremony is performed only at Hōyūtsu Hachimangu Shrine and Futagami-Imizu Shrine, which was suspended in the Meiji period and revived in 1956 (Showa 31). This is a rare event in Japan. Because of the appearance of the three main deities, it has been called "legless" in Houzu, "handless" in Futagamiyama, and "mouthless" in Ishidouyama.

Danjiri

The word "yama" includes "hikiyama" and "kakiyama," and also includes "yama (yakiyama)" in terms of its reading. The most common type is "hikiyama" with wheels, and other types include "kakiyama" with a paddle. The names of the floats are as mentioned above, but it is very complicated because the same floats are called differently in different regions, and the same name is sometimes used for different floats.

More and more floats are being paraded as a style of entertainment, and a variety of floats exist all over Japan. Many of them have lost their role as a substitute, but there are vestiges such as children or Dolls riding on them, or items used as substitutes are decorated on them.

Structure

Depending on the region or district, there are many types of bogies with wheels inside or outside the bogie, wheels made of wood or metal, wheel size, and the way the wood of the bogie body is assembled.

Wheel

The most common type of wheel is the four-wheeled one. There are two types of wheel: the yaguruma (spoked wheel) and itaguruma (board wheel) of the outer wheel style, and the inner wheel style. Some of them have lacquered or carved wheels, and some of them have auxiliary wheels. [The floats used in the Otsu Festival in Shiga Prefecture and the Ishidori Matsuri in northern Mie Prefecture are three-wheeled, while those used in the Shizuoka, two-wheeled floats pulled in central and eastern Enshu from Mori-cho to Iwata City, six-wheeled floats such as Hamasaki Gion Yamakasa, and Toyama Prefecture Some have six wheels, such as the Hamasaki Gion Yamakasa, while others are sleigh-shaped without wheels, such as the Tatemon Festival in Uozu City. There are also different ways and forms of operation. In Ogi Gion, logs were laid one after another underneath the mountain without wheels, which was an unusual way of operating the festival, but now it is just a hikiyama with wheels.

Power and means of transportation

In most cases, the floats are operated by human power. In rare cases, the floats are pulled by trucks, or the floats themselves are powered, but this is a special case.

Hikiyama (pulled mountain)
A huge mountain at the Seikaku Festival, one of the largest in Japan

Some of the floats have very elaborate Karakuri puppets and vary in size from the size of an ordinary Mikoshi to more than ten times that size (weighing several tons). Among them, the hikiyama (big mountain) of the Aokashiwa Festival in Nanao City, Ishikawa Prefecture, weighs about 20 tons and is said to be the largest in Japan. The reason for the creation of large floats is that they can be operated in a huge size due to the form of pulling, the remnants of the use of taller floats as a substitute, and competition between shrine parishioners as a style.

Two-wheeled floats

A yatai is a float pulled by two wheels. Famous festivals include the Murakami Festival, the Enshu Yokosuka Mikumano Shrine Festival, and the Kakegawa Festival.

Flower cart

This refers to all kinds of floats decorated with paper flowers and other floral decorations. In the Ofunato Festival, paper called "Ohana" is used to decorate the carts with gold and silver. All of these are used to fund the reconstruction of the shrine and the Community Center.

The ceremony was held at the Kaki-yama for carrying.
A float for carrying at the Saijo Festival in Ehime Prefecture. It weighs about 800kg.

This type of float is rare in Japan, and most of them weigh from a few hundred kilograms to about one or two tons at the heaviest. They are often confused with mikoshi (portable shrines), but they are classified as floats because of their nature as accompaniments to the Ujiko. One of the most famous is the Hakata Gion Yamakasa.

Floats designated as Important Tangible Folk Cultural Properties

Of the festivals (events) still held throughout Japan, a total of 66 floats pulled at the following five festivals have been designated as Important Tangible Folk Cultural Properties.[6]

All of the festivals in which they are pulled are listed on the List of Important Intangible Folk Cultural Properties and on the Intangible cultural heritage of UNESCO. Intangible cultural heritage of UNESCO (see also the following section for more information on the festivals that have received this designation). The following list includes floats that are not called "floats".

