List of folk heroes
This is a list of folk heroes, a type of hero – real, fictional or mythological – with their name, personality and deeds embedded in the popular consciousness of a people, mentioned frequently in folk songs, folk tales and other folklore; and with modern trope status in literature, art and films.
Historically documented
Antiquity (up to 450 AD)
- Sargon of Akkad – Iraq, the first ruler of the Akkadian Empire.
- Hammurabi – Iraq, the sixth king of the First Babylonian dynasty.
- Ashurbanipal – Iraq, was King of the Neo-Assyrian Empire.
- Moses – Israel, most important prophet in Judaism, split the red sea.
- Cyrus the Great – Iran, the founder of the Achaemenid Empire, the first Persian Empire.
- Yehuda HaMacabi – Israel, Jewish warrior and leader of the Maccabean Revolt against the Seleucid Empire (167–160 BCE).
- Leonidas I – Greece, was a warrior king of the Greek city-state of Sparta.
- Solomon – Israel, king of the Hebrews and Judah, builder of the first temple, known for his wisdom.
- Pericles – Greece, statesman during its golden age – specifically the time between the Persian and Peloponnesian wars.
- David – Israel, shepherd turned king, defeated Goliath.
- Hector – Troy, prince and greatest fighter for Troy during the Trojan war.
- Ambiorix – Belgium, was, together with Cativolcus, prince of the Eburones, leader of a Belgic tribe of north-eastern Gaul (Gallia Belgica).
- Emperor Jimmu – Japan, 1st Emperor of Japan.
- Alexander the Great – Greece, king of the ancient Greek Kingdom of Macedon who created one of the largest empires of the ancient world.
- Huo Qubing – China, distinguished military general of the Western Han dynasty who led a campaign into the Gobi Desert to defeat the Xiongnu nomadic confederation.
- Qin Shi Huang – China, the first emperor of a unified China.
- Quintus Sertorius – Spain, was a Roman statesman and soldier of the First Century BC. Famous for his opposition to the dictator Sulla during Sertorian War.
- Arminius – Germany, a chieftain of the Cherusci who defeated the Roman army at the Battle of the Teutoburg Forest.
- Boudica – Great Britain, the warrior queen who led an uprising against the Roman Empire in Britain.
- Burebista – Romania, Great King (Emperor) of Dacia who unified the Dacian tribes and built an empire that stretched from south Germany to the coast of the Aegean Sea and Marmara Sea.
- Decebalus – Romania, King of Dacia who managed to defend the kingdom against the Roman Empire.
- Teuta – Albania, queen regent[A] of the Ardiaei tribe in Illyria.
- Ducetius – Sicily, King of the Sicels.
- Hermocrates – Sicily, Syracusan general during the Athenians' Sicilian Expedition in the midst of the Peloponnesian War.
- Shimon bar Kokhba – Israel, a Jewish general who led a massive uprising against the Romans in Judea from 132 to 136 CE.
- Spartacus – Bulgaria, Thracian gladiator led the largest slave revolt against the Roman Republic.
- Julius Caesar – Italy, was a Roman politician and military from the Roman Republic who, after many military victories, laid the foundation for the creation of the Roman Empire.
- Zhuge Liang – China, chancellor and regent of the state of Shu Han, is recognized as the most accomplished strategist of the Three Kingdoms period.
- Vercingetorix – France, chief of the Arverni tribe, who united the Gauls in a revolt against Roman forces of Julius Caesar.
- Viriathus – Portugal, the leader of the freedom fighters of the confederated Iberian tribes who resisted colonial Rome.
- Hannibal – Tunisia, Spain and Lebanon, was a Carthaginian general and statesman who is widely considered one of the greatest military commanders in history.
- Scipio Africanus – Italy, Roman general and later consul who is often regarded as one of the greatest military commanders and strategists of all time.
- Mithridates VI of Pontus – Greek, was king of Pontus and Armenia Minor in northern Anatolia from about 120–63 BC. Mithridates is remembered as one of the Roman Republic's most formidable and successful enemies.
- Cleopatra – Egypt, the last active ruler of the Ptolemaic Kingdom.
- Gaius Julius Civilis – the Netherlands, was the leader of the Batavian rebellion against the Romans in 69 AD.
