Kubuntu

Kubuntu (/kʊˈbʊntuː/ kuu-BUUN-too)[3] is an official flavor of the Ubuntu operating system that uses the KDE Plasma Desktop instead of the GNOME desktop environment. As part of the Ubuntu project, Kubuntu uses the same underlying systems. Every package in Kubuntu shares the same repositories as Ubuntu,[4] and it is released regularly on the same schedule as Ubuntu.[5]

Kubuntu
Kubuntu 21.10 "Impish Indri"
DeveloperCommunity-driven, previously Blue Systems[1]/Canonical Ltd.
OS familyLinux (Unix-like)
Working stateCurrent
Source modelOpen-source
Initial release8 April 2005 (2005-04-08)
Latest release22.04 (Jammy Jellyfish)[2] / 21 April 2022 (2022-04-21)
Available inMultilingual (more than 55)
Update methodPackageKit or APT
Package managerdpkg
PlatformsIA-32, x86-64, ARM
Kernel typeMonolithic (Linux kernel)
UserlandGNU
Default
user interface		KDE Plasma Desktop
Plasma Mobile
LicenseFree software licenses
(mainly GPL)
Official websitekubuntu.org

Kubuntu was sponsored by Canonical Ltd. until 2012 and then directly by Blue Systems. Now, employees of Blue Systems contribute upstream, to KDE and Debian, and Kubuntu development is led by community contributors. During the changeover, Kubuntu retained the use of Ubuntu project servers and existing developers.[6]

Name

"Kubuntu" is a registered trademark held by Canonical.[7] It is derived from the name "Ubuntu", prefixing a K to represent the KDE platform that Kubuntu is built upon (following a widespread naming convention of prefixing K to the name of any software released for use on KDE platforms), as well as the KDE community.

Since ubuntu is a Bantu term translating roughly to "humanity", and since Bantu grammar involves prefixes to form noun classes, it turns out that the prefix ku- having the meaning "toward" in Bemba, kubuntu is also a meaningful Bemba word or phrase translating to "toward humanity". Reportedly, the same word, by coincidence, also takes the meaning of "free" (in the sense of "without payment") in Kirundi.[8]

Comparison with Ubuntu

Kubuntu typically only differs from Ubuntu in graphical applications and tools:

Software Ubuntu Kubuntu
Kernel and core Linux kernel and Ubuntu core
Graphics X.Org Server/Wayland
Sound PulseAudio
Multimedia GStreamer
Window manager Mutter KWin
Desktop GNOME Plasma Desktop
Primary toolkit GTK Qt
Browser Firefox
Office suite LibreOffice
Email and PIM Thunderbird

History

Development started back in December 2004 at the Ubuntu Mataró Conference in Mataró, Spain[9] when a Canonical employee Andreas Mueller, from Gnoppix, had the idea to make an Ubuntu KDE variant and got the approval from Mark Shuttleworth to start the first Ubuntu variant, called Kubuntu. On the same evening Chris Halls from the OpenOffice.org project and Jonathan Riddell from KDE started volunteering on the newborn project.

Shortly after Ubuntu was started, Mark Shuttleworth stated in an interview that he recognized the need for KDE-based distribution in order to maintain diversity in Linux distributions, which in his belief aligns with Ubuntu project's overall purpose of increasing the adoption of free software.[10]

K Desktop Environment 3 was used as default interface until Kubuntu 8.04. That version included KDE Plasma Desktop as unsupported option which became default in the subsequent release, 8.10.[11]

On 6 February 2012 (2012-02-06), Canonical employee Jonathan Riddell announced the end of Canonical's Kubuntu sponsorship.[12] On 10 April 2012 (2012-04-10), Blue Systems was announced on the Kubuntu website as the new sponsor.[1] As a result, both developers employed by Canonical to work on Kubuntu–Jonathan Riddell and Aurélien Gâteau–transferred to Blue Systems.[13]

Releases

Kubuntu follows the same naming/versioning system as Ubuntu, with each release having a code name and a version number (based on the year and month of release). Canonical provides support and security updates for Kubuntu components that are shared with Ubuntu for 18 months – five years in case of long-term support (LTS) versions – after release.[14] Both a desktop version and an alternative (installation) version (for the x86 and AMD 64 platforms) are available. Kubuntu CDs were also available through the ShipIt service (which was discontinued as of April 2011).[15]

