Global Gender Gap Report

The Global Gender Gap Report was first published in 2006 by the World Economic Forum. The Global Gender Gap Index is an index designed to measure gender equality.[1]

Cover of the 2008 report

The index is designed to "measure gender-based gaps in access to resources and opportunities in countries rather than the actual level of the available resources and opportunities in those countries."[2] It is not necessarily true that highly developed countries should have higher scores.

The methodology used to determine index scores is designed in such a way as to count situations in which men are disadvantaged relative to women as "equal".[3]

Methodology

The report's Gender Gap Index ranks countries according to calculated gender gap between women and men in four key areas: health, education, economy and politics to gauge the state of gender equality in a country. The report measures women's disadvantage compared to men, and is not a measure of equality of the gender gap. Gender imbalances to the advantage of women do not affect the score.[3] So, for example, the indicator "number of years of a female head of state (last 50 years) over male value" would score 1 if the number of years was 25, but would still score 1 if the number of years was 50. Due to this methodology, gender gaps that favor women over men are reported as equality and would not cause deficits of equality in other areas to become less visible in the score, excepted for life expectancy. To put it more simply: women could be better off in all areas and still the index would deem that country perfectly equal.

The three highest-ranking countries have closed over 84% of their gender gaps, while the lowest-ranking country has closed only a little over 50% of its gender gap. It "assesses countries on how well they are dividing their resources and opportunities among their male and female populations, regardless of the overall levels of these resources and opportunities," the Report says.[4] "By providing a comprehensible framework for assessing and comparing global gender gaps and by revealing those countries that are role models in dividing these resources equitably between women and men, the Report serves as a catalyst for greater awareness as well as greater exchange between policymakers."[4]

The report examines four overall areas of inequality between men and women in 130 economies around the globe, over 93% of the world's population:

Economic participation and opportunity – outcomes on salaries, participation levels and access to high-skilled employment
Educational attainment – outcomes on access to basic and higher level education
Political empowerment – outcomes on representation in decision-making structures
Health and survival – outcomes on life expectancy and sex ratio. In this case parity is not assumed, there are assumed to be fewer female births than male (944 female for every 1,000 males), and men are assumed to die younger. Provided that women live at least six percent longer than men, parity is assumed. But if it is less than six percent it counts as a gender gap.[5]

Thirteen out of the fourteen variables used to create the index are from publicly available "hard data" indicators from international organizations, such as the International Labour Organization, the United Nations Development Programme and the World Health Organization.[6]

Upper limiting value of the Gender Gap Index

1. Economic participation and opportunity
ratio	limit[7]	weight[8]	value
* Labour force participation	1.0	0.199	0.199
* Wage equality for similar work	1.0	0.310	0.310
* Estimated earned income	1.0	0.221	0.221
* Legislators, senior officials and managers	1.0	0.149	0.149
* Professional and technical workers	1.0	0.121	0.121
	sum	1.0	1.0
2. Educational attainment
ratio	limit[7]	weight[8]	value
* Literacy rate	1.0	0.191	0.191
* Enrolment in primary education	1.0	0.459	0.459
* Enrolment in secondary education	1.0	0.229	0.229
* Enrolment in tertiary education	1.0	0.121	0.121
	sum	1.0	1.0
3. Health and survival
ratio	limit[7]	weight[8]	value
* Sex ratio at birth	0.944[9]	0.693	0.654
* Healthy life expectancy	1.060[10]	0.307	0.325
	sum	1.0	0.980
4. Political empowerment
ratio	limit[7]	weight[8]	value
* Women in parliament	1.0	0.310	0.310
* Women in ministerial positions	1.0	0.247	0.247
* Years with female head of state	1.0	0.443	0.443
	sum	1.0	1.0

Compilation
1. Economic participation and opportunity	1.000
2. Educational attainment	1.000
3. Health and survival	0.980
4. Political empowerment	1.000
sum	3.980

Gender Gap Index: 3.98 / 4 = 0.9949

This is the upper limiting value of the Gender Gap Index (limes superior) for the female-to-male ratio and for the male-to-female ratio.