- Jesus – Central figure of Christianity, world's largest religion, and believed to be the son of God a religious preacher and a healer, later crucified but assumed to have been resurrected.
- Pyrrhus of Epirus – Greece, general and statesman of the Hellenistic period.
- Hua Tuo – China, famous physician during the late Eastern Han dynasty, famous for his abilities in acupuncture, moxibustion and herbal medicine, also the first person in China to use anaesthesia during surgery.
Middle Ages (450–1500)
- Antarah Ibn Shaddad – A Pre-Islamic Arab slave turned into knight, famous for his bravery, pride and poetry.
- Muhammad – Founder of Islam, world's second largest religion, and assumed to be the last prophet of God (also known as Khatam an-Nabiyyin) by Muslims, was an Arab religious, social, and political leader and he managed to unite the Arabian tribes under Islamic religion near the end of his life.
- Anawrahta – founder of the Pagan Empire and considered the father of the Burmese nation.
- Leif Erikson – Norse explorer
- Alfred the Great – English king of Wessex.[1]
- Brian Boru – Ireland, High King of Ireland who drove the Vikings out of Ireland at the Battle of Clontarf.
- Yue Fei – China, famous Song dynasty general, best known for leading Southern Song forces against Jurchen-ruled Jin dynasty in the 12th century.
- Frederick I – Germany, "Barbarossa", king of the Holy Roman Empire, said to return in times of danger to Germany.
- Gajah Mada – Indonesia, unified the Southeast Asian archipelago of Nusantara in the 13th century for Majapahit.
- Genghis Khan – Mongolian ruler of the Steppe during the 13th century, founder of the Mongolian empire.
- Pier Gerlofs Donia – Frisia, legendary giant warrior, freedom fighter and leader of the Arumer Zwarte Hoop.
- Owain Glyndŵr – Wales, nobleman who led a rebellion against the Kingdom of England.
- Guo Ziyi – China, Tang dynasty general who ended the An Lushan Rebellion, respected by the Uyghur chieftains and greatly weaken Tibetan Empire.
- Charlemagne – Europe, was king of the Franks from 768, king of the Lombards from 774, and emperor of the Romans from 800. During the Early Middle Ages, he united the majority of western and central Europe.
- Engelbrekt Engelbrektsson – Sweden, rebel and temporary regent in the 15th century.
- Eppelein von Gailingen – Germany, robber baron.
- Hildegard von Bingen, Germany, Saint Hildegard, Christian mystic, founder of scientific nature history.
- Godfrey of Bouillon – France, leader of the First Crusade, established the Kingdom of Jerusalem as her first king.
- Joan of Arc – France, a peasant girl who led the French in the Hundred Years' War after she claimed saints told her it was God's will. Burned as a heretic she became a martyr, folk hero, and eventually a saint. She is now one of the patron saints of France.
- Lazar of Serbia – Serbia, medieval Serbian ruler, who fought and perished at the Battle of Kosovo (1389).[2][3]
- Liu Bowen – China, key advisor to the Hongwu Emperor of Ming dynasty, also well known for his prophecies and has been described as the "Divine Chinese Nostradamus".
- Miloš Obilić – Serbia, a knight who killed Ottoman Sultan Murad I at the Battle of Kosovo (1389), regarded as a national hero.[4][5]
- Marco Polo – Italy, traveler and merchant, he travelled the Silk Road and described the wonders of Asian countries to the Europeans.
- Robert the Bruce – Scottish king who defeated the English invaders at the Battle of Bannockburn.
- Rodrigo Díaz de Vivar, el Cid - Castillian knight who battled in the times of Reconquista
- Shin Arahan – Myanmar, credited with converting King Anawrahta to Theravada Buddhism and religious adviser to four Pagan kings.
- Roger I of Sicily – Norman nobleman and founder of the County of Sicily. In the Sicilian folklore he is considered the liberator of the island.
- Skanderbeg – Albanian national hero who led the resistance of Albanian people against the Ottoman Empire.
- Tanush Thopia – Albania, medieval Albanian prince from the noble Thopia family who defended the castle of Krujë during its third siege in 1466–1467.