Version Release date Code name Supported until [16] KDE Plasma Notes
5.04 2005-04-08[17][18] Hoary Hedgehog Old version, no longer maintained: 2006-10-31 Initial release including KDE 3.4 and a selection of the most useful KDE programs. Some of these are not in the official KDE itself, including Amarok, Kaffeine, Gwenview, and K3b. Inclusion of update-manager/upgrade-notifier; Kickstart compatibility.
5.10 2005-10-13[19][20] Breezy Badger Old version, no longer maintained: 2007-04-13 KDE 3.4.3 and the Guidance configuration tools. It also comes with the Adept Package Manager, the first to make use of debtags for easier searching (replacing the Kynaptic package manager used in the previous release); System Settings, a re-organised kcontrol-like centre and KDE Bluetooth; Graphical boot process with progress bar (Usplash); OEM Installer Support; Launchpad tracking; GCC 4.0.
6.06 LTS
Archived 24 December 2008 at the Wayback Machine
 2006-06-01[21][22][23] Dapper Drake Old version, no longer maintained: 2009-06 Long Term Support (LTS) release; Live CD and Installer on one disc; Ubiquity installer; Adept Notifier and Simplified Installer; X Display Configuration from Guidance; Better Asian language support; Avahi networking software.
6.10 2006-10-26[24][25] Edgy Eft Old version, no longer maintained: 2008-04 KDE 3.5.5. This release adds the photo management application digiKam and accessibility profiles–benefiting people with disabilities. System Settings is also redesigned, and power management, laptop button support & networking are improved. Also features automated problem reports and Upstart.[26]
7.04
Archived 4 October 2008 at the Wayback Machine
 2007-04-19[27] Feisty Fawn Old version, no longer maintained: 2008-10 KDE 3.5.6; Migration assistant; KVM; Easy codec/restricted drivers installation; System Settings restructured into General and Advanced categories; Improved Hewlett-Packard printer management; KNetworkManager included; WPA support; Topic-based help system; OEM installer update; PowerPC support officially dropped.
7.10
Archived 29 December 2008 at the Wayback Machine
 2007-10-18[28][29] Gutsy Gibbon Old version, no longer maintained: 2009-04-18 New background art. Ships with Strigi and Dolphin by default. Qt port of GDebi graphical installer for package files. Includes Restricted Drivers Manager for the first time.[30] New kubuntu-restricted-extras package is available for download from the repositories.
8.04  2008-04-24[31] Hardy Heron Old version, no longer maintained: 2009-10 It has two versions: KDE 3.5 and KDE 4.0 (With community support only). This version intends to provide feature parity with GNOME-based Ubuntu.[32] This includes a port of system-config-printer to Qt to enable printer auto-detection, easy video codec installation in Kaffeine, a simple Compiz setup tool and inclusion of Bulletproof X in KDM,[33][34] and automatic grabbing and releasing of the mouse cursor when running on a VMware virtual machine. Ubuntu 8.04 is a long-term support release but Kubuntu 8.04 is not.
8.10 2008-10-30 Intrepid Ibex[35] Old version, no longer maintained: 2010-04-30[36] KDE 4.1.2 desktop environment by default, Linux 2.6.27, Xserver 1.5, Adept Manager 3, KNetworkManager 0.7, KWin desktop effects by default, various Kubuntu tool integration.
9.04 2009-04-23 Jaunty Jackalope Old version, no longer maintained: 2010-10 KDE 4.2.2 desktop environment by default, kernel 2.6.28, Xserver 1.6, Adept superseded by KPackageKit,[37] implementation of the ext4 filesystem, faster boot time,[38] addition of community-supported PowerPC images[39]
9.10 2009-10-29[40][41] Karmic Koala Old version, no longer maintained: 2011-04-28 KDE 4.3.2 desktop environment by default, GRUB 2, init system moved to Upstart, kernel 2.6.31
10.04 LTS 2010-04-29 Lucid Lynx Old version, no longer maintained: 2013-05-09 Long Term Support (LTS) release. Security updates will be available for three years for desktops and five years for servers. KDE 4.4.2 desktop environment by default, kernel 2.6.32, KPackageKit 0.5.4, Firefox KDE integration, touchpad configuration module by default.
10.10 2010-10-10[42][43] Maverick Meerkat Old version, no longer maintained: 2012-04 KDE Software Compilation 4.5. Faster login. Default browser changed to rekonq. New Bluetooth stack. PulseAudio inclusion. Updated KPackageKit with categories. Global menu for netbook. Updated Installer. Combining of the Desktop and Netbook Editions (autodetection).