WEF Global Gender Gap Index rankings

The highest possible score is 1.0 (equality or better for women, except for lifespan (106% or better for women) and gender parity at birth (94.4% or better for women[11]) and the lowest possible score is 0. Data for some countries are unavailable.[12][13][14]

Global Gender Gap Report 2020

Location		Year [note 1]
Country	Region	2006	2007	2008	2009	2010	2011	2012	2013	2014	2015[15]	2016[2]	2017	2018	2020[16]	2021[17]
Afghanistan	South Asia	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	0.444
Albania	Europe	0.6607	0.6685	0.6591	0.6601	0.6726	0.6748	0.6655	0.6412	0.6869	0.701	0.704	0.728	0.734	0.769	0.770
Algeria	Africa	0.6018	0.6068	0.6111	0.6119	0.6052	0.5991	0.6112	0.5966	0.6182	0.632	0.642	0.629	0.629	0.634	0.633
Angola	Africa	0.6039	0.6034	0.6032	0.6353	0.6712	0.6624	N/A	0.6659	0.6311	0.637	0.643	0.640	0.633	0.660	0.657
Argentina	South America	0.6829	0.6982	0.7209	0.7211	0.7187	0.7236	0.7212	0.7195	0.7317	0.734	0.735	0.732	0.733	0.746	0.752
Armenia	West Asia	N/A	0.6651	0.6677	0.6619	0.6669	0.6654	0.6636	0.6634	0.6622	0.668	0.669	0.677	0.678	0.684	0.673
Australia	Oceania	0.7163	0.7204	0.7241	0.7282	0.7271	0.7291	0.7294	0.7390	0.7409	0.733	0.721	0.731	0.730	0.731	0.731
Austria	Europe	0.6986	0.7060	0.7153	0.7031	0.7091	0.7165	0.7391	0.7437	0.7266	0.733	0.716	0.709	0.718	0.744	0.777
Azerbaijan	West Asia	N/A	0.6781	0.6856	0.6626	0.6446	0.6577	0.6546	0.6582	0.6753	0.675	0.684	0.676	0.680	0.687	0.688
Bahamas	Central America	N/A	N/A	N/A	0.7179	0.7128	0.7340	0.7156	0.7128	0.7269	0.728	0.729	0.743	0.741	0.720	0.725
Bahrain	West Asia	0.5894	0.5931	0.5927	0.6136	0.6217	0.6232	0.6298	0.6334	0.6261	0.644	0.615	0.632	0.627	0.629	0.632
Bangladesh	South Asia	0.6270	0.6314	0.6531	0.6526	0.6702	0.6812	0.6684	0.6848	0.6973	0.704	0.698	0.719	0.721	0.726	0.719
Barbados	Central America	N/A	N/A	0.7188	0.7236	0.7176	0.7170	0.7232	0.7301	0.7289	0.744	0.739	0.750	0.753	0.749	0.769
Belarus	Europe	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	0.734	0.737	0.744	0.747	0.746	0.758
Belgium	Europe	0.7078	0.7198	0.7163	0.7165	0.7509	0.7531	0.7652	0.7684	0.7809	0.753	0.745	0.739	0.738	0.750	0.789
Belize	Central America	N/A	0.6426	0.6610	0.6636	0.6536	0.6489	0.6465	0.6449	0.6701	0.668	0.676	0.692	0.662	0.671	0.699
Benin	Africa	0.5780	0.5656	0.5582	0.5643	0.5719	0.5832	0.6258	0.5885	N/A	0.625	0.636	0.652	0.654	0.658	0.653
Bhutan	South Asia	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	0.6651	0.6364	0.646	0.642	0.638	0.638	0.635	0.639
Bolivia	South America	0.6335	0.6574	0.6667	0.6693	0.6751	0.6862	0.7222	0.7340	0.7049	0.749	0.746	0.758	0.748	0.734	0.722
Bosnia and Herzegovina	Europe	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	0.713
Botswana	Africa	0.6897	0.6797	0.6839	0.7071	0.6876	0.6832	0.6744	0.6752	0.7129	0.710	0.715	0.720	0.715	0.709	0.716
Brazil	South America	0.6543	0.6637	0.6737	0.6695	0.6655	0.6679	0.6909	0.6949	0.6941	0.686	0.687	0.684	0.681	0.691	0.695
Brunei Darussalam	Southeast Asia	N/A	N/A	0.6392	0.6524	0.6748	0.6787	0.6750	0.6730	0.6719	0.684	0.669	0.671	0.686	0.686	0.678