- Lekë Dukagjini – Albania, was a medieval Albanian prince, leader of the Albanian resistance against the Ottoman Empire after Skanderbeg's death and the author of the well-known Kanun.
- The Smith of Kochel – Germany, a well-known national hero, especially in Bavaria.
- Klaus Störtebeker – Germany, legendary pirate.
- Vlad the Impaler – Romania, a Wallachian prince who defended his country from the Ottomans, with fictionalised identity as a vampire.
- William Wallace – Scotland, knight who led a rebellion against England in the early 14th century.
- Lady Xian – China, warrior, politician, queen of the Hsien.
- Jan Žižka – Czech knight, commander of Hussite armies in the 15th century.
- Eleanor of Arborea – Sardinia, judge of Arborea and promulgator of the Carta de Logu.
- Prince Marko – Serbia, better known as Kraljević Marko, a medieval prince active during the fall of the Serbian Empire and Ottoman invasion, a hero in Serbian epic poetry.[6][7]
- Mir Chakar Rind – Pakistan, a 15th-century Baloch chieftain and folklore hero found in the Hani and Sheh Mureed tale.
- Sheikh Bedreddin – Ottoman Empire, theologian and revolutionary.
- Constantine XI Palaiologos – Greece, the last emperor of the Roman Empire, who died leading his troops in the Fall of Constantinople.
- Ulubatlı Hasan - Ottoman Empire, martyr of the Fall of Constantinople.
- Vytautas – Lithuania and Poland, led the Battle of Grunwald along with Władysław II Jagiełło against the Teutonic Order.
- Wen Tianxiang – Chinese Duke of Xinguo, refuse to yield to the Mongol invaders despite being captured and tortured, enable him to become a symbol of patriotism and righteousness
- Xuanzang – China, prominent Buddhist monk in early Tang dynasty who traveled to India in the seventh century.
- Zhang Xun – China, general of Tang Dynasty who is best known for defending Yongqiu and Suiyang during the An Shi Rebellion
- Sejong the Great - Korean king, personally responsible for creation of the Hangul alphabet and many scientific, humanitarian and literary advances.
- John the Blind - Count of Luxembourg and King of Bohemia, is considered a national hero in Luxembourg, partly because of his sacrifice at the Battle of Crécy in 1346.
Early modern period (1500–1800)
- Bayinnaung – Myanmar, king of the Toungoo Dynasty, assembled what was probably the largest empire in the history of Southeast Asia.
- Yuan Chonghuan – China, Ming general best known for defending Liaoning from Jurchen invaders during the Later Jin invasion of the Ming and defeated Nurhaci.
- Stefan Czarniecki – Poland, nobleman, statesman, military commander; led Poland through the Russo-Polish war, Khmelnytsky uprising and the Deluge.
- Nils Dacke – Sweden, leader of a 16th-century peasant revolt.
- Ahmad Shah Durrani – Afghanistan, founder of the Afghan Durrani Empire.
- Guy Fawkes – England, Roman Catholic restorationist from England who planned the Gunpowder Plot.
- Wojciech Bartosz Głowacki – Poland, he became a Polish national hero during the battle of Racławice on 4 April 1794, when he captured a Russian cannon by putting out the fuse with his hat
- Ishikawa Goemon – Japan, bandit hero famous for robbing the rich and giving to the poor, though some accounts suggest he may have kept much of his ill-gotten gains. Before being boiled in oil, he saved his infant son at the cost of his own life.
- Piet Hein – Netherlands, captured the Spanish treasure fleet.
- Juraj Jánošík – Slovak outlaw living in the Tatra mountains, defending Carpathian peasants from the tyranny of Hungarian landlords.
- Koxinga – Chinese Ming loyalist who resisted the Qing conquest of China in the 17th century and defeated the Dutch in Formosa.
- Shivaji- India, founder of the Maratha empire and leader of resistance to Mughal rule.
- Lapulapu – Philippines, He is best known for the Battle of Mactan that happened at dawn on 27 April 1521, where he and his soldiers defeated Portuguese explorer Ferdinand Magellan.
- Blas de Lezo – Colombia, was a Spanish navy officer best remembered for the Battle of Cartagena de Indias (1741) in modern-day Colombia, where Spanish imperial forces under his command decisively defeated a large British invasion.
