Heads of former ruling families

These individuals may or may not claim titles associated with an abolished monarchy. Individuals who stake claims to monarchical titles but who are not part of former dynasties are not included. Note that a country may have multiple houses with a claim to the defunct position.

Africa
StateHeadSinceHouseClaimSuccessionAbolitionRef(s)
Burundi Rosa Paula Iribagiza[af 1] 1 May 1977NtweroDaughter of Mwami Mwambutsa IV (1915–1966).Hereditary1966
 Central African Empire Jean-Bédel Bokassa Jr. 3 November 1996BokassaHeir apparent and son of Emperor Bokassa I (1976–1979).[af 2]Hereditary1979
Egypt Fuad II 18 June 1953[af 3]Muhammad AliLast reigning King (1952–1953).Hereditary1953
Ethiopia Zera Yacob Amha Selassie[af 4] 7 February 1997Solomon[af 5]Grandson of Emperor Haile Selassie (1930–1974).Hereditary [af 6]1975
Girma Yohannes Iyasu[af 7] 1977Grandson of Emperor Iyasu V (1913–1916).[af 8]
Libya Muhammad bin Hasan 18 June 1992SenussiSon of Hasan ar-Rida, heir apparent and nephew of King Idris I (1916–1969).Hereditary1969
Idris bin Abdullah May 1989Relative of King Idris I (1916–1969).
Rwanda Emmanuel Bushayija (Yuhi VI) 9 January 2017[af 9]Abanyiginya[af 10]Nephew of Mwami Kigeli V Ndahindurwa (1959–1961).Hereditary and Elective[af 11]1961[6]
Tunisia Muhammad Al Husain 17 June 2013Al HusainGrandson of Bey Muhammad VI al-Habib (1922–1929).Hereditary1957
Zanzibar Jamshid bin Abdullah 12 January 1964[af 12]Al Bu Sa'idLast reigning Sultan (1963–1964).Hereditary1964

Americas
StateHeadSinceHouseClaimSuccessionAbolitionRef(s)
 Brazil Luíz Gastão 5 July 1981Orléans-Braganza[am 1]Great-great-grandson of Emperor Pedro II (1831–1889).Hereditary1889[7][8][9][10]
[11][12][13]

[14]

Pedro Carlos 27 December 2007Great-great-grandson of Emperor Pedro II (1831–1889).
Mexico Maximilian November 1949Iturbide[am 2]Great-great-great-grandson of Emperor Agustín I (1822–1823).Hereditary1867[16]
Carlos Felipe 6 September 2011 Habsburg-Lorraine Great-great-grandnephew of Emperor Maximilian I (1864–1867) [17][18][19]
[20]

Asia
StateHeadSinceHouseClaimSuccessionAbolitionRef(s)
Afghanistan Ahmad Shah 23 July 2007BarakzaiHeir apparent and son of King Zahir Shah (1933–1973).[as 1]Hereditary1973
China Jin Yuzhang 10 April 2015Aisin GioroGreat-great-grandson of the Daoguang Emperor (1820–1850) and nephew of the Xuantong Emperor (1908–1912; 1932–1945)Hereditary1912
(Qing dynasty)
1945
(Manchukuo)
Iran
(Pahlavi)		 Reza Pahlavi, Crown Prince of Iran 27 July 1980PahlaviHeir apparent and son of Shah Mohammad Rezā (1941–1979).[as 2]Hereditary1979
Iran
(Qajar)		 Mohammad Hassan Mirza II 5 May 1988QajarGreat-grandson of Shah Mohammad Ali (1907–1909).Hereditary1925
 Iraq Ra'ad bin Zeid 18 October 1970Hāshim[as 3]Relative of King Faisal II (1939–1958).[as 4]Hereditary1958
Johor-Singapore Tengku Muhammad Shawal bin Tengku Abdul Aziz 31 October 1996Bendahara-JohorDescendant of Sultan Hussein Shah (1819–1835).Hereditary1824 [22]
 Korea Yi Won[as 5] 16 July 2005 Yi[as 6] Grandnephew of Emperor Sunjong (1907–1910). Hereditary 1910 [23][24][25][26]
Yi Seok[as 7] Nephew of Emperor Sunjong. [27][28][29][30]
Laos Soulivong Savang 19 September 1997[as 8]Khun LoGrandson of King Sisavang Vatthana (1959–1975).Hereditary1975
Maldives Muhammad Nooraddeen 27 May 1969HuraaSon of Sultan Hassan Nooraddeen II (1935–1943).Hereditary1968
 Ottoman Empire (Turkey) Harun Osmanoğlu 18 January 2021OsmanGreat-grandson of Sultan Abdul Hamid II (1876–1909).[as 9] Hereditary 1922
Ryūkyū Mamoru Shō 30 August 1996ShōGreat-great-grandson of King Shō Tai (1848–1879).Hereditary1879[32]
 Sarawak Jason Desmond Anthony Brooke 27 May 2017BrookeGreat-grandnephew of Rajah Vyner (1917–1946).Hereditary1946[33]
Sulu Muedzul Lail Tan Kiram 16 February 1986KiramSon of the last Sultan of Sulu, Sultan Mohammed Mahakuttah Abdullah Kiram (1974–1986).Hereditary1915 [34]
Syria Ra'ad bin Zeid 18 October 1970HāshimHalf-nephew of King Faisal I (1920).Hereditary1920
Vietnam Bao Ngoc 15 March 2017Nguyen PhucEldest son of Emperor Duy Tân (1907–1916)Hereditary1945[35]
Yemen Ageel bin Muhammad 6 August 1996RassidEldest son of King Muhammad al-Badr (1962), the last ruling king.[as 10]Hereditary1962