11.04 2011-04-28[44][45][46] Natty Narwhal Old version, no longer maintained: 2012-10-28 KDE SC 4.6, kernel 2.6.38, GStreamer multimedia backend for Phonon, GTK Oxygen theme, games in the default install, UDisks and UPower replace HAL.
11.10 2011-10-13[47][48] Oneiric Ocelot Old version, no longer maintained: 2013-05-09 KDE SC 4.7, kernel 3.0.3, replacing KPackageKit with Muon Software Centre, Kubuntu low fat setting, OpenGL ES Powered Desktop Effects, KDE-PIM 4.7.2[49][50]
12.04 LTS 2012-04-26[51] Precise Pangolin Old version, no longer maintained: 2017-04-28 The third Kubuntu LTS release. KDE SC 4.8, kernel 3.2.0.
12.10 2012-10-18[52] Quantal Quetzal Old version, no longer maintained: 2014-04 LibreOffice 3.6.2.2, rekonq 1.1, KDE SC 4.9.2
13.04
Archived 4 August 2013 at the Wayback Machine
 2013-04-25[53] Raring Ringtail Old version, no longer maintained: 2014-01[54] KDE SC 4.10, Muon Suite 2, LibreOffice 4, Optional Homerun launcher, out-of-the-box MTP support
13.10 2013-10-17[55] Saucy Salamander Old version, no longer maintained: 2014-06 KDE SC 4.11.2, LibreOffice 4.1.2 rc3
14.04 LTS 2014-04-17[56] Trusty Tahr Old version, no longer maintained: 2019-04 KDE SC 4.13.0, LibreOffice 4.2.3.3. Default browser changed back to Firefox.
14.10 2014-10-23[57][58][59] Utopic Unicorn Old version, no longer maintained: 2015-06 KDE SC 4.14, KDE Plasma 5 as technical preview.
15.04 2015-04-23[60][61] Vivid Vervet Old version, no longer maintained: 2015-12 5.2.2 KDE Plasma 5.2.2 is now the default desktop environment. Adaptation to systemd and to SDDM. Behind-the-scenes work on the change to Wayland.
15.10 2015-10-22[62] Wily Werewolf Old version, no longer maintained: 2016-07 5.4.1 Firefox 41.0, LibreOffice 5.0.
16.04 LTS 2016-04-21[63] Xenial Xerus Old version, no longer maintained: 2019-04 5.5 Firefox 45, LibreOffice 5.1
16.10 2016-10-13[64] Yakkety Yak Old version, no longer maintained: 2017-07 5.7.5 KDE Applications 16.04.3, KDE Frameworks 5.26.0, LibreOffice 5.2, Firefox 49, Linux Kernel 4.8
17.04 2017-04-13[65] Zesty Zapus Old version, no longer maintained: 2018-01 5.9 KDE Applications 16.12.3, KDE Frameworks 5.31, LibreOffice 5.3, Firefox 52, Linux Kernel 4.10
17.10 2017-10-19[66] Artful Aardvark Old version, no longer maintained: 2018-07 5.10 KDE Applications 17.04.3, KDE Frameworks 5.38, LibreOffice 5.4.1, Firefox 56, Linux Kernel 4.13, Cantata replaces Amarok as audio player, VLC media player replaces Dragon Player as media player
18.04 LTS 2018-04-26[67][68][69][70] Bionic Beaver Old version, no longer maintained: 2021-04 5.12 LTS LibreOffice 6.0 and Firefox 59; double-click is now default to open files; file indexing default changed to "basic" only (not file content).[71]
18.10 2018-10-18[72][73] Cosmic Cuttlefish Old version, no longer maintained: 2019-07 5.13 KDE Applications 18.04.3, KDE Frameworks 5.50, LibreOffice 6.1.2, Firefox 63, Linux Kernel 4.18; snap integration by default in software centre, Plasma Wayland session-can be installed for testing (but is not supported), fingerprint scanner support, only available in 64-bit ISO images[74][75][76]
19.04 2019-04-18[77] Disco Dingo[78] Old version, no longer maintained: 2020-01 5.15.4 KDE Applications 18.12.3, KDE Frameworks 5.56, Qt 5.12.2, Linux Kernel 5.0, LibreOffice 6.2.2, Firefox 66, KDE Connect 1.3.4, KDevelop 5.3.2, Krita 4.1.7, Latte Dock 0.8.8[77][79]
19.10[80] 2019-10-17[80] Eoan Ermine[80] Old version, no longer maintained: 2020-07 5.16.5 KDE Applications 19.04.3, KDE Frameworks 5.62, Qt 5.12.4, Linux Kernel 5.3, LibreOffice 6.3, Firefox 69[80]
20.04 LTS[81] 2020-04-23 Focal Fossa Older version, yet still maintained: 2023-04 5.18.4 KDE Frameworks 5.68.0, Qt 5.12.8, Linux Kernel 5.4, LibreOffice 6.4.2.2, Firefox 75
20.10[82] 2020-10-22 Groovy Gorilla Old version, no longer maintained: 2021-07 5.19.5 KDE Frameworks 5.74.0, Qt 5.14.2, Linux Kernel 5.8, LibreOffice 7.0.2, Firefox 82
21.04[83] 2021-04-22 Hirsute Hippo Old version, no longer maintained: 2022-01 5.21 KDE Frameworks 5.80, Qt 5.15.2, Linux Kernel 5.11, LibreOffice 7.1, Firefox 87
21.10[84] 2021-10-14 Impish Indri Older version, yet still maintained: 2022-07 5.22.5 KDE Gear 21.08, KDE Frameworks 5.86, Qt 5.15.2, Linux Kernel 5.13, LibreOffice 7.2, Firefox 92
22.04 LTS 2022-04-21 Jammy Jellyfish Current stable version: 2025-04 5.24 LTS KDE Gear 21.12.3, KDE Frameworks 5.92, Qt 5.15.3, Linux Kernel 5.17, LibreOffice 7.3.2.2, Firefox 99
Legend:
Old version
Older version, still maintained
Latest version
Latest preview version
Future release