  • Hitachi Furyumono: 1 float – Designated on 6 May 1959 (Ibaraki Prefecture)
  • 23 stalls of Takayama Festival – designated on 9 June 1960 (Gifu Prefecture)
  • Takaoka Mikurayama Festival 7 floats – designated on 9 June 1960 (Toyama Prefecture)
  • Gion Matsuri 29 floats – designated on 23 May 1962 (Kyoto Prefecture)
  • Chichibu Night Festival 6 stalls – Designated on 23 May 1962 (Saitama Prefecture)

The Parade of Floats

List of major festivals in which floats are used

The following list includes festivals that are not called "floats".

Hokkaido

Tohoku Region
  • Aomori Nebuta – Aomori Prefecture
  • Hirosaki Neputa – Aomori, Japan
  • Goshogawara Tachineputa – Aomori, Japan
  • Kuroishi Neputa – Aomori Prefecture
  • Tanabe Festival – Aomori Prefecture
  • Kawauchi Hachimangu Shrine Festival – Aomori Prefecture
  • Yanemori Hachimangu Shrine Festival – Aomori Prefecture
  • Wakinosawa Hachimangu Shrine Festival – Aomori Prefecture
  • Ohata Festival – Aomori Prefecture
  • Parade of floats at Kazamaura – Aomori, Japan
  • Ajigasawa Shiro Hachimangu Shrine Grand Festival – Aomori, Japan
  • Okudo's float event – Aomori pref.
  • Oma's float event – Aomori, Japan
  • Hachinohe Sanja Taisai – Aomori, Japan
  • Hachinohe Sansha Taisai – Aomori Prefecture
  • Kakunodate Festival – Akita Prefecture
  • Tsuchizaki Shinmeisha Festival's Hikiyama Event – Akita, Japan
  • Hanawa Bayashi – Akita Prefecture
  • Morioka Autumn Festival (Morioka floats) – Iwate Prefecture
  • Hanamaki Festival – Iwate Prefecture
  • Ichinohe Festival – Iwate Prefecture
  • Ninohe Festival – Iwate Prefecture
  • Hidaka Fire Prevention Festival – Iwate Prefecture
  • Morimachi Five Year Festival – Iwate Prefecture
  • Kurikoma Yamatsuri Festival – Miyagi Prefecture
  • Shinjō Matsuri – Yamagata Prefecture
  • Renryu floats (associated with the Fukushima Inari Shrine Festival) – Fukushima Prefecture
  • Nihomatsu Lantern Festival – Fukushima, Japan
  • Aizu Tajima Gion Festival – Fukushima Prefecture

Kanto Region
  • Hitachi Kokusai Shrine Grand Festival – Ibaraki, Japan
  • Shiogai Gion Festival – Ibaraki, Japan
  • Hitachi Furyumono (performed at the Hitachi Sakura Festival in spring) – Ibaraki Prefecture, Japan.
  • Hitachi Furyumono (performed at the Spring Hitachi Sakura Festival) – Ibaraki Prefecture
  • Kanuma Autumn Festival (Yatai event at Kanuma Imamiya Shrine Festival) – Tochigi Prefecture
  • Tochigi Autumn Festival – Tochigi Prefecture
  • Yamaage Matsuri (Yama [original form of float]) – Tochigi Prefecture
  • Shibukawa Yamashiro Festival – Gunma Prefecture
  • Oniishi Summer Festival – Gunma Prefecture
  • Fujioka Festival – Gunma Prefecture
  • Kawagoe Festival – Saitama Prefecture
  • Chichibu Night Festival – Saitama Prefecture.
  • Kumagaya Uchiwa Festival – Saitama Prefecture
  • Kuki lantern festival, Tenno-sama – Saitama, Japan
  • Sawara Grand Festival – Chiba Prefecture
  • Narita Gion Festival – Chiba Prefecture
  • Akasaka Hikawa Festival – Tokyo, Japan
  • Kurayami Festival – Tokyo, Japan
  • Hachioji Festival – Tokyo
  • Ome Grand Festival – Tokyo
  • Oume Grand Festival – Tokyo * Kodai Jingu Grand Festival – Kanagawa
  • Tenno Festival – Kanagawa Prefecture
  • Matsubara Shrine Grand Festival, Soga Shrine Grand Festival, etc. (Manto-type stalls at various locations in Odawara) – Kanagawa Prefecture