Nepal

Nepal's numerous small monarchies were collectively abolished by the federal government on 7 October 2008. At the time, the thrones of both Salyan and Jajarkot had been vacant since the deaths of rajas Gopendra Bahadur and Prakash Bikram respectively (both in 2003), and have remained vacant.

StateHeadSinceHouseClaimSuccessionAbolitionRef(s)
Nepal Gyanendra 28 May 2008[as 11]Shah[as 12]Last reigning Maharajdhiraja (2001–2008).Hereditary2008
Bajhang Binod Bahadur 7 October 2008[as 13]Last reigning Raja (1989–2008).Hereditary[as 14][36]
Mustang[as 15] Jigme Singhe Palbar 16 December 2016[as 16]Bista[as 17]Nephew and adopted son of last reigning Raja (1964–2008).Hereditary[as 14][37]

Thailand
StateHeadSinceHouseClaimSuccessionAbolitionRef(s)
Chiang Mai Wongsak Na Chiangmai 1989ThipchakGrandson of Kaew Nawarat (1910–1939), the last King of Lanna and Prince Ruler of Chiang MaiHereditary1939[38]

Europe
StateHeadSinceHouseClaimSuccessionAbolitionRef(s)
Albania Leka Zogu 30 November 2011ZoguGrandson of King Zog I (1928–1939).Hereditaryde facto 1939
de jure 1944
 Austria-Hungary Karl von Habsburg 4 July 2011[eu 1]Habsburg-Lorraine[eu 2]Grandson of Emperor and King Charles I & IV (1916–1918).[eu 3]Hereditary1918[39]
 Bulgaria Simeon II 15 September 1946[eu 4]Saxe-Coburg and Gotha[eu 5]Last reigning Tsar (1943–1946).Hereditary1946
France (Legitimist) Prince Louis, Duke of Anjou 30 January 1989Bourbon[eu 6]9th-great-grandson of King Louis XIV (1643–1715).
Also one of the contested heirs to the Carlist succession.		Hereditary1830[40]
France (Orléanist-Unionist) Prince Jean, Count of Paris 21 January 2019Orléans[eu 7]4th-great-grandson of King Louis Philippe I (1830–1848).Hereditary1848[41][42]
France (Bonapartist) Charles Napoléon 3 May 1997[eu 8]BonaparteDirect descendant of Emperor Napoleon's (1804–1814, 1815) youngest brother Jérôme Bonaparte.Hereditary1870[43][44]
Jean Christophe
Georgia David Bagration 16 January 2008 Mukhrani[as 18] Descendant of King Constantine II (1478–1505). Hereditary 1801
Nugzar Bagration 13 August 1984 Gruzinsky[as 18] Descendant of King George XII (1798–1800).
 Greece Constantine II 1 June 1973[eu 9]Glücksburg[eu 10]Last reigning King (1964–1973).Hereditary1973
 Montenegro Nicholas 24 March 1986Petrović-NjegošGreat-grandson of King Nicholas I (1910–1918).Hereditary1918
Portugal Duarte Pio 24 December 1976Braganza[eu 11]Great-grandson of King Miguel I (1828–1834).Hereditary1910
 Romania Margareta[eu 12] 5 December 2017Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen[eu 13]Daughter of King Michael I (1927–1930 and 1940–1947).Hereditary1947[45]
Paul-Philippe Hohenzollern 27 January 2006 Grandson of King Carol II (1930–1940).
Karl Friedrich 5 December 2017 Great-grandnephew of King Ferdinand I (1914–1927).[eu 14]
Russia Maria Vladimirovna 21 April 1992Romanov[eu 15]Great-great-granddaughter of Emperor Alexander II (1855–1881).[eu 16]Hereditary1917
Karl Emich 1 June 2013Great-great-grandson of Emperor Alexander II (1855–1881).
Alexis Andreevich 28 November 2021 Great-great-great-grandson of Emperor Nicholas I (1825–1855).[eu 16]
 Serbia Alexander, Crown Prince of Yugoslavia 3 November 1970KarađorđevićGreat-grandson of King Peter I (1903–1921), of the Karađorđević line of kings and son and heir apparent of King Peter II of Yugoslavia (1934–1945).Hereditary1918