- Lempira – Honduras, was a leader of the revolution against the Spaniards.
- Louis Mandrin – France, bandit of the 18th century liked by the population because he attacked the tax collectors.
- Maharana Pratap – India, a 16th-century Hindu ruler and Rajput hero.
- Redmond O'Hanlon – Irish, rapparee of the 17th century.
- Daniel Shays – American farmer who led Shays' Rebellion in the late 18th century over debt and taxes.
- Ivan Susanin – Russia, Russian peasant who saved the tsar in the early 17th century's Time of Troubles.
- Yermak Timofeyevich – Russia, Russian Cossack leader who began the Russian conquest of Siberia.
- George Washington – United States, first president and revolutionary war commander.
- Gilbert du Motier, Marquis de Lafayette – United States, was a French aristocrat and military officer who fought in the American Revolutionary War, commanding American troops in several battles, including the Siege of Yorktown
- Giovanni Maria Angioy – Sardinia, leader of Sardinian revolution against House of Savoy in 1794.
- Kuzma Minin – Russia, became a national hero for his role in defending the country against the Polish invasion in the early-17th century together with Dmitry Pozharsky
- Lin Zexu – China, patriotic Qing official who advocate the harmfulness of opium which led to the Destruction of opium at Humen.
- Pocahontas – Native American princess who saved the life of John Smith
- Dmitry Pozharsky – Russia, became a national hero for his role in defending the country against the Polish invasion in the early-17th century together with Kuzma Minin
- Betsy Ross – Sewed the 1st American flag for George Washington
- Miyamoto Musashi – Japan, a skilled swordsman, soldier, philosopher and author.
- Naresuan – Thailand, one of most revered monarchs as he is known for his campaigns to free Ayutthaya from the vassalage of the Taungoo Empire.
- Ram Singh Malam – India, a navigator and craftsmen from 18th-century Kutch region. Introduced European crafts in the region.
- Taksin – Thailand, king of the Thonburi Kingdom, liberation of Siam from Burmese occupation after the Second Fall of Ayutthaya in 1767, and the subsequent unification of Siam.
Modern period (1800–present)
- Bhumibol Adulyadej – Thailand, ninth monarch of Chakri dynasty, involved in many social and economic development projects, and highly revered by the people in Thailand.
- Mustafa Kemal Atatürk – Turkey, he was a revolutionary statesman, successful General and beloved figure who is revered in Turkey.
- Johnny Appleseed – United States, he introduced the apple to large parts of Ohio, Indiana, and Illinois.
- Józef Piłsudski - First Marshal of Poland, Winner of Battle of Warsaw (1920)
- Dokubo-Asari – Nigeria, a political figure who currently fights against western oil companies in the Niger Delta.
- Ogedengbe of Ilesa - Nigeria, Yoruba chief and hero of the 1877-1893 Kiriji War
- Stepan Bandera – Ukraine, leader of the nationalist and independence movement of Ukraine.
- Billy the Kid – United States, a 19th-century American frontier outlaw and gunman.
- Black Hawk – Midwestern United States, a Sauk Indian warrior who resisted white settlement.
- Simon Bolivar – Venezuelan military and political leader who led the secession of Venezuela, Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Panama
- Andrés Bonifacio – Philippines, "The Father of the Philippine Revolution".
- Subhas Chandra Bose – India, revolutionary who led the Indian National Army in an attempt to liberate India from British rule.
- Hristo Botev – Bulgarian folk hero, poet, revolutionary.
- Mohamed Bouazizi – Tunisian fruit vendor who immolated himself in protest of government mistreatment and sparked a successful revolution in that country and the Arab Spring.
- Daniel Boone – United States, an American pioneer in the late 18th and early 19th centuries.
- John Brown – United States, attempted to lead a slave revolt in the south by raiding Harper's Ferry, helped spark the American Civil War.[8]
- Antonio Canepa – Sicily, founder of the Volunteer Army for the Independence of Sicily, he is considered a hero by the Sicilian nationalists.
- Butch Cassidy – United States, outlaw and train robber.
- Kakutsa Cholokashvili – Georgia, anti-Soviet guerrilla fighter who led the August uprising, national hero of Georgia.