Chubu Region
  • Joetsu Festival (Naoetsu Gion Festival) – Niigata Prefecture
  • Murakami Grand Festival – Niigata Prefecture
  • Senami Grand Festival – Niigata Prefecture
  • Iwafune Grand Festival – Niigata Prefecture
  • Nakajo Festival – Niigata Prefecture
  • Castle Town Shinhatsuta Furusato Festival (Shinhatsuta Dairin) – Niigata Prefecture
  • Niitsu Summer Festival – Niigata Prefecture
  • Takaoka Mikurayama Festival – Toyama Prefecture
  • Johata Hikiyama Festival – Toyama Prefecture
  • Tatemon Festival – Toyama Prefecture
  • Fukuno Yodaka Festival – Toyama Prefecture
  • Tonami Yotaka Andon Festival – Toyama Prefecture
  • Tonami Night High Festival – Toyama Prefecture
  • Shokawa Tourism Festival (Shokawa Night High Andon) – Toyama Prefecture
  • Ecchu Yatsuo Hikiyama Festival – Toyama Prefecture
  • Demachi Children's Kabuki Hikiyama Festival – Toyama Prefecture
  • Houzu (Shinminato) Hikiyama Festival – Toyama Prefecture
  • Takasagayama Gannenbo Festival – Toyama Prefecture
  • Ebie Hikiyama Festival – Toyama Prefecture
  • Daimon Hikiyama Festival – Toyama Prefecture
  • Fushiki Hikiyama Festival – Toyama Prefecture
  • Ishido Hikiyama Festival – Toyama Prefecture
  • Iwase Hikiyama Car Festival – Toyama Prefecture
  • Himi Gion Festival – Toyama Prefecture
  • Shikata Children's Hikiyama Festival – Toyama Prefecture
  • Usa Hachimangu Shrine Spring Festival – Toyama Prefecture
  • Yoyasa Festival – Toyama Prefecture
  • Aoba Festival – Ishikawa Prefecture
  • Otabimatsuri Festival – Ishikawa Prefecture
  • Abare Festival – Ishikawa Prefecture
  • Iida Toronoyama Festival – Ishikawa Prefecture
  • Okaeri Festival – Ishikawa Prefecture
  • Hourai Festival – Ishikawa Prefecture
  • Kuroshima Tenryo Festival – Ishikawa Prefecture
  • Hikiyama Festival in Ujima – Ishikawa Prefecture
  • Suzu Deca Hikiyama Festival – Ishikawa Prefecture
  • Maenami Hikiyama Festival – Ishikawa Prefecture
  • Sumiyoshi Grand Festival – Ishikawa Prefecture
  • Mikuni Festival – Fukui Prefecture
  • Tsuruga Festival – Fukui Prefecture
  • Kohama Hozai Festival – Fukui Prefecture
  • Takahama Seven Year Festival – Fukui Prefecture
  • Nagano Gion Festival – Nagano, Japan
  • Hotaka Shrine Mifune Festival – Nagano, Japan
  • Aree Shrine Grand Festival – Nagano, Japan
  • Wakaichi Oji Shrine Grand Festival – Nagano, Japan
  • Takayama Festival – Gifu Prefecture
  • Furukawa Festival – Gifu Prefecture
  • Ogaki Festival – Gifu Prefecture
  • Takehana Festival – Gifu Prefecture
  • Mino Festival – Gifu Prefecture
  • Ibi Festival – Gifu Prefecture
  • Tarui Hikiyama Festival – Gifu Prefecture
  • Gifu Festival (Inaha Shrine Festival) – Gifu Prefecture
  • Seki Festival – Gifu Prefecture
  • Ayano Festival – Gifu Prefecture
  • Takada Festival – Gifu Prefecture
  • Murohara Festival – Gifu Prefecture
  • Mitake Yakushi Festival – Gifu Prefecture
  • Kutami Festival – Gifu Prefecture
  • Yaotsu Festival (Yaotsu Danjiri Festival) – Gifu Prefecture
  • Fujinomiya Autumn Festival – Shizuoka Prefecture
  • Fujieda Grand Festival – Shizuoka Prefecture
  • Kanaya Tea Festival – Shizuoka Prefecture
  • Jito Hachimangu Shrine Grand Festival – Shizuoka Prefecture
  • Kakegawa Festival – Shizuoka Prefecture
  • Enshu Yokosuka Mikumano Shrine Grand Festival – Shizuoka Prefecture
  • Yasaka Shrine Gion Festival – Shizuoka Prefecture
  • Yamanashi Gion Festival – Shizuoka Prefecture
  • Iida Yamana Shrine Tenno Festival – Shizuoka Prefecture
  • Fukuroi Festival – Shizuoka Prefecture
  • Mori Festival – Shizuoka Prefecture
  • Fu Hachimangu Shrine Festival – Shizuoka Prefecture
  • Kaketsuka Kibune Shrine Festival – Shizuoka Prefecture
  • Hamamatsu Kite Festival – Shizuoka Prefecture
  • Ohari Tsushima Tenno Festival (River Festival) – Aichi Prefecture
  • Kamezaki Tidal Basin Festival – Aichi Prefecture, Japan
  • Asuke Hachimangu Shrine Festival – Aichi Prefecture
  • West Biwajima Festival – Aichi, Japan
  • Komaki Akiba Festival – Aichi prefecture, Japan
  • Inuyama Festival – Aichi Prefecture
  • Ishinata Festival – Aichi Prefecture
  • Nagoya Festival – Aichi Prefecture
  • Narumi Festival – Aichi, Japan
  • Tsutsui-machi Dekicho Tenno Festival – Aichi prefecture, Japan
  • Omori Tenno Festival – Aichi Prefecture
  • Tokoname Area Festival – Aichi prefecture, Japan
  • Ono Area Festival – Aichi prefecture, Japan
  • Nishinokuchi Area Festival – Aichi prefecture
  • Ogura Area Festival – Aichi prefecture
  • Yada Area Festival – Aichi prefecture
  • Taya Area Festival-Aichi prefecture
  • Furuba Area Festival-Aichi Prefecture
  • Tarumizu district festival (from 2020) – Aichi prefecture
  • Otani Area Festival-Aichi Prefecture
  • Sakai Area Festival – Aichi prefecture
  • Handa Float Festival – Aichi prefecture
  • Otogawa Festival – Aichi prefecture
  • Iwoname Area Festival – Aichi prefecture
  • Iwaname-Shinden Area Festival-Aichi Prefecture
  • Nariwa Area Festival-Aichi Prefecture
  • Kyowa Area Festival – Aichi prefecture
  • Kamihanda Area Festival – Aichi prefecture
  • Shimohanda Area Festival-Aichi Prefecture
  • Itayama Area Festival-Aichi prefecture
  • Nishinariwa Area Festival-Aichi Prefecture
  • Kamezaki Community Float Festival-Aichi Prefecture
  • Zuiho District Summer Festival-Aichi Prefecture
  • Kita Ward Summer Festival-Aichi Prefecture
  • Otogawa Gion Summer Festival – Aichi Prefecture
  • Chiryu Festival – Aichi Prefecture
  • Nomi Shinmyougu Grand Festival – Aichi Prefecture
  • Yahagi Shrine Autumn Festival – Aichi prefecture
  • Suga Shrine Grand Festival – Aichi Prefecture
  • Mitani Festival – Aichi Prefecture
  • Koyo Festival – Aichi prefecture, Japan
  • Sunari Festival – Aichi Prefecture
  • Owari Yokosuka Festival – Aichi Prefecture
  • Ota Festival – Aichi Prefecture
  • Owari Tsushima Autumn Festival – Aichi prefecture, Japan
  • Tahara Festival – Aichi Prefecture
  • Honchi Festival – Aichi Prefecture