Germany
StateHeadSinceHouseClaimAbolitionRef(s)
Empire
 Germany Georg Friedrich 26 September 1994HohenzollernGreat-great-grandson of Kaiser Wilhelm II (1888–1918).Hereditary1918[46][47]
Kingdoms
 Bavaria Franz, Duke of Bavaria 8 July 1996WittelsbachGreat-grandson of King Ludwig III (1913–1918).
Also heir to the Jacobite succession.[48]		Hereditary1918
 Hanover Ernst August 9 December 1987Hanover[eu 17]Great-great-grandson of King Georg V (1851–1866).Hereditary1866[49]
 Prussia Georg Friedrich 26 September 1994HohenzollernGreat-great-grandson of King Wilhelm II (1888–1918).Hereditary1918
 Saxony Daniel 29 March 2022Wettin[eu 18]Great-great-grandson of King Frederick Augustus III (1904–1918).Hereditary1918
Alexander 23 July 2012Saxe-GessapheGreat-grandson of King Frederick Augustus III (1904–1918).
 Württemberg Charles 17 April 1975WürttembergRelative of King William II (1891–1918).Hereditary1918
Grand Duchies
 Baden Maximilian 27 October 1963ZähringenGreat-great-grandson of Grand Duke Leopold I (1830–1852).Hereditary1918
Hesse and by Rhine Donatus 23 May 2013HesseRelative of Grand Duke Ernst Ludwig (1892–1918).Hereditary1918
Mecklenburg-Strelitz Borwin 26 January 1996Mecklenburg[eu 19]Great-great-great-grandson of Grand Duke Georg (1816–1860).Hereditary1918
Oldenburg Christian 20 September 2014Holstein-Gottorp[eu 20]Great-grandson of Grand Duke Frederick Augustus II (1900–1918).Hereditary1918
Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach Michael 14 October 1988Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach[eu 5]Grandson of Grand Duke William Ernest (1901–1918).Hereditary1918
Duchies
Anhalt Julius Eduard 9 October 1963AscaniaSon of Duke Joachim Ernst (1918).Hereditary1918
 Brunswick Ernst August 9 December 1987Hanover[eu 17]Grandson of Duke Ernst August (1913–1918).Hereditary1918
Saxe-Coburg-Gotha Andreas 23 January 1998Saxe-Coburg and Gotha[eu 5]Grandson of Duke Charles Edward (1900–1918).Hereditary1918[50]
Saxe-Meiningen Konrad 4 October 1984Saxe-Meiningen[eu 5]Great-grandson of Duke Georg II (1866–1914).Hereditary1918
Schleswig-Holstein Christoph 30 September 1980Glücksburg[eu 10]Relative of Duke Frederick VII (1808–1863).Hereditary1866
Principalities
Hohenzollern[eu 21] Karl Friedrich 16 September 2010Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen[eu 22]Great-great-grandson of Prince Karl Anton (1848–1849).Hereditary1850[51]
Lippe Stephan 20 August 2015LippeGrandson of Prince Leopold IV (1905–1918).Hereditary1918
Friedrich Wilhelm 15 June 1990Grandnephew of Prince Leopold IV (1905–1918).
Reuss[eu 23] Heinrich XIV 20 June 2012ReussRelative of Prince Heinrich XXVII (1913–1918).[eu 24]Hereditary1918
Schaumburg-Lippe Alexander 28 August 2003LippeGrandnephew of Prince Adolf II (1911–1918).Hereditary1918[52]
Waldeck and Pyrmont Wittekind 30 November 1967WaldeckGrandson of Prince Friedrich (1893–1918).Hereditary1918[53]

