Haplogroup O-K18

O-PAGE59 is relatively rare and is usually marked as O1B*/O2*-M268(PK4-, M176-) in the past academic report. It shares a common ancestor with its nearest outgroup, O-PK4, approximately 23,400 years before present according to 23mofang[7] or approximately 22,200 (95% CI 24,000 <-> 20,400) years before present according to YFull.[1]

It is mainly distributed in East Asia[7] and is mainly found in Han Chinese and occasionally found in Taiwan plains tribes, Vietnamese, Dai, Filipinos, Koreans, Japanese, West Kalimantan, Hazaras, and Arabs (Qatar). TMRCA of Han Chinese, Dai, Vietnamese, and Japanese members estimated to be 15,900 [95% CI 13,300 <-> 16,400] ybp.[1] Relative paper illustrates O-P31/M268(PK4-, M176-) is found in North China (6.2%), East China (4.8%) and South China (3.1%).[8]

Analysis of DNA extracted from a tooth from what are believed to be the remains of Cao Ding shows that he belonged to this clade. The researchers also found that the Y-chromosome of Cao Ding matches those of self-proclaimed living descendants of Cao Cao who hold lineage records dating back to more than 100 generations ago.[9] Cao Cao laid the foundation of Cao Wei, one of three major states that succeeded the Han Dynasty of China.

In Yangshao culture (around 5000 BC), there is an ancient male who belongs to O-PAGE59 haplogroup in WangGou site (Zhengzhou, Henan, China). This is currently the earliest discovered ancient DNA related to O-PAGE59.[10]

Coalescence age of O-PK4 is 12,900 [95% CI 14200 <-> 11600 ybp] years before present and it mainly consists of two downstream O-F838 and O-M95. It is best known for the high frequency of its O-M95 subclade among populations of Southeast Asia and among speakers of Austroasiatic languages in South Asia.

This lineage has been relocated upstream of M95 following a paper published on the subject in 2011.(Shi Yan et al. 2011) harv error: no target: CITEREFShi_Yan_et_al.2011 (help) Found in three samples of Han Chinese: 3/65 = 4.6% South China, 1/129 = 0.8% North China, 1/167 = 0.6% East China.

Peng et al. (2013) found O-PK4(xM95), which probably should belong to O-F838 according to the phylogenetic tree of human Y-DNA as it is currently resolved,[1] in a Bamar individual in Ayeyarwady Region, Myanmar.[11]

Trejaut et al. (2014) found O-PK4(xM95) in one of 18 individuals sampled on Ambon Island, Indonesia, one of 24 individuals sampled in Hanoi, Vietnam, six of 258 miscellaneous Han volunteers in Taiwan, one of 60 Minnan in Taiwan, and one of 85 Siraya in Pingtung, Taiwan.[12]

Wang et al. (2014) found O-PK4(xM95) in two of a sample of 46 Khams Tibetans from Xinlong County, Sichuan.[13]

This subclade is downstream from O-PK4. It reaches high frequencies among the populations of the islands of Sumatra, Java, Bali, and Borneo in western Indonesia (Underhill 2001) harv error: no target: CITEREFUnderhill2001 (help) (Karafet 2010). It has been found to be by far the most common Y-chromosome haplogroup among the Balinese, occurring in approximately 58.6% (323/551) of a sample of Balinese men. It has been found in 17.1% (6/35) of a sample of Malagasy in Madagascar (Hurles 2005) and in 1.7% (1/60) of a sample of Swahili people in Kilifi, Kenya.[14] It is one of the most frequently occurring Y-DNA haplogroups among men in Malaysia, Thailand, Laos, Cambodia, Vietnam, and Myanmar. It is also very common among minority ethnic groups in India and China, especially those who have ethnolinguistic connections with populations in Southeast Asia (e.g. Munda peoples, Khasi people, and Nicobarese people in India and Kra–Dai peoples, Blang people, and Mang people in China).

O-M95(xM88) is relatively infrequent in other populations, but a study published in 2006 has found it in samples of Daurs (6/39 = 15.4%), Qiang people (3/33 = 9.1%), She people (3/34 = 8.8%), Hani people (2/34 = 5.9%), Yao people in Liannan, Guangdong (2/35 = 5.7%), Japanese people (2/47 = 4.3%), Evenks in China (1/26 = 3.8%), Han Chinese in Lanzhou, Gansu (1/30 = 3.3%), Han Chinese in Yili, Xinjiang (1/32 = 3.1%), Han Chinese in Chengdu, Sichuan (1/34 = 2.9%), and Yao people in Bama, Guangxi (1/35 = 2.9%).[15]

A study published in 2010 found O-M95(xM111) in 57.3% (367/641) Bali, 49.2% (30/61) Java, 31.3% (10/32) Malaysia, 20.9% (18/86) Borneo (Indonesia), 15.8% (6/38) Toba people in Sumatra, 13.0% (7/54) Mandar people in Sulawesi, 7.1% (5/70) Vietnam, 6.1% (10/165) Han Chinese, 4.6% (18/394) Flores, 3.4% (2/58) Miao in China, 2.1% (1/48) Philippines, 1.7% (1/60) Yao in China, and 0.3% (1/350) Sumba. (Karafet 2010)