Kinki Region
  • Ishidori Matsuri – Mie Prefecture
  • Yokkaichi Festival – Mie Prefecture
  • Ueno Tenjin Festival – Mie Prefecture
  • Whale Boat Event at Toride Shrine – Mie Prefecture
  • Nagahama Hikiyama Festival – Shiga Prefecture
  • Otsu Festival – Shiga Prefecture
  • Mizuguchi Hikiyama Festival – Shiga Prefecture
  • Hino Festival – Shiga Prefecture
  • Omizo Festival – Shiga Prefecture
  • Maibara Hikiyama Festival – Shiga Prefecture
  • Chawan Festival – Shiga Prefecture
  • Miyaso's Hikiyama Festival (Goka Festival) – Shiga Prefecture
  • Hikiyama Festival in Kenai – Shiga Prefecture
  • Gion Festival in Asakoi – Shiga Prefecture
  • Gion Festival – Kyoto Prefecture
  • Kameoka Festival – Kyoto Prefecture
  • Kaetsuya Festival – Kyoto Prefecture
  • Mikawachi Hikiyama Festival – Kyoto Prefecture
  • Nukata no Dashi event – Kyoto Prefecture
  • Kishiwada Danjiri Festival – Osaka Prefecture
  • Tanabe Festival – Wakayama Prefecture
  • Nada no Kenka Matsuri – Hyogo Prefecture