System requirements

The desktop version of Kubuntu currently supports the AMD 64 architectures, Intel x86 support was discontinued after the 18.04 release and existing 32-bit users will be supported until 2023.[85]

Deployments

Kubuntu rollouts include the world's largest Linux desktop deployment, that includes more than 500,000 desktops in Brazil (in 42,000 schools of 4,000 cities).[86][87][88][89]

The software of the 14,800 Linux workstations of Munich was switched to Kubuntu LTS 12.04 and KDE 4.11.[90][91]

The Taipei City Government decided to replace Windows with a Kubuntu distribution on 10,000 PCs for schools.[92][93]

The French Parliament announced in 2006 that they would switch over 1,000 workstations to Kubuntu by June 2007.[94][95]

A Kubuntu distribution, by La Laguna University, is used in more than 3,000 computers spread in several computer labs, laboratories and libraries, among other internal projects in the Canary Islands.[96] Since October 2007, Kubuntu is now used in all of the 1,100 state schools in the Canary Islands.[97][98]

The second point release update in February 2021 to Kubuntu 20.04.2 LTS (Focal Fossa) contains all the bug-fixes added to 20.04 since its first release. Users can run the normal update procedure to get these bug-fixes.[99]

  • Kubuntu 5.04
  • Kubuntu 5.10
  • Kubuntu 6.06 LTS
  • Kubuntu 6.10
  • Kubuntu 7.04
  • Kubuntu 7.10
  • Kubuntu 8.04
  • Kubuntu 8.10
  • Kubuntu 9.04 showing some of its Desktop Effects
  • Kubuntu 9.10
  • Kubuntu 10.04 LTS Netbook Edition
  • Kubuntu 10.04 LTS Desktop Edition
  • Kubuntu 10.10
  • Kubuntu 11.04 Desktop Edition
  • Kubuntu 11.04 Netbook Edition
  • Kubuntu 11.10
  • Kubuntu 12.04 LTS Desktop Edition
  • Kubuntu 12.04 LTS Netbook Edition
  • Kubuntu 12.10 Desktop Edition
  • Kubuntu 12.10 Netbook Edition
  • Kubuntu 13.04
  • Kubuntu 13.10
  • Kubuntu 14.04 LTS
  • Kubuntu 14.10
  • Kubuntu 15.04 with a dark theme
  • Kubuntu 15.10
  • Kubuntu 16.04 LTS
  • Kubuntu 16.10
  • Kubuntu 17.04
  • Kubuntu 17.10
  • Kubuntu 18.04 LTS
  • Kubuntu 18.10
  • Kubuntu 19.04
  • Kubuntu 19.10
  • Kubuntu 20.04 LTS
  • Kubuntu 20.10
  • Kubuntu 21.04
  • Kubuntu 21.10