Bulgaria	Europe	0.6870	0.7085	0.7077	0.7072	0.6983	0.6987	0.7021	0.7097	0.7444	0.722	0.726	0.756	0.756	0.727	0.746
Burkina Faso	Africa	0.5854	0.5912	0.6029	0.6081	0.6162	0.6153	0.6455	0.6513	0.6500	0.651	0.64	0.646	0.629	0.635	0.651
Burundi	Africa	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	0.7270	0.7338	0.7397	0.7565	0.748	0.768	0.755	0.741	0.745	0.769
Cambodia	Southeast Asia	0.6291	0.6353	0.6469	0.6410	0.6482	0.6464	0.6457	0.6509	0.6520	0.662	0.658	0.676	0.683	0.694	0.685
Cameroon	Africa	0.5865	0.5919	0.6017	0.6108	0.6110	0.6073	0.6291	0.6560	N/A	0.682	0.684	0.689	0.714	0.686	0.692
Canada	North America	0.7165	0.7198	0.7136	0.7196	0.7372	0.7407	0.7381	0.7425	0.7464	0.740	0.731	0.769	0.771	0.772	0.772
Cape Verde	Africa	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	0.7180	0.7122	0.7133	0.717	0.729	0.686	0.702	0.725	0.716
Chad	Africa	0.5247	0.5381	0.5290	0.5417	0.5330	0.5334	0.5594	0.5588	0.5764	0.580	0.587	0.575	0.580	0.596	0.593
Chile	South America	0.6455	0.6482	0.6818	0.6884	0.7013	0.7030	0.6676	0.6670	0.6975	0.698	0.699	0.704	0.717	0.723	0.716
China	East Asia	0.6561	0.6643	0.6878	0.6907	0.6881	0.6866	0.6853	0.6908	0.6830	0.682	0.676	0.674	0.673	0.676	0.682
Colombia	South America	0.7049	0.7090	0.6944	0.6939	0.6927	0.6714	0.6901	0.7171	0.7122	0.725	0.727	0.731	0.729	0.758	0.725
Costa Rica	Central America	0.6936	0.7014	0.7111	0.7180	0.7194	0.7266	0.7225	0.7241	0.7165	0.732	0.736	0.727	0.749	0.782	0.786
Côte d'Ivoire	Africa	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	0.5691	0.5773	0.5785	0.5814	0.5874	0.606	0.597	0.611	0.627	0.606	0.637
Croatia	Europe	0.7145	0.7210	0.6967	0.6944	0.6939	0.7006	0.7053	0.7069	0.7075	0.708	0.7	0.711	0.712	0.720	0.733
Cuba	Central America	N/A	0.7169	0.7195	0.7176	0.7253	0.7394	0.7417	0.7540	0.7317	0.740	0.74	0.745	0.749	0.746	0.746
Cyprus	West Asia	0.6430	0.6522	0.6694	0.6706	0.6642	0.6567	0.6732	0.6801	0.6741	0.671	0.684	0.684	0.684	0.692	0.707
Czech Republic	Europe	0.6712	0.6718	0.6770	0.6789	0.6850	0.6789	0.6767	0.6770	0.6737	0.687	0.69	0.688	0.693	0.706	0.711
Democratic Republic of the Congo	Africa	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	0.576
Denmark	Europe	0.7462	0.7519	0.7538	0.7628	0.7719	0.7778	0.7777	0.7779	0.8025	0.767	0.754	0.776	0.778	0.782	0.768
Dominican Republic	Central America	0.6639	0.6705	0.6744	0.6859	0.6774	0.6682	0.6659	0.6867	0.6906	0.686	0.676	0.697	0.701	0.700	0.699
Ecuador	South America	0.6433	0.6881	0.7091	0.7220	0.7072	0.7035	0.7206	0.7389	0.7455	0.738	0.726	0.724	0.729	0.729	0.739
Egypt	Africa	0.5786	0.5809	0.5832	0.5862	0.5899	0.5933	0.5975	0.5935	0.6064	0.599	0.614	0.608	0.614	0.629	0.639
El Salvador	Central America	0.6837	0.6853	0.6875	0.6939	0.6596	0.6567	0.6630	0.6609	0.6863	0.706	0.702	0.705	0.690	0.706	0.738
Estonia	Europe	0.6944	0.7008	0.7076	0.7094	0.7018	0.6983	0.6977	0.6997	0.7017	0.749	0.747	0.731	0.734	0.751	0.733
Ethiopia	Africa	0.5946	0.5991	0.5867	0.5948	0.6019	0.6136	0.6200	0.6198	0.6144	0.640	0.662	0.656	0.656	0.705	0.691
Fiji	Oceania	N/A	N/A	N/A	0.6414	0.6256	0.6255	0.6285	0.6286	0.6286	0.645	N/A	N/A	0.669	0.678	0.674