Chugoku and Shikoku Region
  • Tsuyama Festival – Okayama Prefecture
  • Katsuyama Festival – Okayama Prefecture
  • Kuze Festival – Okayama Prefecture
  • Konohachimangu Shrine Grand Festival – Okayama Prefecture
  • Ushimado Autumn Festival – Okayama Prefecture
  • Toyohama Chosa Festival – Kagawa Prefecture
  • Saijo Festival – Ehime Prefecture
  • Niihama Taiko Matsuri (Niihama Drum Festival) – Ehime Prefecture (Three major festivals in Shikoku and three major fighting festivals in Japan)

Kyushu Region
  • Hakata Gion Yamakasa – Fukuoka, Japan
  • Daijayama Festival – Fukuoka Prefecture
  • Hakata Okunchi – Fukuoka, Japan
  • Nagasaki Kunchi – Nagasaki, Japan
  • Karatsu Kunchi – Saga Prefecture, Japan
  • Yatsushiro Myoken Matsuri – Kumamoto Prefecture
  • Hita Gion Festival – Oita Prefecture
  • Nakatsu Gion Festival – Oita Prefecture
  • Usuki Gion Festival – Oita Prefecture
  • Fuchu Senshigami – Oita Prefecture

Float festivals designated as Important Intangible Folk Cultural Properties and registered as Intangible Cultural Heritage

Among the festivals that are still held in Japan, there are 40 float festivals (festivals with floats as the main part of the festival) that are designated as Important Intangible Folk Cultural Properties by the government. Gion Matsuri and Hitachi Kaze Matsuri. Two of them, the Gion Matsuri and the Hitachi Furyumono, were inscribed on the UNESCO list of Intangible cultural heritage in 2009 (Heisei 21), but the Agency for Cultural Affairs announced on 13 March 2014 that it would propose to register all 32 festivals designated as Important Intangible Folk Cultural Properties, including the above two, as "Yamahoko-Yatai Events" in 2015 (Heisei 27). 13 March 2014.[7]、On 27 March of the same year, we decided to formally apply for registration, and the earliest we could expect to hear whether or not it would be approved was in the fall of 2015 (Heisei 27).[8]、The application for registration was submitted on 4 June, and since 61 applications for registration were received from various countries, UNESCO informed us that the registration review will take place in the fall of 2016.[9] Later, the "Oogaki Festival Shido Event (Ogaki Festival)" was designated as an Important Intangible Folk Cultural Property on 2 March 2015 (Heisei 27).[10]、It was also added to UNESCO's Intangible Cultural Heritage list, bringing the total to 33.