See also

References
  1. "to be Sponsored by Blue Systems". Kubuntu. 10 April 2012. Retrieved 23 September 2013.
  2. "Kubuntu 22.04 LTS Released".
  3. Canonical. "About the Ubuntu project|Ubuntu". www.ubuntu.com. Retrieved 1 May 2018.
  4. "Is Kubuntu a fork?". Archived from the original on 7 March 2008.
  5. "KDE Community Wiki". Kubuntu. 22 March 2020. Retrieved 9 December 2020.
  6. Garling, Caleb (11 April 2012). "Kubuntu Linux Gets New Sugar Daddy". Wired.
  7. "Trade Mark Number EU004541661". IPO.gov.uk. Intellectual Property Office. 18 May 2006. Retrieved 9 December 2020.
  8. "Meaning of Kubuntu". Archived from the original on 7 March 2008.
  9. "Kubuntu Birthdate". Ubuntu. Retrieved 10 December 2004.
  10. "Mark Shuttleworth on the Future of Kubuntu". LWN.net. 26 April 2006. Retrieved 23 September 2013.
  11. "8.10 Refreshes the Desktop". Kubuntu. 30 October 2008. Archived from the original on 3 July 2015. Retrieved 23 September 2013.
  12. "Kubuntu Status". Lists.Ubuntu.com. Retrieved 23 September 2013.
  13. "Into the blue | Aurélien's Room". Agateau.com. 11 April 2012. Retrieved 23 September 2013.
  14. "Ubuntu – Desktop for Business". Retrieved 26 May 2012.
  15. "ShipIt Kubuntu". Archived from the original on 12 December 2010.
  16. Canonical. "Ubuntu release cycle|Ubuntu". Ubuntu.com. Retrieved 6 November 2018.
  17. "5.04 Release Notes". 8 April 2005. Archived from the original on 30 April 2008. Retrieved 14 April 2007.
  18. Kubuntu 5.04 [LWN.net]
  19. "Ubuntu 5.10 announcement". Retrieved 11 October 2006.
  20. "Ubuntu 5.10 release notes". Retrieved 21 December 2006.
  21. "Ubuntu 6.06 LTS announcement". Archived from the original on 24 August 2011. Retrieved 21 December 2006.
  22. "Ubuntu 6.06 LTS release notes". Retrieved 21 December 2006.
  23. Kubuntu 6.06|Tux Machines
  24. "Ubuntu 6.10 announcement". Archived from the original on 24 August 2011. Retrieved 26 October 2006.
  25. "Ubuntu 6.10 release notes". Retrieved 21 December 2006.
  26. "Kubuntu 6.10 release announcement". Archived from the original on 29 March 2007. Retrieved 30 March 2007.
  27. "Ubuntu 7.04 announcement". Retrieved 6 February 2007.
  28. "GutsyReleaseSchedule–Ubuntu Wiki". Retrieved 12 April 2007.
  29. "Introducing the Gutsy Gibbon". 12 April 2007. Archived from the original on 19 February 2009. Retrieved 6 May 2007.
  30. "Kubuntu 7.10 Release Notes". Archived from the original on 31 October 2007. Retrieved 1 November 2007.
  31. "HardyReleaseSchedule". Retrieved 1 December 2007.
  32. "Kubuntu Hardy Catchup–Ubuntu Wiki". Wiki.kubuntu.org. 6 August 2008. Retrieved 23 September 2013.
  33. "Back from Release Event, Printer Magic, Compiz Settings". Kdedevelopers.org. 24 January 2008. Archived from the original on 10 January 2016. Retrieved 23 September 2013.