Trejaut et al. (2014) found O-M95(xM88) in 36.2% (51/141) Java, 29.4% (5/17) Sulawesi, 25.3% (19/75) general population of Thailand, 25% (2/8) Malaysia, 22.2% (4/18) Ambon, 19.2% (5/26) Sumatra, 12.0% (3/25) Kalimantan, 10.0% (3/30) Yami, 8.3% (2/24) Hanoi, Vietnam, 6.7% (4/60) Minnan in Taiwan, 5.9% (2/34) Hakka in Taiwan, 3.7% (1/27) Akka in Thailand, 3.5% (9/258) miscellaneous Han in Taiwan, 1.8% (1/55) Han in Fujian, 1.6% (6/370) Taiwan Plains Tribes. The authors did not find any cases of O-M95(xM88) among their samples from the Philippines (0/146) or Taiwan Highlands Tribes (0/325).[12]

This subclade is downstream from O-M95. According to YFull YTree v7.03.00, all extant members of O-M88, which is also known as O-M111, share a most recent common ancestor approximately 6,200 [95% CI 5,100 <-> 7,300] years before present. The entire O-M88 clade is estimated to share a most recent common ancestor with its nearest outgroup, O-CTS5854 (i.e. O-F2924(xM88), most members of which have been found in southern China, Laos, and Thailand, but some also in northern China, Japan, Vietnam, and the Philippines), approximately 9,700 [95% CI 8,600 <-> 10,800] years before present.

O-M88 is frequently found among Tai peoples, Vietnamese people, Hani-Akha people, She people, and some tribal peoples in Laos (including Aheu people, Xinh Mul people, Alak people, Kuy people, and So people[16]), with a moderate distribution among Cambodians, Qiang people, Yi people, Tujia people, Hlai, Miao, Yao, Cham people, Taiwanese aborigines, populations of Borneo, the Philippines, and Malaysia (Hurles 2005) harv error: no target: CITEREFHurles2005 (help) (Karafet 2010), Han Chinese of Sichuan,[15] Hunan, Guangxi,[17] Guangdong,[18] Yunnan,[19] and Taiwan.[12][18]

Trejaut et al. (2014) found O-M88 in 37.5% (21/56) Bunun, 25.9% (7/27) Akka in Thailand, 25.0% (6/24) Hanoi, Vietnam, 17.3% (13/75) general population of Bangkok, Thailand, 5.0% (7/141) Java, 3.4% (5/146) Philippines, 3.3% (1/30) Yami, 2.9% (1/34) Hakka in Taiwan, 1.7% (1/60) Minnan in Taiwan, 1.55% (4/258) Han in Taiwan, and 0.54% (2/370) Taiwan Plains Tribes (including 1/18 Papora and 1/38 Siraya from the Tainan coast).[12]

Macholdt et al. (2020) found Y-DNA that belongs to subclades of O-M88 (O-F2758, O-F1399, O-Z24091, O-F2890, and O-Z24014) in 69.4% (25/36) of a sample of Lolo, 32.4% (12/37) of a sample of Nung, 28.0% (14/50) of a sample of Kinh, 22.2% (8/36) of a sample of Lachi, 12.9% (4/31) of a sample of Lahu, 11.6% (5/43) of a sample of Dao, 10.6% (5/47) of a sample of Tày, 8.3% (3/36) of a sample of Pathen, 8.3% (2/24) of a sample of Ede, 6.1% (2/33) of a sample of Hanhi, 4.2% (1/24) of a sample of Thái, and 3.7% (1/27) of a sample of Giarai from Vietnam.

More research is needed on this lineage. It is claimed to be downstream from M95 and parallel to M88.

Prior to 2002, there were in academic literature at least seven naming systems for the Y-Chromosome Phylogenetic tree. This led to considerable confusion. In 2002, the major research groups came together and formed the Y-Chromosome Consortium (YCC). They published a joint paper that created a single new tree that all agreed to use. Later, a group of citizen scientists with an interest in population genetics and genetic genealogy formed a working group to create an amateur tree aiming at being above all timely. The table below brings together all of these works at the point of the landmark 2002 YCC Tree. This allows a researcher reviewing older published literature to quickly move between nomenclatures.

The following research teams per their publications were represented in the creation of the YCC Tree.

This phylogenetic tree of haplogroup O subclades is based on the YCC 2008 tree (Karafet 2008) harv error: no target: CITEREFKarafet2008 (help) and subsequent published research.

• O-M95 (M95)
  • O-M88 (M88, M111)

Books

• Underhill, Peter (2005). "Chapter 17: A synopsis of extant Y chromosome diversity in East Asia and Oceania". In Sagart, Laurent; Blench, Roger; Sanchez-Mazas, Alicia (eds.). The Peopling of East Asia: Putting Together Archaeology, Linguistics and Genetics. Psychology Press. pp. 297–314. ISBN 9780415322423.