Italy

Until the mid-nineteenth century, the Italian peninsula comprised a number of states, some of which were monarchies. During the Italian unification, the monarchs of such agglomerated states lost their sovereignty and their titles became purely ceremonial. The resultant throne of the Kingdom of Italy was held by the former king of Sardinia.

StateHeadSinceHouseClaimSuccessionAbolitionRef(s)
 Italy Prince Aimone, Duke of Aosta 1 June 2021SavoyGreat-great-great-grandson of King Victor Emmanuel II (1861–1878).Hereditary1946[54][55]
Vittorio Emanuele, Prince of Naples[eu 25] 15 December 1969Heir apparent and son of King Umberto II (1946).
Pre-unification
Modena Lorenzo 7 February 1996Austria-Este[eu 2]Great-grandnephew of Franz Ferdinand, adopted heir of Duke Francis V (1846–1859).Hereditary1859
 Parma Carlos 18 August 2010Bourbon-Parma[eu 7]Great-grandson of Duke Robert I (1854–1859).
Also one of the contested heirs to the Carlist succession.[57]		Hereditary1859[58][59]
Tuscany Sigismondo 18 June 1993Habsburg-Lorraine[eu 2]Great-great-grandson of Grand Duke Ferdinand IV (1859).Hereditary1859[60]
 Two Sicilies Pedro of Calabria 5 October 2015Bourbon-Two Sicilies[eu 26]Great-great-great-grandson of King Ferdinand II (1830–1859).Hereditary1861
Carlo of Castro 20 March 2008Great-great-grandson of King Ferdinand II (1830–1859).

Oceania
StateHeadSinceHouseClaimAbolitionRef(s)
Hawaiʻi Abigail Kawānanakoa 20 May 1969Kawānanakoa[oc 1]Granddaughter of David Kawānanakoa, heir apparent of Queen Liliʻuokalani (1891–1893).1895
Quentin Kawānanakoa 29 July 1997Great-grandson of David Kawānanakoa, heir apparent of Queen Liliʻuokalani (1891–1893).
Owana Salazar[oc 2] 19 September 1988Laʻanui[oc 3]5th-great-granddaughter of Kalokuokamaile, half-brother of King Kamehameha I (1795–1819).
Tahiti Léopold Pōmare[oc 4] Pōmare Descendant of Queen Pōmare IV (1827–1877). 1880 [65]

See also

Notes

Africa
  1. As the last living sister and daughter of the last and second-to-last kings respectively, Princess Rosa Paula Iribagiza is considered the head of the royal household. According to the relevant laws of succession, however, the crown must pass to a male member of the family.
  2. Jean-Bédel Bokassa was Crown Prince of the Central African Empire from its inception on 4 December 1976 until its abolition on 20 September 1979.
  3. Fuad II previously reigned as King of Egypt and the Sudan during his infancy, from 26 July 1952 until the monarchy's official abolition in 1953. He reigned in absentia, and under a regent.
  4. Designated heir presumptive by his grandfather the Emperor on 14 April 1974. Confirmed as heir apparent by his father Amha Selassie I on 6 April 1988. He has used the title of crown prince since 7 April 1989, when his father was proclaimed emperor-in-exile. He is recognised as heir to the throne by the Imperial Crown Council.
  5. The Solomonic dynasty of Ethiopia claims descent from King Solomon of Israel, who belonged to the House of David. Both of the current claimants are from the House of Shoa, which represents the junior branch of the dynasty.
  6. According to the 1955 Constitution,[1] the Emperor designated his successor from members of his own family, with the rule of primogeniture preferred but not necessarily followed. Candidates for the succession must be descendants of the Solomonic dynasty, in the male or female line. They must also be practising members of the Ethiopian Orthodox Church, and their candidature must be approved by the Imperial Crown Council. If the Emperor has no direct descendants, or if the crown prince is unable to perform his dynastic duties, the Crown Council selects the successor from amongst the members of the Solomonic dynasty.
  7. Lij Girma claims that all governments in Ethiopia since the 1916 deposition of his grandfather are illegitimate, and as such, as the seniormost descendant of Iyasu V, he claims to be the nation's rightful monarch.
  8. Iyasu V was heir apparent of Menelik II and succeeded as Emperor upon the latter's death, but was never crowned. His reign was terminated with the sanction of the Church following allegations of conversion to Islam.
  9. Emmanuel Bushayija was chosen on 9 January 2017[2] to succeed his paternal uncle Kigeli V Ndahindurwa, who was deposed on 28 January 1961.[3]
  10. The royal Abanyiginya clan of Tutsis.[4]
  11. The mwami is selected from amongst members of the various royal clans by the Abiru, a traditional council of Tutsi and Hutu elders.[5]
  12. Jamshid previously reigned as sultan from 1 July 1963 until the monarchy's abolition in 1964.

