Manado Malay
Manado Malay, or simply the Manado language, is a creole language spoken in Manado, the capital of North Sulawesi province in Indonesia, and the surrounding area. The local name of the language is bahasa Manado, and the name Minahasa Malay is also used,[2] after the main ethnic group speaking the language. Since Manado Malay is used primarily for spoken communication, there is no standard orthography.
| Manado Malay | |
|---|---|
| Bahasa Manado | |
| Native to | Indonesia |
| Region | North Sulawesi |
Native speakers | 850,000 (2001)[1] |
Malay Creole
| |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | xmm |
| Glottolog | mala1481 |
Manado Malay differs from standard Malay in having numerous Portuguese and Dutch loan words as a result of colonisation and having traits such as its use of kita as a first person singular pronoun, rather than as a first person inclusive plural pronoun. It is derived from North Moluccan Malay (Ternate Malay), which can be evidenced by the number of Ternate loanwords in its lexicon.[3] For example, the pronouns "ngana" (‘you’, singular) and "ngoni" (‘you’, plural) are of Ternate–Tidore origin.[4]
Phonology
Vowels
The vowel system of Manado Malay consists of five vowel phonemes.[5]
| Front | Central | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| High | i | u | |
| Mid | e | ə | o |
| Low | a |
Consonants
Manado Malay has nineteen consonants and two semivowels.[6]
| Labial | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | m | n | ɲ | ŋ | |
| Plosive | p b | t d | c ɟ | k ɡ | ʔ |
| Fricative | f v | s | h | ||
| Lateral | l | ||||
| Trill | r | ||||
| Semivowel | w | j |
Stress
Most words in Manado Malay have stress on the pre-final syllable:
| kadéra | 'chair' |
| sténga | 'half' |
| dói | 'money' |
However, there are also many words with final stress:
| butúl | 'right, correct, true' |
| tolór | 'egg; testicle' |
| sabóng | 'soap' |
Grammar
Personal
| Pronoun | Standard Indonesian | Manado Malay |
|---|---|---|
| First singular | saya | kita |
| First plural | kami / kita | torang |
| Second singular | Anda | ngana |
| Second plural | kalian | ngoni |
| Third singular | dia | dia |
| Third plural | mereka | dorang |
Possessives
Possessives are built by adding "pe" to the personal pronoun or name or noun, then followed by the 'possessed' noun. Thus "pe" has the function similar to English "'s" as in "the doctor's uniform".
| English | Manado Malay |
|---|---|
| My friend | kita pe tamang / ta pe tamang |
| Your (sing.) friend | ngana pe tamang / nga pe tamang |
| His/her book | dia pe buku / de pe buku |
| This book is yours (pl.) | ini ngana pe buku |
Interrogative words
The following are the interrogative words or "w-words" in Manado Malay:
| English | Manado Malay |
|---|---|
| why | kyápa |
| where | di mána |
| who | sápa |
| which one(s) | tu mána |
Grammatical aspect
Ada ('to be') can be used in Manado Malay to indicate the perfective aspect, e.g.:
- Dorang ada turung pigi Wenang = "They already went down to Wenang"
- Torang so makang = "We ate already" or "We have eaten already"
- kita = "me", "myself", "i" or "we", "us"
- torang = "we", "us".
Nasal final
The final nasals /m/ and /n/ in Indonesian are replaced by the "-ng" group in Manado Malay, similar with Terengganu dialect of Malaysia, e.g.:
- makang (Indonesian makan) = "to eat",
- jalang (Indonesian jalan) = "to walk",
- sirang (Indonesian siram) = "to shower", etc.
"ba-" prefix
The ber- prefix in Indonesian, which serves a function similar to the English -ing, is modified into ba- in Manado Malay. E.g.: bajalang (berjalan, walking), batobo (berenang, swimming), batolor (bertelur, laying eggs)
"ma(°)-" prefix
° = ng, n, or m depending on phonological context.
The me(°)- prefix in standard Indonesian, which also serves a function to make a verb active, is modified into ma(°)- in Manado Malay. E.g.: mangael (mengail, hooking fish), manari (menari, dancing), mancari (mencari, searching), mamasa (memasak, cooking), manangis (menangis, crying).
Influences
Loanwords
Due to the past colonisation by the Dutch and the Portuguese in Sulawesi, several words of Manado Malay originate from their languages.
| Standard Indonesian | Manado Malay loanword | Language of origin | English meaning |
|---|---|---|---|
| topi | capéo | Portuguese (chapéu) | cap, hat |
| bosan | fastíu | Portuguese (fastio) | bored |
| untuk | for | Dutch (voor) | for |
| garpu | fork | Dutch (vork) | fork |
| tenggorokan | gargántang | Portuguese (garganta) | throat |
| kursi | kadéra | Portuguese (cadeira) | chair |
| bendera | bandéra | Portuguese (bandeira) | flag |
| saputangan | lénso | Portuguese (lenço) | handkerchief |
| tapi | mar | Dutch (maar) | but |
| jagung | mílu | Portuguese (milho) | corn, maize |
| sudah | klar | Dutch (klaar) | finished |
| paman | om | Dutch (oom) | uncle |
| nenek | oma | Dutch (oma) | grandmother |
| kakek | opa | Dutch (opa) | grandfather |
| teduh | sómbar | Portuguese (sombra) | shade |
| keringat | suár | Portuguese (suar) | sweat |
| bibi | tánte | Dutch (tante) | aunt |
| dahi | tésta | Portuguese (testa) | forehead, temple |
| penyu | tuturúga | Portuguese (tartaruga) | turtle |
| sepatu | chapátu | Portuguese (sapato) | shoe(s) |
| kebun | kintál | Portuguese (quintal) | (agricultural) field or garden |
Indonesian loanwords from Manado Malay
Several words in Manado Malay are loaned to standard Indonesian:
- baku (which indicates reciprocality) e.g.: baku hantam (to punch each other), baku ajar (to hit each other), baku veto (to debate one another), baku sedu (to laugh oneselves off), baku dapa (to meet each other).
References
- Manado Malay at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
- Stoel 2007, p. 117.
- Allen & Hayami-Allen 2002, p. 21.
- Bowden 2005, p. 137.
- Warouw 1985, p. viii.
- Warouw 1985, p. ix.
Works cited
- Allen, Robert B. Jr.; Hayami-Allen, Rika (2002). "Orientation in the Spice Islands" (PDF). In Macken, Marlys (ed.). Papers from the Tenth Annual Meeting of the Southeast Asian Linguistics Society. Program for Southeast Asian Studies, Arizona State University. pp. 21–24.
- Bowden, John (2005). "Language Contact and Metatypic Restructuring in the Directional System of North Maluku Malay" (PDF). Concentric: Studies in Linguistics. 31 (2): 133–158.
- Stoel, Ruben (2007). "The Intonation of Manado Malay". In van Heuven, Vincent J.; van Zanten, Ellen (eds.). Prosody in Indonesian Languages. LOT Occasional Series, Vol. 9. Utrecht: LOT, Netherlands Graduate School of Linguistics. pp. 117–150. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.464.9608. ISBN 978-90-78328-44-5.
- Warouw, Martha Salea (1985). Kamus Manado-Indonesia (PDF). Jakarta: Pusat Pembinaan dan Pengembangan Bahasa.
External links
 |
Manado Malay test of Wikipedia at Wikimedia Incubator |
 |
Wikivoyage has a phrasebook for Manado Malay. |
- Alkitab Bahasa Manado, the first Bible translation into Manado Malay (2017).
- Manado Malay-English-Indonesian Dictionary, Webonary.