  34. "UDS". Kdedevelopers.org. 8 November 2007. Archived from the original on 10 January 2016. Retrieved 23 September 2013.
  35. "Next Ubuntu release to be called Intrepid Ibex, due in October". 20 February 2008. Retrieved 20 February 2008.
  36. "Ubuntu 8.10 reaches end-of-life on April 30, 2010". Lists.ubuntu.com. 30 April 2010. Archived from the original on 15 December 2012. Retrieved 23 September 2013.
  37. "Farewell, Adept (mornfall's web)". Archived from the original on 10 May 2012.
  38. "JauntyJackalope/Alpha5/Kubuntu Introduction". Retrieved 11 March 2009.
  39. "Kubuntu 9.04 Release Announcement". Kubuntu.org. 23 April 2009. Retrieved 23 September 2013.
  40. DistroWatch Weekly, Issue 331, 30 November 2009
  41. "Kubuntu 9.10 Karmic Koala is really nice". Dedoimedo.
  42. Kubuntu 10.10 review|LinuxBSDos.com
  43. DistroWatch Weekly, Issue 376, 18 October 2010
  44. Weekly, Issue 413, 11 July 2011
  45. Kubuntu Natty Narwal review-KDElicious!
  46. Kubuntu 11.04 review|LinuxBSDos.com
  47. 11.10 review|LinuxBSDos.com
  48. DistroWatch Weekly, Issue 428, 24 October 2011
  49. "Kubuntu 11.10 Sneak Peak| Apachelogger's Log". Apachelog.wordpress.com. 17 May 2011. Retrieved 23 September 2013.
  50. "OneiricOcelot/ReleaseNotes-Ubuntu Wiki". Wiki.kubuntu.org. Archived from the original on 11 November 2013. Retrieved 23 September 2013.
  51. "Kubuntu 12.04 review-Precise what?". Dedoimedo.
  52. "Kubuntu 12.10 review-Improving somewhat". Dedoimedo.
  53. "Kubuntu 13.04 Raring Ringtail review-Cushty". Dedoimedo.
  54. Sneddon, Joey-Elijah (20 March 2013). "Ubuntu To Halve Support Window for 'Regular' Releases". OMG!Ubuntu!. Retrieved 23 September 2013.
  55. "Kubuntu 13.10–A great alternative to Ubuntu and Windows". Everyday Linux User. Archived from the original on 22 June 2018. Retrieved 21 June 2018.
  56. "Kubuntu 14.04 Trusty Tahr review". Dedoimedo.
  57. DistroWatch Weekly, Issue 587, 1 December 2014
  58. "Kubuntu 14.10 Utopic Unicorn with Plasma guns!". Dedoimedo.
  59. "Kubuntu 14.10 Utopic Unicorn-That's better". Dedoimedo.
  60. DistroWatch Weekly, Issue 611, 25 May 2015
  61. "Kubuntu 15.04 Vivid Vervet-Loading…99%". Dedoimedo.
  62. "Kubuntu 15.10 Wily Werewolf-Pretty useless". Dedoimedo.
  63. "Kubuntu 16.04 Xenial Xerus-Not meant to be". Dedoimedo.
  64. "Kubuntu 16.10 Yakkety Yak-Cautiously good?". Dedoimedo.
  65. "Kubuntu 17.04 Zesty Zaphod-Kawabuntu!". Dedoimedo.
  66. "Kubuntu 17.10 review-Hello darkness my old friend". Dedoimedo.
  67. "Bionic: Release Kubuntu 18.04 LTS". Kubuntu.org. 25 October 2017. Retrieved 24 February 2018.
  68. "DiscoDingo/ReleaseNotes/Kubuntu-Ubuntu Wiki". wiki.ubuntu.com.
  69. "Kubuntu 18.04 Bionic Beaver-Long-term uncertainty". Dedoimedo.