- Chulalongkorn – Thailand, fifth monarch under the House of Chakri, all his reforms were dedicated to ensuring Siam's survival in the face of Western colonialism.
- Winston Churchill - United Kingdom, World War II Prime Minister and Nobel Literature prizewinner.
- Joseph Cinqué – West African man of the Mende tribe, leader of the Amistad slave rebellion.
- Gregorio Cortez – Mexican-American folk hero.[9]
- Davy Crockett – United States, an Indian-fighter and Congressman; died fighting in the Alamo.[10]
- George Armstrong Custer – United States, general who died during The Battle of Little Bighorn.
- Zerai Deres – Eritrea, Eritrean-born man lionized for his act of vengeance against the Italian Fascists in Rome during an imperial celebration.
- John Dillinger – United States, gangster and bank robber. Robbed dozens of banks, escaped from jail multiple times.
- Jean-Jacques Dessalines – Leader of the Haitian slave rebellion and the first president of Haiti.
- Anton Docher – United States, Roman Catholic missionary and defender of the Native Americans in New Mexico, he fought for five years in the French colonial army.
- Wyatt Earp – United States, western lawman.
- Mike Fink – United States, the toughest boatman on the Mississippi River and a rival of Davy Crockett.[11]
- Mahatma Gandhi – India, the leader of the Indian independence movement against British rule, employing non-violent civil disobedience.
- José Gaspar Rodríguez de Francia – Paraguay, first consul of Paraguay.
- Giuseppe Garibaldi – Italy, general, he personally commanded and fought in many military campaigns that led eventually to the formation of a unified Italy.
- Geronimo – United States, Apache warrior, fought United States army for years defending his people and homeland.
- Gauchito Gil – Argentina, legendary outlaw gaucho.
- Salvatore Giuliano – Sicily, the historian Eric Hobsbawm described him as the last of the "people's bandits" (à la Robin Hood).
- Tomoe Gozen – Japan, female samurai warrior.
- Husein Gradaščević – Bosnia, called "Dragon of Bosnia", led the resistance of Bosnians and uprising for autonomy of Bosnia against the Ottoman Empire.
- Zeng Guofan – China, best known for organizing the Xiang Army to suppress the Taiping Rebellion and restored the stability of the Qing Empire.
- Nathan Hale – United States, a captain in the Continental Army during the American Revolutionary War.
- Simo Häyhä – Finland, a legendary sharpshooter in the Winter War with 505 confirmed kills.
- Hekimoğlu – Turkish folk hero who led a campaign against feudal lords.
- Wild Bill Hickok – United States, lawman, gunfighter, gambler, scout, Civil War soldier, stage coach driver, performer, abolitionist.
- Hone Heke – Māori chief who chopped down British flagpole three times.
- Joe Hill – United States, union leader and songwriter wrongfully convicted of murder in 1915.[12]
- Andreas Hofer – Austrian and particularly Tirolian hero who resisted the Bavarians and Napoleon.
- Doc Holliday – United States, western gunslinger.
- Huo Yuanjia – China, famous Chinese martial artist who defeated foreign fighters at highly publicised matches and established the first civil martial arts association in China.
- Ip Man – China, he was the first man teaching martial artist liberally; his most famous student was Bruce Lee.
- Jesse James – United States, Wild West outlaw who supposedly robbed from the rich and gave to the poor (in reality his crimes only profited himself and his gang).[13]
- Calamity Jane – United States, a tough Wild West woman.
- Jigger Johnson – United States, a lumberjack known for his exploits at hunting, brawling, and the like.[14][15]
- Casey Jones – United States, railroad engineer who remained in his locomotive and died in a collision while braking to save his passengers and sounding the whistle to warn the crew of the other train.[16]
- Konstanty Kalinowski – Belarus, leader of Belorussian, Polish, and Lithuanian national revival and the leader of the January uprising.
- Kaluaiko'olau – Hawaii, Hawaiian man who evaded deportation for leprosy by hiding in the Hawaiian rain forests.[17]
- Karađorđe – Serbia, leader of the Serbian Revolution.[18]
- Voivode Micko – Macedonia, Serb revolutionary who fought in the Serbo-Turkish wars, Kumanovo uprising, Brsjak Revolt and the Macedonian Struggle.