Finland	Europe	0.7958	0.8044	0.8195	0.8252	0.8260	0.8383	0.8451	0.8421	0.8453	0.850	0.845	0.823	0.821	0.832	0.861
France	Europe	0.6520	0.6824	0.7341	0.7331	0.7025	0.7018	0.6984	0.7089	0.7588	0.761	0.755	0.778	0.779	0.781	0.784
Gambia, The	Africa	0.6448	0.6421	0.6622	0.6752	0.6762	0.6763	0.6630	N/A	N/A	0.674	0.667	0.649	0.642	0.628	0.644
Georgia	West Asia	0.6700	0.6665	0.6654	0.6680	0.6598	0.6624	0.6691	0.6750	0.6855	0.687	0.681	0.679	0.677	0.708	0.732
Germany	Europe	0.7524	0.7618	0.7394	0.7449	0.7530	0.7590	0.7629	0.7583	0.7780	0.779	0.766	0.778	0.776	0.787	0.796
Ghana	Africa	0.6653	0.6725	0.6679	0.6704	0.6782	0.6811	0.6778	0.6811	0.6661	0.704	0.705	0.695	0.688	0.673	0.666
Greece	Europe	0.6540	0.6648	0.6727	0.6662	0.6908	0.6916	0.6716	0.6782	0.6784	0.685	0.68	0.692	0.696	0.701	0.689
Guatemala	Central America	0.6067	0.6144	0.6072	0.6209	0.6238	0.6229	0.6260	0.6304	0.6821	0.667	0.666	0.667	0.668	0.666	0.655
Guinea	Africa	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	0.618	0.64	0.659	0.656	0.642	0.660
Guyana	South America	N/A	N/A	N/A	0.7108	0.7090	0.7084	0.7119	0.7085	0.7010	0.702	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	0.728
Honduras	Central America	0.6483	0.6661	0.6960	0.6893	0.6927	0.6945	0.6763	0.6773	0.6935	0.688	0.69	0.711	0.706	0.722	0.716
Hungary	Europe	0.6698	0.6731	0.6867	0.6879	0.6720	0.6642	0.6718	0.6742	0.6759	0.672	0.669	0.670	0.674	0.677	0.688
Iceland	Europe	0.7813	0.7836	0.7999	0.8276	0.8496	0.8530	0.8640	0.8731	0.8594	0.881	0.874	0.878	0.858	0.877	0.892
India	South Asia	0.6011	0.5936	0.6060	0.6151	0.6155	0.6190	0.6442	0.6551	0.6455	0.664	0.683	0.669	0.665	0.668	0.625
Indonesia	Southeast Asia	0.6541	0.6550	0.6473	0.6580	0.6615	0.6594	0.6591	0.6613	0.6725	0.681	0.682	0.691	0.691	0.700	0.688
Iran	West Asia	0.5803	0.5903	0.6021	0.5839	0.5933	0.5894	0.5927	0.5842	0.5811	0.580	0.587	0.583	0.589	0.584	0.582
Iraq	West Asia	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	0.535
Ireland	Europe	0.7335	0.7457	0.7518	0.7597	0.7773	0.7830	0.7839	0.7823	0.7850	0.807	0.797	0.794	0.796	0.798	0.800
Israel	West Asia	0.6889	0.6965	0.6900	0.7019	0.6957	0.6926	0.6989	0.7032	0.7005	0.712	0.719	0.721	0.722	0.718	0.724
Italy	Europe	0.6456	0.6498	0.6788	0.6798	0.6765	0.6796	0.6729	0.6885	0.6973	0.726	0.719	0.692	0.706	0.707	0.721
Jamaica	Central America	0.7014	0.6925	0.6980	0.7013	0.7037	0.7028	0.7035	0.7085	0.7128	0.703	0.724	0.717	0.724	0.735	0.741
Japan	East Asia	0.6447	0.6455	0.6434	0.6447	0.6524	0.6514	0.6530	0.6498	0.6584	0.670	0.66	0.657	0.662	0.652	0.656
Jordan	West Asia	0.6109	0.6203	0.6275	0.6182	0.6048	0.6117	0.6103	0.6093	0.5968	0.593	0.603	0.604	0.605	0.623	0.683
Kazakhstan	Central Asia	0.6928	0.6983	0.6976	0.7013	0.7055	0.7010	0.7213	0.7218	0.7210	0.719	0.718	0.713	0.712	0.710	0.710
Kenya	Africa	0.6486	0.6508	0.6547	0.6512	0.6499	0.6493	0.6768	0.6803	0.7258	0.719	0.702	0.694	0.700	0.671	0.692
Korea, Rep.	East Asia	0.6157	0.6409	0.6154	0.6146	0.6342	0.6281	0.6356	0.6351	0.6403	0.651	0.649	0.650	0.657	0.672	0.687