Americas
  1. The imperial family of Brazil is descended from the Houses of Bragança and Orléans. The current line of succession is disputed between two branches: the Vassouras branch, headed by Prince Luiz, and the Petrópolis branch, headed by Prince Pedro Carlos.
  2. The current line of succession to the Mexican throne is descended from the House of Iturbide and Habsburg, which respectively ruled the First (1822–1823) and Second (1864–1867) Empires of Mexico. Maximilian I of Habsburg renounced all his incidental Austrian succession rights in April 1864 and later adopted Agustín de Iturbide y Green and Salvador de Iturbide y Marzán, two grandsons of Emperor Agustín I whom he appointed Prince of Iturbide and at the same time heir apparent.[15]

Asia
  1. Ahmad Shah, second son of the last reigning king, was Crown Prince of Afghanistan from 26 November 1942 until the monarchy's end in 1973.
  2. Rezā, eldest son of the last reigning shah, was Crown Prince of Iran from birth, on 31 October 1960, until the monarchy was deposed in 1979.
  3. The name "Hashimites" refers to members of the Hāshim clan, a sept of the Quraysh tribe to which the Prophet Muhammad belonged.[21]
  4. Ra'ad's father, Prince Zeid, was appointed Head of the Royal House of Iraq following the assassination of King Faisal II during the coup d'état in 1958. Zeid was the son of Hussein bin Ali, King of Hejaz.
  5. Yi Ku appointed Yi Won, one of his first cousins once removed, as his heir in 10 July 2005 before his death.[23] The status of Yi Won as the leader of Jeonju Lee Royal Family Association, however, didn't become valid until 22 July 2005.[24] Yi Won later officially became the director of the family association on June 27, 2007.[25]
  6. The House of Yi consists of the descendants of the Joseon dynasty.
  7. Yi Seok claimed that, in the will of late crown princess Yi Bangja, he was named as "first successor".[27]
  8. After the monarchy was abolished in 1975, the senior members of the royal family were imprisoned by the military. The deaths of the former king, queen, and crown prince were confirmed by the Lao authorities on 17 December 1989. The dates of actual death were not released, but the current heir, who is the eldest son of the late crown prince, escaped imprisonment and arrived in Thailand on 3 August 1981. He was confirmed as the successor to his grandfather by the Royal Council in Exile on 19 September 1997.
  9. The sultans of the Ottoman Empire also held the title Caliph of Islam, thus claiming to be the spiritual leaders of all Muslims. The Ottoman Caliphate was abolished by the Grand National Assembly of Turkey in 1924.[31]
  10. Many of the kings of the Qasimid dynasty also held the title Imam and Commander of the Faithful, and were the spiritual leaders of the Zaidiyyah branch of Shi'a Islam. The Imamate ended with the republican revolution in 1962.
  11. Gyanendra reigned as King of Nepal between 7 November 1950 and 8 January 1951, and again from 4 June 2001 until the monarchy was abolished in 2008.
  12. Members of the Shah dynasty of Nepal are descended from the Parmar clan of Rajputs from the former state of Narsinghgarh in modern India.
  13. Binod is the eldest son of Princess Shanti Singh of Nepal (one of the ten people who died in the Nepalese royal massacre). Binod is also the Director of Hotel Sherpa.
  14. Succession to the throne, whilst hereditary, is also subject to confirmation from the reigning King of Nepal.
  15. A Tibetan kingdom known locally as Lo, the name "Mustang" is actually a Nepalese corruption of Manthang, the state's capital. Its ruler was styled Raja of Mustang by the Nepalese, and Lo rGyal-po (King of Lo) in Tibetan.
  16. Jigme reigned as raja from 1964 until 2008, when the constituent monarchies of Nepal were abolished.
  17. The surname "Bista" was adopted by the last reigning raja and his family.
  18. A branch of the House of Bagrationi. During the partition of the kingdom in the 15th Century, the Bagratid dynasty split into two main lineages: the Mukhrani line of Kartli, and the Gruzinsky line of Kakheti. It is between these two lineages that the leadership of the Royal House of Georgia is now disputed.