- Ustym Karmaliuk – Ukrainian counterpart of Robin Hood, who led a peasant rebellion.
- Ned Kelly – Australia, bushranger and leader of the Kelly Gang who fought against a corrupt government system; most famous for crafting bullet-proof armor.
- Sundance Kid – United States, outlaw and train robber.
- Martin Luther King Jr. – United States, African American activist and leader of the Civil Rights Movement, who promoted nonviolent resistance in an effort to end policies of racial segregation.
- Theodoros Kolokotronis – Greek general during the Greek War of Independence against the Ottoman Empire.
- Tadeusz Kościuszko – Belarus/Poland, military leader.
- Paul Kruger – South African Boer leader and President of the South African Republic (Transvaal).
- Rani Lakshmibai – warrior Queen of Jhansi, fought and was martyred as the first revolutionary for Indian Independence.
- Lam Sai-wing – China, Hung Gar martial artist and student of Wong Fei Hung, primarily responsible for popularizing Hung Gar style in the 20th century.
- Lampião – Brazilian outlaw, leader of a Cangaço band in Northeast Brazil.
- Abraham Lincoln – United States president during the Civil War.
- Francisco Solano López – Paraguay, president during the Paraguayan War.
- Lord Minimus – Court Dward who fought with the Royalists in the English Civil War
- Ned Ludd – Britain, leader of the Luddites in the 1810s.
- Nelson Mandela – South Africa, anti-apartheid activist who became president on apartheid's end.
- José Martí – Cuban revolutionary, one of its greatest national heroes.
- Jack Mary Ann – north Wales, a folk hero from the Wrexham area whose fictionalised exploits continue to circulate in local folklore.
- Ahmad Shah Massoud - Afghanistan, mujahideen leader
- James Mckenzie – New Zealand, outlaw and inspiration to landless immigrants in early colonial New Zealand.
- Juan Moreira – legendary Argentine outlaw, famed as a skillful knife fighter. He is considered one of the most important figures in Argentine history.
- Joseph Montferrand – Canada, a larger than life French Canadian woodsman popularly known as Big Joe Mufferaw.
- Audie Murphy – United States, hero of WWII, Medal of Honor recipient
- Ol' Dirty Bastard – United States, rapper famous for his eccentric behavior, member of the Wu-Tang Clan[19]
- George S. Patton – United States, general, commanded the Third United States Army during World War II, image popularized by the 1970 award-winning epic biographical war film Patton.
- Pedro I of Brazil – hero of Brazilian independence and hero of the Portuguese Civil War.
- Pemulwuy – Australia, an Aboriginal resistance leader.
- Philippe Petit – France, tightrope artist who walked between the two towers of the World Trade Center.
- Sheikh Mujibur Rahman – Bangladesh, led Bengali nation's decade long struggle for independence against then autocratic rule of Pakistan, finally resulting in the Bangladesh Liberation War and the independence of Bangladesh.
- Pazhassi Raja – India, fought against British Raj in south India (Kerala) with guerrilla war tactics.
- Bass Reeves – United States, the first black deputy U.S. marshal west of the Mississippi River. He worked mostly in Arkansas and the Oklahoma Territory. During his long career, he was credited with arresting more than 3,000 felons. He shot and killed 14 outlaws in self-defense.
- Paul Revere – American silversmith and a patriot in the American Revolution whose 'Midnight Ride' warned patriot rebels of the arrival of the British military troops.
- Manfred von Richthofen – Germany, air force pilot known as the "Red Baron", ace-of-aces during World War I.
- Manuel Rodríguez – Chilean lawyer and people's hero, who fought the Spanish with often nothing more than crafty disguises.
- Louis Riel – Canada, founder of Manitoba, led two rebellions against the Dominion of Canada.
- Dorus Rijkers – the Netherlands, sailor and savior of over 500 men, women and children as the captain of a rescue-boat, in the late 19th century and the early 20th century.
- José Rizal – Philippines, a critic of the Spanish colonizers, was gun-fired by his executioners in Bagumbayan (now Rizal Park).
- Erwin Rommel – the "Desert Fox", field marshal, panzer commander during the African campaign in World War II.