Kuwait	West Asia	0.6341	0.6409	0.6358	0.6356	0.6318	0.6322	0.6320	0.6292	0.6457	0.646	0.624	0.679	0.630	0.650	0.621
Kyrgyz Republic	Central Asia	0.6742	0.6653	0.7045	0.7058	0.6973	0.7036	0.7013	0.6948	0.6974	0.693	0.687	0.691	0.691	0.689	0.681
Laos	Southeast Asia	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	0.6993	0.7044	0.713	N/A	0.703	0.748	0.731	0.750
Latvia	Europe	0.7091	0.7333	0.7397	0.7416	0.7429	0.7399	0.7572	0.7610	0.7691	0.752	0.755	0.756	0.758	0.785	0.778
Lebanon	West Asia	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	0.6084	0.6083	0.6030	0.6028	0.5923	0.598	0.598	0.596	0.595	0.599	0.638
Lesotho	Africa	0.6807	0.7078	0.7320	0.7495	0.7678	0.7666	0.7608	0.7530	0.7255	0.706	0.706	0.695	0.693	0.695	0.698
Liberia	Africa	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	0.652	0.652	0.669	0.681	0.685	0.693
Lithuania	Europe	0.7077	0.7234	0.7222	0.7175	0.7132	0.7131	0.7191	0.7308	0.7208	0.740	0.744	0.742	0.749	0.745	0.804
Luxembourg	Europe	0.6671	0.6786	0.6802	0.6889	0.7231	0.7216	0.7439	0.7410	0.7333	0.738	0.734	0.706	0.712	0.725	0.726
North Macedonia	Europe	0.6983	0.6967	0.6914	0.6950	0.6996	0.6966	0.6968	0.7013	0.6943	0.701	0.696	0.702	0.707	0.711	0.715
Madagascar	Africa	0.6385	0.6461	0.6736	0.6732	0.6713	0.6797	0.6982	0.7016	0.7214	0.698	0.704	0.692	0.691	0.719	0.725
Malawi	Africa	0.6437	0.6480	0.6664	0.6738	0.6824	0.6850	0.7166	0.7139	0.7281	0.701	0.7	0.672	0.662	0.664	0.671
Malaysia	Southeast Asia	0.6509	0.6444	0.6442	0.6467	0.6479	0.6525	0.6539	0.6518	0.6520	0.655	0.666	0.670	0.676	0.677	0.676
Maldives	South Asia	N/A	0.6350	0.6501	0.6482	0.6452	0.6480	0.6616	0.6604	0.6557	0.652	.65	0.669	0.662	0.646	0.642
Mali	Africa	0.5996	0.6019	0.6117	0.5860	0.5680	0.5752	0.5842	0.5872	0.5779	0.599	0.591	0.583	0.582	0.621	0.591
Malta	Europe	0.6518	0.6615	0.6634	0.6635	0.6695	0.6658	0.6666	0.6761	0.6707	0.668	0.664	0.682	0.686	0.693	0.703
Mauritania	Africa	0.5835	0.6022	0.6117	0.6103	0.6152	0.6164	0.6129	0.5810	0.6029	0.613	0.624	0.614	0.607	0.614	0.606
Mauritius	Africa	0.6328	0.6487	0.6466	0.6513	0.6520	0.6529	0.6547	0.6599	0.6541	0.646	0.652	0.664	0.663	0.665	0.679
Mexico	North America	0.6462	0.6441	0.6441	0.6503	0.6577	0.6604	0.6712	0.6917	0.6900	0.699	0.7	0.692	0.721	0.754	0.757
Moldova	Europe	0.7128	0.7172	0.7244	0.7104	0.7160	0.7083	0.7101	0.7037	0.7405	0.742	0.741	0.740	0.733	0.757	0.768
Mongolia	East Asia	0.6821	0.6731	0.7049	0.7221	0.7194	0.7140	0.7111	0.7204	0.7212	0.709	0.705	0.713	0.714	0.706	0.716
Montenegro	Europe	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	0.689	0.681	0.693	0.706	0.710	0.732
Morocco	Africa	0.5827	0.5676	0.5757	0.5926	0.5767	0.5804	0.5833	0.5845	0.5988	0.593	0.597	0.598	0.607	0.605	0.612
Mozambique	Africa	N/A	0.6883	0.7266	0.7195	0.7329	0.7251	0.7350	0.7349	0.7370	0.741	0.75	0.741	0.721	0.723	0.758
Myanmar	Southeast Asia	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	0.691	0.690	0.665	0.681
Namibia	Africa	0.6864	0.7012	0.7141	0.7167	0.7238	0.7177	0.7121	0.7094	0.7219	0.760	0.765	0.777	0.789	0.784	0.809
Nepal	South Asia	0.5478	0.5575	0.5942	0.6213	0.6084	0.5888	0.6026	0.6053	0.6458	0.658	0.661	0.664	0.671	0.680	0.683