Europe
  1. On 31 May 1961, Karl's father Otto renounced all claims to the Austrian throne in order to return from exile. He relinquished his position as head of the House of Habsburg to Karl on 1 January 2007.
  2. A branch of the House of Lorraine cognatically descended from the House of Habsburg. The ducal family of Modena, which was historically descended from the House of Este, traditionally uses the name Austria-Este, which has continued to be adopted as a title by the current line.
  3. The Austro-Hungarian monarch held the crowns of Austria and Hungary, and also reigned as King of Bohemia, King of Croatia, and more.
  4. Simeon II reigned as Tsar of Bulgaria from 28 August 1943 until the monarchy was deposed in the Communist revolution of 1946. After returning to the country from exile in 1996, he later served as Prime Minister between 24 July 2001 and 17 August 2005.
  5. A sept of the Ernestine branch of the House of Wettin.
  6. The House of Bourbon is a branch of the Capetian Dynasty.
  7. A branch of the House of Bourbon.
  8. Charles Napoléon is the current head of the House of Bonaparte. His son, Jean Christophe, was posthumously appointed heir to the imperial claim in the will of his grandfather, Louis Napoléon.
  9. Constantine II reigned as King of the Hellenes from 6 March 1964 until the monarchy's abolition in 1973.
  10. Officially the House of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg, which is a branch of the House of Oldenburg.
  11. A branch of the House of Aviz.
  12. Margareta's father Michael I reigned as King of Romania between 20 July 1927 and 8 June 1930, and again from 6 September 1940 until the monarchy's abolition during the Communist revolution of 1947. A rival claim to the throne is maintained by the descendants of Carol Lambrino, Michael's elder half-brother from his father's first marriage. Carol Lambrino's eldest son, Paul-Philippe, has maintained his claim to the throne since his father's death on 27 January 2006.
  13. A line of the House of Hohenzollern.
  14. Heir under the 1923 constitution, which stipulates Salic law.
  15. The House of Romanov is a line of the House of Holstein-Gottorp, which itself is a branch of the House of Oldenburg.
  16. Full title: Emperor and Autocrat of All the Russias, used since 1721, although commonly designated Tsar. The emperors of Russia were also the Grand Dukes of Finland from 1809 until 1917, and the Kings of Poland from 1815 until 1916.
  17. The House of Hanover is a branch of the House of Welf, which itself is a branch of the House of Este.
  18. The kings of Saxony belonged to the Albertine branch of the House of Wettin.
  19. The royal family of Mecklenburg-Strelitz belongs to the Strelitz branch of the House of Mecklenburg.
  20. A branch of the House of Oldenburg.
  21. The principalities of Hohenzollern-Hechingen and Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen were created in 1576 from the partition of the territory of Hohenzollern. When the Hechingen lineage became extinct in 1869, the heirs of the Princes of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen reclaimed the title Prince of Hohenzollern.
  22. A branch of the House of Hohenzollern.
  23. The territory of Reuss was partitioned between the sons of the reigning prince in 1564, eventually resulting in the principalities of Reuss Elder Line and Reuss Younger Line. The elder lineage expired in 1927 through the death of Heinrich XXVII, and inheritance passed to the junior line of Köstritz, whose heirs now claim the title Prince Reuss.
  24. For details on the unusual numbering system of the Reuss-Köstritz lineage, see the main article.
  25. Vittorio Emanuele, only son of King Umberto II, was heir apparent to the throne of Italy from his father's ascension until the monarchy was abolished in 1946. He declared himself King of Italy in 1969, claiming that his father, having agreed to submit to a referendum on his position as head of state, had thereby abdicated his throne. The declaration came after his father called for Amedeo, Duke of Aosta to visit him in Cascais, allegedly to name him his heir.[56] Umberto II died on 18 March 1983.
  26. This branch is known as the House of Bourbon-Two Sicilies. The right to succession is currently disputed between two branches of the family.