- Rob Roy – Scotland, outlaw whose word was his bond.
- Nana Sahib – India, a leader in the First War of Indian Independence until his mysterious disappearance.
- Deborah Sampson – American, Female soldier who disguised herself as a man to fight in the American revolution
- Juan Santamaría – Costa Rican national hero.
- El Santo – Real life Mexican wrestler, with heavy fictionalised adventures in movies and comic books.
- Laura Secord – Canada, heroine of the War of 1812.
- Sitting Bull – shaman leader of the Hunkpapa Lakota.
- Crazy Horse – Lakota military leader, known for defeating Custer at Little Bighorn.
- Soapy Smith – United States, infamous 19th-century Colorado and Alaska bad man.
- Claus von Stauffenberg – Germany, failed attempt to assassinate Adolf Hitler during the 20 July plot.
- Samuel Steele – Canada, a Mountie who brought peace to the Canadian West and law and order to Yukon, preventing bloodshed between the First Nation peoples and the settler peoples of Canada.
- Tamanend – United States, a Native American chief who became the source of many folk legends during the American Revolutionary War.
- Tecumseh – United States, Shawnee chief who formed a Native American confederacy to combat the United States.
- Ten Tigers of Canton – China, group of ten prominent fighters in Southern China.
- Joseph Trumpeldor – Israel, leader of the Jewish forces at Tel Hai.
- Nat Turner – America, leader of Nat Turner's Rebellion (also known as the Southampton Insurrection), a slave rebellion that took place in Southampton County, Virginia in August 1831.
- Dick Turpin – England, highwayman.
- Pancho Villa – Mexico, fought in the 1910s Mexican revolution with Emiliano Zapata.
- Tudor Vladimirescu — Romania, leader of the Wallachian uprising of 1821.
- Wong Fei Hung – China, Chinese doctor, acupuncturist, Chinese martial artist, and revolutionary.
- James Morrow Walsh – Canada, a Mountie who turned Sitting Bull and his peoples from enemies into friends in 1879.
- Hannah Szenes – Jewish paratrooper who was sent to Yugoslavia to rescue Hungarian Jews during World War II.
- Zuo Zongtang – China, military leader of the late Qing dynasty who crushed the Dungan Revolt and recaptured Xinjiang Province from rebel forces.
- Ismail Qemali - Albania, Founding father of the modern Albanian state.
- Isa Boletini - Albania, Founding father of the modern Albanian State.
- Çerçiz Topulli - Albania, Military commander fought against the Ottoman, Greek and Serbian troops.
Possibly apocryphal
- Samson – Israel, one of the judges, who became a legend due to his superhuman strength.
- King Arthur – Britain, legendary British warlord said to have united the Britons against the Germanic invaders, with the support of the Knights of Camelot.
- Beowulf – Scandinavia, legendary Geatish hero later turned king
- Cúchulainn – Ireland, folk legend and the pre-eminent hero of Ulaid in the Ulster Cycle.
- Moremi Ajasoro – Nigeria, Yoruba queen and heroine of Ife
- Till Eulenspiegel or Tijl Uilenspiegel – Germany and the Low Countries, trickster and jester.
- Fionn mac Cumhaill – Ireland, warrior, leader of the Fianna. Primary figure in the Oisin cycle.
- Fong Sai-Yuk – China, martial arts folk hero.
- Grettir the Strong – Icelandic outlaw.
- John Henry – United States, mighty steel-driving African-American.
- Hercules – Greece, strongman and demigod.
- Homer – poet credited as the author of The Iliad and The Odyssey.
- Robin Hood – England, outlaw usually associated with the motto "Steal from the rich, give to the poor".
- The Three Musketeers – France, some highly skilled musketeers particularly fictionalized by Alexandre Dumas.
- Hua Mulan – China, heroine who disguised herself as a man to join an army.
- Hung Hei-Gun – China, martial arts folk hero.
- Ilya Muromets – Kievan Rus', heroic knight from the Russian bylinas.
- Merlin – Britain, the greatest Mage to have ever existed, it's unknown if he was real and if he was an alchemist or a priest.
- Nai Khanom Tom – Thailand, master of Muay Thai.