Netherlands	Europe	0.7250	0.7383	0.7399	0.7490	0.7444	0.7470	0.7659	0.7608	0.7730	0.776	0.756	0.737	0.747	0.736	0.762
New Zealand	Oceania	0.7509	0.7649	0.7859	0.7880	0.7808	0.7810	0.7805	0.7799	0.7772	0.782	0.781	0.791	0.801	0.799	0.840
Nicaragua	Central America	0.6566	0.6458	0.6747	0.7002	0.7176	0.7245	0.7697	0.7715	0.7894	0.776	0.78	0.814	0.809	0.804	0.796
Niger	Africa	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	0.629
Nigeria	Africa	0.6104	0.6122	0.6339	0.6280	0.6055	0.6011	0.6315	0.6469	0.6391	0.638	0.643	0.641	0.621	0.635	0.627
Norway	Europe	0.7994	0.8059	0.8239	0.8227	0.8404	0.8404	0.8403	0.8417	0.8374	0.850	0.842	0.830	0.835	0.842	0.849
Oman	West Asia	N/A	0.5903	0.5960	0.5938	0.5950	0.5873	0.5986	0.6053	0.6091	0.604	0.612	N/A	0.605	0.602	0.608
Pakistan	South Asia	0.5434	0.5509	0.5549	0.5458	0.5465	0.5583	0.5478	0.5459	0.5522	0.559	0.556	0.546	0.550	0.564	0.556
Panama	Central America	0.6935	0.6954	0.7095	0.7024	0.7072	0.7042	0.7122	0.7164	0.7195	0.772	0.721	0.722	0.722	0.730	0.737
Papua New Guinea	Oceania	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	0.635
Paraguay	South America	0.6556	0.6659	0.6379	0.6868	0.6804	0.6818	0.6714	0.6724	0.6890	0.666	0.676	0.678	0.672	0.683	0.702
Peru	South America	0.6619	0.6624	0.6959	0.7024	0.6895	0.6796	0.6742	0.6787	0.7198	0.683	0.687	0.719	0.720	0.714	0.721
Philippines	Southeast Asia	0.7516	0.7629	0.7568	0.7579	0.7654	0.7685	0.7757	0.7832	0.7814	0.790	0.786	0.790	0.799	0.781	0.784
Poland	Europe	0.6802	0.6756	0.6951	0.6998	0.7037	0.7038	0.7015	0.7031	0.7051	0.715	0.727	0.728	0.728	0.736	0.713
Portugal	Europe	0.6922	0.6959	0.7051	0.7013	0.7171	0.7144	0.7071	0.7056	0.7243	0.731	0.737	0.734	0.732	0.744	0.775
Qatar	West Asia	N/A	0.6041	0.5948	0.5907	0.6059	0.6230	0.6264	0.6299	0.6403	0.645	0.643	0.626	0.629	0.629	0.624
Romania	Europe	0.6797	0.6859	0.6763	0.6805	0.6826	0.6812	0.6859	0.6908	0.6936	0.693	0.69	0.708	0.711	0.724	0.700
Russia	Europe	0.6770	0.6866	0.6994	0.6987	0.7036	0.7037	0.6980	0.6983	0.6927	0.694	0.691	0.696	0.701	0.706	0.708
Rwanda	Africa	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	0.794	0.8	0.822	0.804	0.791	0.805
Saudi Arabia	West Asia	0.5242	0.5647	0.5537	0.5651	0.5713	0.5753	0.5731	0.5879	0.6059	0.605	0.583	0.584	0.590	0.599	0.603
Senegal	Africa	N/A	N/A	N/A	0.6427	0.6414	0.6573	0.6657	0.6923	0.6912	0.698	0.685	0.684	0.682	0.684	0.684
Serbia	Europe	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	0.7037	0.7116	0.7086	0.720	0.72	0.727	0.730	0.736	0.780
Sierra Leone	Africa	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	0.655
Singapore	Southeast Asia	0.6550	0.6609	0.6625	0.6664	0.6914	0.6914	0.6989	0.7000	0.7046	0.711	0.712	0.702	0.707	0.724	0.727
Slovakia	Europe	0.6757	0.6797	0.6824	0.6845	0.6778	0.6797	0.6824	0.6857	0.6806	0.675	0.679	0.694	0.693	0.718	0.712
Slovenia	Europe	0.6745	0.6842	0.6937	0.6982	0.7047	0.7041	0.7132	0.7155	0.7443	0.784	0.786	0.805	0.784	0.743	0.741
South Africa	Africa	0.7125	0.7194	0.7232	0.7709	0.7535	0.7478	0.7496	0.7510	0.7527	0.759	0.764	0.756	0.755	0.780	0.781