  70. Timmis, Rick. "Kubuntu Close-up". Linux Magazine. Retrieved 27 August 2018.
  71. "Kubuntu release notes for Kubuntu 18.04 LTS". wiki.ubuntu.com. 2 April 2018. Retrieved 25 April 2018.
  72. "9 New Features in Ubuntu 18.10 Cosmic Cuttlefish|It's FOSS". It's FOSS. 4 May 2018. Retrieved 6 November 2018.
  73. "Kubuntu 18.10 is released today|Kubuntu". Kubuntu.org. Retrieved 6 November 2018.
  74. "CosmicCuttlefish/ReleaseNotes/Kubuntu-Ubuntu Wiki". wiki.ubuntu.com. Retrieved 6 November 2018.
  75. "9 New Features in Ubuntu 18.10 Cosmic Cuttlefish|It's FOSS". It's FOSS. 4 May 2018. Retrieved 6 November 2018.
  76. "CosmicCuttlefish/ReleaseNotes-Ubuntu Wiki". wiki.ubuntu.com. Retrieved 6 November 2018.
  77. "Kubuntu 19.04 is released today|Kubuntu". Kubuntu.org. Retrieved 18 April 2019.
  78. "DevelopmentCodeNames-Ubuntu Wiki". wiki.ubuntu.com. Retrieved 6 November 2018.
  79. "DiscoDingo/ReleaseNotes/Kubuntu-Ubuntu Wiki". wiki.ubuntu.com. Retrieved 19 April 2019.
  80. "Kubuntu 19.10 is released today|Kubuntu". Retrieved 18 October 2019.
  81. "FocalFossa/ReleaseSchedule|Kubuntu Wiki".
  82. "GroovyGorilla/ReleaseNotes/Kubuntu-Ubuntu Wiki". wiki.ubuntu.com.
  83. "HirsuteHippo/ReleaseNotes/Kubuntu-Ubuntu Wiki". wiki.ubuntu.com.
  84. "ImprishIndi/ReleaseNotes/Kubuntu-Ubuntu Wiki". wiki.ubuntu.com.
  85. "9 New Features in Ubuntu 18.10 Cosmic Cuttlefish|It's FOSS". It's FOSS. 4 May 2018. Retrieved 6 November 2018.
  86. "The Worlds Largest Linux Desktop Deployment: 500,000 Seats and Counting". Linux Foundation. 2 April 2013. Archived from the original on 2 April 2013. Retrieved 23 September 2013.
  87. "The world's largest Linux desktop deployment". LWN.net. Retrieved 23 September 2013.
  88. "Kubuntu to be Sponsored by Blue Systems". Kubuntu.org. 10 April 2012. Retrieved 23 September 2013.
  89. "42,000 schools running Kubuntu derivative". Blogs.KDE.org. 16 September 2011. Retrieved 23 September 2013.
  90. Böge, Kirsten (5 September 2013). "Official Munich IT blog: Debian + Kubuntu Bug Squashing Party 2013". Münchner IT-Blog. Archived from the original on 11 September 2013. Retrieved 29 January 2020.
  91. "Jonathan Riddell blog: Debian + Kubuntu Bug Squashing Party 2013".
  92. "Taipei replaces Windows with Linux on 10,000 school PCs".
  93. "ezgo-Free And Open Source Software In Taiwan's Schools".
  94. "The French Parliament switches to Kubuntu". Archived from the original on 22 January 2010.
  95. "French parliament dumping Windows for Linux". Archived from the original on 28 February 2010.
  96. "Virtue of Necessity".
  97. "Kubuntu in the Canary Islands".
  98. "Kubuntu Takes Over the Canary Islands".
  99. "Kubuntu 20.04.2 LTS Update Available".
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.