- Nasreddin Hodja – Seljuk Empire, Muslim philosopher and wise man.
- Miloš Obilić – Serbian knight, assassin of Ottoman sultan Murad I.
- Odysseus – Greece, legendary king of Ithaca.
- Ragnar Lodbrok or Lothbrok – Sweden and Denmark, legendary Viking king.
- Rummu Jüri – Estonia, outlaw who stole from the rich to give to the poor.
- Molly Pitcher – American, Military woman who carried water pitchers for American soldiers in the Revolutionary war
- Siegfried – Germany, the legendary dragon-slaying hero in Nibelungenlied.
- Sundiata Keita – Mali, founder of the Mali Empire and king of the Mandinke people.
- William Tell – Switzerland, hunter began the rebellion against the Austrians.
- Twm Siôn Cati – Wales, robber and trickster nicknamed the Welsh Wizard.
- Achilles– Greece, hero of the Trojan War, the greatest of all the Greek warriors
Fictional
- Pecos Bill – United States, giant cowboy who "tamed the Wild West".
- Paul Bunyan – United States and Canada, giant lumberjack of the North Woods.
- Chen Zhen – China, martial artist who fought against Japanese aggression in pre-World War II China.
- Febold Feboldson – United States, farmer who could fight a drought.
- Martín Fierro – Argentina, hero of the eponymous poem by Jose Hernandez.
- Koba – Georgia, folk hero whose legend bears a resemblance to Robin Hood.
- Joe Magarac – United States, steelworker made of steel.
- Kintarō – Japan, legendary figure often depicted as a very young boy with superhuman strength.
- Momotarō – Japan, legendary figure from the Edo period who defeated a band of ogres.
- Baron Münchausen – Germany, "Baron of lies", rode cannonball and went to the moon.
- Juan Bobo – Puerto Rico, trickster folk hero.
- Alfred Bulltop Stormalong – United States, immense sailor whose ship was so big it scraped the moon.
- Väinämöinen – Finland, described as an old and wise man with potent magical powers.
- Zorro – Spanish California/Mexico-United States, a masked vigilante.
References
- Seal, 2001. Page 6.
- Czesław Robotycki (2003). Cultural Identity and Ethnicity in Central Europe: Proceedings of the International Conference on Ethnic and National Minorities in Central and Eastern Europe, Jagiellonian University, Cracow, May 11–16, 2000. UJ. p. 90. ISBN 978-83-233-1774-6.
- Charlie T. McCormick; Kim Kennedy White (2011). Folklore: An Encyclopedia of Beliefs, Customs, Tales, Music, and Art. ABC-CLIO. p. 809. ISBN 978-1-59884-241-8.
- Tanya Popovic (1988). Prince Marko: The Hero of South Slavic Epics. Syracuse University Press. pp. 7–. ISBN 978-0-8156-2444-8.
- Wes Johnson (2007). Balkan Inferno: Betrayal, War and Intervention, 1990-2005. Enigma Books. p. 469. ISBN 978-1-929631-63-6.
- Tanya Popovic (1988). Prince Marko: The Hero of South Slavic Epics. Syracuse University Press. ISBN 978-0-8156-2444-8.
- Velma Bourgeois Richmond (17 September 2014). Chivalric Stories as Children's Literature: Edwardian Retellings in Words and Pictures. McFarland. p. 182. ISBN 978-1-4766-1735-0.
- Seal, 2001. Page 34.
- Seal, 2001. Page 49.
- Seal, 2001. Page 50.
- Seal, 2001. Page 77.
- Seal, 2001. Page 107.
- Seal, 2001. Page 125.
- Appalachia Appalachian Mountain Club, 1964.
- Monahan, Robert. "Jigger Johnson", New Hampshire Profiles magazine, Northeast Publications, Concord, New Hampshire, April 1957.
- Seal, 2001. Page 132.
- About Kaluaiko'olau Archived 27 November 2004 at the Wayback Machine
- Danielle S. Sremac (1999). War of Words: Washington Tackles the Yugoslav Conflict. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 35–. ISBN 978-0-275-96609-6.
- Agger, Michael (10 January 2005). "Not Dirty". The New Yorker. Retrieved 9 October 2006.
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