Spain	Europe	0.7319	0.7444	0.7281	0.7345	0.7554	0.7580	0.7266	0.7266	0.7325	0.742	0.738	0.746	0.746	0.795	0.788
Sri Lanka	South Asia	0.7199	0.7230	0.7371	0.7402	0.7458	0.7212	0.7122	0.7019	0.6903	0.686	0.673	0.669	0.676	0.680	0.670
Suriname	South America	N/A	0.6794	0.6674	0.6726	0.6407	0.6395	0.6409	0.6369	0.6504	0.670	0.679	0.689	0.695	0.707	0.729
Eswatini	Africa	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	0.670	0.665	0.670	N/A	N/A	0.729
Sweden	Europe	0.8133	0.8146	0.8139	0.8139	0.8024	0.8044	0.8159	0.8129	0.8165	0.823	0.815	0.816	0.822	0.820	0.823
Switzerland	Europe	0.6997	0.6924	0.7360	0.7426	0.7562	0.7627	0.7672	0.7736	0.7798	0.785	0.776	0.755	0.755	0.779	0.798
Syria	West Asia	N/A	0.6216	0.6181	0.6072	0.5926	0.5896	0.5626	0.5661	0.5775	0.568	0.567	0.568	0.568	0.567	0.568
Tajikistan	Central Asia	N/A	0.6578	0.6541	0.6661	0.6598	0.6526	0.6608	0.6682	0.6654	0.675	0.679	0.678	0.638	0.626	0.650
Tanzania	Africa	0.7038	0.6969	0.7068	0.6797	0.6829	0.6904	0.7091	0.6928	0.7182	0.718	0.716	0.700	0.704	0.713	0.707
Thailand	Southeast Asia	0.6831	0.6815	0.6917	0.6907	0.6910	0.6892	0.6893	0.6928	0.7027	0.706	0.699	0.694	0.702	0.708	0.710
Timor-Leste	Southeast Asia	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	0.6855	N/A	N/A	N/A	0.637	0.628	0.638	0.662	0.720
Togo	Africa	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	0.683
Trinidad and Tobago	Central America	0.6797	0.6859	0.7245	0.7298	0.7353	0.7372	0.7116	0.7166	0.7154	0.720	0.723	N/A	N/A	0.756	0.749
Tunisia	Africa	0.6288	0.6283	0.6295	0.6233	0.6266	0.6255	N/A	N/A	0.6272	0.634	0.636	0.651	0.648	0.644	0.649
Turkey	West Asia	0.5850	0.5768	0.5853	0.5828	0.5876	0.5954	0.6015	0.6081	0.6183	0.624	0.623	0.625	0.628	0.635	0.638
Uganda	Africa	0.6797	0.6833	0.6981	0.7067	0.7169	0.7220	0.7228	0.7086	0.6821	0.708	0.704	0.721	0.724	0.717	0.717
Ukraine	Europe	0.6797	0.6790	0.6856	0.6896	0.6869	0.6861	0.6894	0.6935	0.7056	0.702	0.7	0.705	0.708	0.721	0.714
United Arab Emirates	West Asia	0.5919	0.6184	0.6220	0.6198	0.6397	0.6454	0.6392	0.6372	0.6436	0.646	0.639	0.649	0.642	0.655	0.716
United Kingdom	Europe	0.7365	0.7441	0.7366	0.7402	0.7460	0.7462	0.7433	0.7440	0.7383	0.758	0.752	0.770	0.744	0.767	0.775
United States	North America	0.7042	0.7002	0.7179	0.7173	0.7411	0.7412	0.7373	0.7392	0.7463	0.740	0.722	0.718	0.720	0.724	0.763
Uruguay	South America	0.6549	0.6608	0.6907	0.6936	0.6897	0.6907	0.6745	0.6803	0.6871	0.679	0.681	0.710	0.715	0.737	0.702
Vanuatu	Oceania	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	0.625
Venezuela	South America	0.6664	0.6797	0.6875	0.6839	0.6863	0.6861	0.7060	0.7060	0.6851	0.691	0.694	0.706	0.709	0.713	0.699
Vietnam	Southeast Asia	N/A	0.6889	0.6778	0.6802	0.6776	0.6732	0.6867	0.6863	0.6915	0.687	0.7	0.698	0.698	0.700	0.701
Yemen	West Asia	0.4595	0.4510	0.4664	0.4609	0.4603	0.4873	0.5054	0.5128	0.5145	0.484	0.516	0.516	0.499	0.494	0.492
Zambia	Africa	0.6360	0.6288	0.6205	0.6310	0.6293	0.6300	0.6279	0.6312	0.6364	0.650	N/A	N/A	N/A	0.731	0.726
Zimbabwe	Africa	0.6461	0.6464	0.6485	0.6518	0.6574	0.6607	N/A	N/A	0.7013	0.709	0.71	0.717	0.721	0.730	0.732