On 31 October 2016 (Heisei 28), UNESCO's subsidiary organization issued a recommendation for the registration of 33 items in 18 prefectures.[11]、It was registered on 1 December of the same year.[12][13]

Festivals marked with an asterisk (*) are those registered as UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage "Yamahoko-Yatai Events" (33 events)

Tohoku Region
  • Hachinohe Sanja Grand Festival's float events – Aomori *
  • Nebuta of Aomori – Aomori Prefecture
  • Neputa of Hirosaki – Aomori Prefecture
  • Kakunodate Festival Mountain Event – Akita *
  • Hikiyama event of Tsuchizaki Shinmeisha Festival – Akita *
  • Hanawa Festival's Yatai Event – Akita * * Shinjo Festival's Yatai Event – Akita
  • Shinjo Festival floats – Yamagata * * [[Aizu Tajima Festival
  • Tajima Gion Festival's Otoya Events – Fukushima Prefecture
Kanto Region.
  • Hitachi Furemono – Ibaraki Prefecture *
  • Mifune Festival in Hitachi-Otsu – Ibaraki Prefecture
  • Karasuyama Yamagage Event – Tochigi *
  • Yatai event at Kanuma Imamiya Shrine Festival – Tochigi *
  • Chichibu Festival Yatai Events and Kagura – Saitama *
  • Kawagoe Hikawa Festival floats – Saitama *
  • Sawara floats – Chiba * * [[Kawagoe floats
Chubu region
  • Murakami Grand Festival – Niigata Prefecture
  • Takaoka Mikurayama Matsuri no Mikurayama Event – Toyama Prefecture *
  • Tatemon Event in Uozu – Toyama Prefecture *
  • Hikiyama Event of Kiyohata Shinmyougu Festival – Toyama Prefecture *
  • Hozozu Hachimangu Festival's Hikiyama and Tsukiyama Events – Toyama Prefecture
  • Seikaku Matsuri no Hikiyama Event – Ishikawa *
  • Takayama Matsuri no Yatai Event – Gifu Prefecture *
  • Oshidaiko and Yatai Events of Furukawa Matsuri – Gifu Prefecture * * Ogaki Matsuri – Gifu Prefecture
  • Ogaki Matsuri no Shido Event – Gifu Prefecture
  • Owari Tsushima Tenno Festival's Shuraku Boat Event – Aichi Prefecture *
  • Chiryu's Float Bunraku and Karakuri – Aichi prefecture *
  • Inuyama Festival's Kuruma-yama Event – Aichi prefecture *
  • Kamezaki Shioboshi Festival's Float Events – Aichi prefecture *
  • Sunari Matsuri's Kuragura Boat Event and Miyoshi Nagashi – Aichi Prefecture
Kanto Region
  • Whale Boat Event at Toride Shrine – Mie * * [[Ueno Tenjin Festival
  • Danjiri Event of Ueno Tenjin Festival – Mie * ; Kinki Region
  • Miyuana Ishitori Matsuri's Festival Car Event – Mie * * [[Nagahama Hikiyama Festival
  • Nagahama Hikiyama Festival's Hikiyama Events – Shiga * * Tenmiko Shrine## – Mie Prefecture * Tenmiko Shrine# – Mie Prefecture
  • Hikiyama Event of Otsu Festival – Shiga Prefecture
  • Gion Festival in Kyoto – Kyoto Prefecture
Kyushu Region
  • Hakata Gion Yamakasa Events – Fukuoka Prefecture *
  • Tobata Gion Oyamagasa Event – Fukuoka *
  • Karatsu Kunchi Hikiyama Event – Saga Prefecture *
  • Yatsushiro Myoken Matsuri Shinko Event – Kumamoto * * [[Hita Gion Festival
  • Hita Gion Hikiyama Event – Oita * * Hita Gion Hikiyama Event – Oita

The Three Great Hikiyama Festivals (The Three Great Beauty Festivals)