Conference Posters

• Yong, R.Y.Y.; Gan, L.S.H.; Khripin, Y.; Yap, V.B.; Yap, E.P.H. (2006). Workshop 6 Genomic Variation and Diversity: Association of Y chromosome variation with paternal ancestry origin of three ethnic populations in Singapore. HUGO's 11th Human Genome Meeting Helsinki Fair Centre, Helsinki, Finland, Wed 31 May to Sat 3 June 2006. Helsinki, Finland. Archived from the original on 7 July 2007.

Journals

• Firasat, Sadaf; Khaliq, Shagufta; Mohyuddin, Aisha; Papaioannou, Myrto; Tyler-Smith, Chris; Underhill, Peter A; Ayub, Qasim (2006). "Y-chromosomal evidence for a limited Greek contribution to the Pathan population of Pakistan". European Journal of Human Genetics. 15 (1): 121–6. doi:10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201726. PMC 2588664. PMID 17047675.
• Fornarino, Simona; Pala, Maria; Battaglia, Vincenza; Maranta, Ramona; Achilli, Alessandro; Modiano, Guido; Torroni, Antonio; Semino, Ornella; Santachiara-Benerecetti, Silvana A (2009). "Mitochondrial and Y-chromosome diversity of the Tharus (Nepal): A reservoir of genetic variation". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 9 (1): 154. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-9-154. PMC 2720951. PMID 19573232.
• Hurles, M; Sykes, B; Jobling, M; Forster, P (2005). "The Dual Origin of the Malagasy in Island Southeast Asia and East Africa: Evidence from Maternal and Paternal Lineages". The American Journal of Human Genetics. 76 (5): 894–901. doi:10.1086/430051. PMC 1199379. PMID 15793703.
• Karafet, Tatiana M.; Lansing, J. S.; Redd, Alan J.; Watkins, Joseph C.; Surata, S. P. K.; Arthawiguna, W. A.; Mayer, Laura; Bamshad, Michael; et al. (2005). "Balinese Y-Chromosome Perspective on the Peopling of Indonesia: Genetic Contributions from Pre-Neolithic Hunter-Gatherers, Austronesian Farmers, and Indian Traders". Human Biology. 77 (1): 93–114. doi:10.1353/hub.2005.0030. hdl:1808/13586. PMID 16114819. S2CID 7953854.
• Sahoo, Sanghamitra; Kashyap, V.K. (2006). "Phylogeography of mitochondrial DNA and Y-Chromosome haplogroups reveal asymmetric gene flow in populations of Eastern India". American Journal of Physical Anthropology. 131 (1): 84–97. doi:10.1002/ajpa.20399. PMID 16485297.
• Trivedi, Rajni; Sitalaximi, T.; Banerjee, Jheelam; Singh, Anamika; Sircar, P. K.; Kashyap, V. K. (2006). "Molecular insights into the origins of the Shompen, a declining population of the Nicobar archipelago". Journal of Human Genetics. 51 (3): 217–26. doi:10.1007/s10038-005-0349-2. PMID 16453062.
• Shi Yan; Chuan-Chao Wang; Hui Li; Shi-Lin Li; Li Jin; The Genographic Consortium (2011). "An updated tree of Y-chromosome Haplogroup O and revised phylogenetic positions of mutations P164 and PK4". European Journal of Human Genetics. 19 (9): 1013–1015. doi:10.1038/ejhg.2011.64. PMC 3179364. PMID 21505448.

• Hammer, Michael F.; Karafet, Tatiana M.; Park, Hwayong; Omoto, Keiichi; Harihara, Shinji; Stoneking, Mark; Horai, Satoshi (2005). "Dual origins of the Japanese: Common ground for hunter-gatherer and farmer Y chromosomes" (PDF). Journal of Human Genetics. 51 (1): 47–58. doi:10.1007/s10038-005-0322-0. PMID 16328082. S2CID 6559289. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 March 2009. Retrieved 31 October 2006.
• Shi, Hong; Dong, Yong-li; Wen, Bo; Xiao, Chun-Jie; Underhill, Peter A.; Shen, Pei-Dong; Chakraborty, Ranajit; Jin, Li; Su, Bing (2005). "Y-Chromosome Evidence of Southern Origin of the East Asian–Specific Haplogroup O3-M122". The American Journal of Human Genetics. 77 (3): 408–19. doi:10.1086/444436. PMC 1226206. PMID 16080116.
• Thanseem, Ismail; Thangaraj, Kumarasamy; Chaubey, Gyaneshwer; Singh, Vijay; Bhaskar, Lakkakula VKS; Reddy, B Mohan; Reddy, Alla G; Singh, Lalji (2006). "Genetic affinities among the lower castes and tribal groups of India: Inference from Y chromosome and mitochondrial DNA". BMC Genetics. 7 (1): 42. doi:10.1186/1471-2156-7-42. PMC 1569435. PMID 16893451.