Oceania
  1. The House of Kawānanakoa was a collateral line of succession of the reigning Kalākaua dynasty.[61] The last queen, Liliʻuokalani, not having had any issue of her own, adopted and appointed the head of the Kawānanakoa as heir apparent. The House of Kawānanakoa is historically recognised as providing presumptive heirs to the throne should the monarchy be revived. Because of an early succession dispute within the family, there are currently two claimants from this dynasty.
  2. Noa Kalokuokamaile DeGuair is a descendant of the House of Kalokuokamaile, which was a collateral line of succession of the Kamehameha dynasty, the first line of Hawaiʻian kings. It became extinct in the male line during the time of the monarchy, and now survives through the female line as the House of Laʻanui.[62] The current descendants also belong to the Wilcox lineage of English and Italian descent. His claim on the throne is disputed.
  3. The House of Laʻanui consists of maternal descendants of the House of Kalokuokamaile,[62] the seniormost branch of the chiefly House of Keōua Nui.[63] It descends from the eldest half-brother of Hawaiʻi's first king, Kamehameha the Great, who united the small chiefdoms of the Hawaiʻian Islands under the Kamehameha dynasty in 1810. When the male heirs of this lineage died out in 1872, it was replaced by the Kalākaua dynasty who ruled till 1893. It claims closer kinship to the kingdom's first dynasty while the Kawānanakoa line claims closer kinship to the kingdom's last dynasty.[64]
  4. Recognised as the rightful heir to the Tahitian throne by a majority of the royal family's current members. He has migrated overseas, however, and currently lives in Paris.[65]

References
  1. Imperial Constitution of Ethiopia (1955): Art. 2–6.
  2. "Africa highlights: Tuesday 10 January 2017 as it happened". BBC News. 10 January 2017. Retrieved 11 January 2017. Ex-Pepsi Cola employee becomes Rwandan king. Posted at 10:22 UTC. A 56-year-old man who lives in the UK and once worked for a soft drinks company in Uganda has been named Rwanda's king-in-exile. Prince Emmanuel Bushayija succeeds his grandfather, King Kigeli V, who died in the US [sic] in October aged 80. In a statement, the Royal House said the new monarch grew up in exile in Uganda, and later worked for Pepsi Cola in the capital, Kampala. 'He then went on to work in the tourism industry in Kenya, before returning to Rwanda between 1994 and 2000. Since then, His Majesty has lived in the United Kingdom, where he is married with two children,' it added.
  3. Leonhard Praeg (2007). The Geometry of Violence. AFRICAN SUN MEDIA. p. 39. ISBN 9781920109752.
  4. "Rwanda: Clan of the dynasty Abanyiginya". Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada. 31 October 2002.
  5. Pomeray, J.K. (1988). Rwanda. Chelsea House. p. 97. ISBN 978-1-55546-783-8.
  6. Aimable Twagilimana (2007). Historical Dictionary of Rwanda. Scarecrow Press. p. xxx. ISBN 9780810864269.
  7. Gutiérrez, Bernardo (9 January 2008). "La familia real brasileña defiende los nuevos ideales". Diario Público (in Portuguese). Retrieved 1 June 2010.
  8. "Câmara dá título de cidadão de Brasília a dois herdeiros de Dom Pedro". G1. 30 June 2017.
  9. "Em meio ao caos, a família imperial brasileira sonha em voltar a reinar". Estado de Minas. 6 April 2018.
  10. "Assembleia homenageia herdeiro da família real". Legislative Assembly of Minas Gerais. 31 July 2019.
  11. "Danilo Gentili recebe o Príncipe Dom Bertrand no The Noite". Sistema Brasileiro de Televisão. 22 September 2019.
  12. "O que pensam os brasileiros que pedem a volta da monarquia?". Universo Online. 15 November 2019.
  13. "Conheça a árvore genealógica da família imperial, expulsa do Brasil há 130 anos". Folha de S.Paulo. 13 November 2019.
  14. "Herdeiro de Dom Pedro II busca princesa para manter a dinastia". IstoÉ. 14 November 2019.
  15. "Emperador Maximiliano – A Habsburg on the Mexican Throne". researchgate.net.
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