  • Chichibu Night Festival (Chichibu City, Saitama Prefecture)
  • Gion Festival (Kyoto, Kyoto Prefecture)
  • Takayama Festival (Takayama City, Gifu Prefecture)
  • Hikiyama (big mountain) at the Aoba Festival in Nanao City
  • The floats of the Tonami Night High Festival are located at the top of the umbrella floats, and the Andon and Andon floats clash with each other.
  • It is also the stage for the Hikiyama and Children's Kabuki performances of the Komatsu City Otabi Festival.
  • Example of a two-wheeled cart: Kakegawa type, which can be moved violently back and forth, left and right
  • The Ishitori Festival's ritual wheel (Kuwana ritual wheel) is a three-wheeled vehicle.
  • The Hamasaki Gion Yamakasa cart has six wheels
  • The Yokkaichi Festival's "Oirimichi float" is a giant karakuri doll float, and there is another float of the same type, the "Iwato float.
  • Goten Yatai (Hamamatsu Festival) in Hamamatsu City
  • Danjiri competition in front of Tokuan Station at the Imazu Hie Shrine Autumn Festival in Osaka City, October 2003.
  • Raku-car (float for carrying) in Saijo City, Ehime Prefecture (May 2005, at the site of the event in Takamatsu City, Kagawa Prefecture)
  • Floats used in the children's mikoshi (the lower part of the portable shrine) (July 2004, parade at the summer festival of Imazu Hie Shrine, Osaka City)
  • Hachioji Festival floats
  • Hanawa Bayashi Stall
  • Food Stalls at Banshu's Autumn Festival and Nada no Kenka Matsuri
  • Tokugawa-en Float Lineup (June 2015) (Tsutsui-machi, Tsutsui-machi Tenno Festival, Nagoya City)
  • Owari Tsushima Tenno Festival, loved by Oda Nobunaga and Toyotomi Hideyoshi
  • Kamezaki Tidal Basin Festival (Beach Hauling)
  • Carving of floats by Borijo I (Otogawa Festival)
  • In the Inuyama Festival, 13 carts gather to dedicate their karakuri to a shrine.
  • The "Underwater Procession" of the Mitani Festival
  • The highlight of the Iida Toronoyama Festival is the 16-meter-high, 5-ton float (Toronoyama), which is decorated with Toronoyama dolls.
  • Segami Grand Festival in Echigo-Murakami City, Hamacho floats
  • Hitachi Furyumono (Ibaraki Prefecture), Intangible Cultural Heritage of UNESCO
  • The annual festival of Odawara Matsubara Shrine. The yellowtail portable shrine of the fish market that rushes past the floats to the Otabisho.
  • The Shoho Maru float at the Ubagami Grand Shrine procession festival in Esashi Town, Hokkaido: A special float made of a Japanese boat called a "Funeyama.

See also

References
  1. "山車と屋台の見分け方". 夢・dreamsギャラリー. Archived from the original on 3 January 2003.
  2. 『大辞泉』
  3. 戦国時代の祇園祭 カトリック大阪教会管区部落問題活動センター事務局、2008年9月
  4. 牧村史陽・編『大阪ことば事典』講談社（講談社文庫）1998年、415,416頁。
  5. "女子も奮闘 大阪・生根神社　夜空を焦がす巨大「だいがく」 | THE PAGE 大阪". web.archive.org. 15 December 2015. Retrieved 19 March 2022.
  6. "Archived copy". kunishitei.bunka.go.jp. Archived from the original on 9 April 2012.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  7. http://www.bunka.go.jp/bunkazai/shoukai/pdf/unesco_jyoyaku_140313.pdf
  8. http://www.bunka.go.jp/bunkazai/shoukai/pdf/mukeibunkaisan_ichiran_140327.pdf
  9. "UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage Registration Review Postponed to 16 Years," Kitanihon Shimbun, 5 June 2014, page 31.
  10. The content of the report of the Council for Cultural Affairs," Kitanippon Shimbun, 17 January 2015, page 6.
  11. A total of 33 festivals in 18 prefectures have been recommended by UNESCO's subsidiary organization, with three from the prefecture.
  12. 「高岡御車山 魚津たてもん 城端曳山 無形文化遺産に登録、山 鉾 屋台 18府県33件一括 ユネスコ委」北日本新聞 2016年12月2日1面
  13. 佐原の山車行事 ユネスコ無形文化遺産登録決定, retrieved 24 December 2021

References
  • "Hikiyama in Shinminato" (Shinminato, Toyama Board of education) published in October 1981.
  • "Takaoka Mikurayama" (Takaoka City Board of Education) 2000, published on 31 March 2000.
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