Criticisms

In an academic publication from 2010, Beneria and Permanyer criticized the Global Gender Gap Index for only capturing inequality in certain aspects of women's lives therefore making it an incomplete measure of gender inequality.[18]

In an academic publication from 2019, Stoet and Geary argued that the Global Gender Gap Index has limitations as a measure of gender equality, because of the way it caps scores and because it ignores specific issues on which men are known to fall behind (e.g., risks of working in hazardous jobs).[19] According to the Global Gender Gap Report 2021, the index do not penalize a country where women outperform men in certain aspect and consider that parity is achieved in life expectancy only if women live five years longer than men.[17]

Notes

Years of report publication. Values may reflect data collected the previous year.

References

"Global Gender Gap Report 2017". Archived from the original on 2018-05-12. Retrieved 2018-05-11.
"Global Gender Gap Report 2017 - Rankings". World Economic Forum. Retrieved 17 November 2017.
Ricardo Hausmann, Harvard University, Laura D. Tyson, University of California, Berkeley, Saadia Zahidi, World Economic Forum, Editors (2009). "The Global Gender Gap Report 2009" (PDF). World Economic Forum, Geneva, Switzerland. p. 4. Archived from the original (PDF) on April 5, 2013. Retrieved 2009-11-02. (...) the Index rewards countries that reach the point where outcomes for women equal those for men, but it neither rewards nor penalizes cases in which women are outperforming men in particular variables {{cite web}}: |author= has generic name (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
2008 Report, p. 24
2014 report, page 5
2008 Report, p. 5
The Global Gender Gap Report 2018 (GGGR), p. 5, Construction of the Index, § 2. Data truncation at equality benchmark: As a second step, these ratios are truncated at the "equality benchmark”. For all indicators, except the two health indicators, this equality benchmark is considered to be 1, meaning equal numbers of women and men.
GGGR 2018, p. 42, Country Score Card: … To calculate the Index, all ratios were truncated at the parity benchmark of 1 and thus the highest score possible is 1.
GGGR 2018, p. 6; Table 2: Calculation of weights within each subin-dex
GGGR 2018, p. 5, Construction of the Index, § 2. Data truncation at equality benchmark: … In the case of sex ratio at birth, the equality benchmark is set at 0.944,
GGGR 2018, p. 42, Country Score Card: … except for the sex ratio at birth (0.944)
GGGR 2018, p. 5, Construction of the Index, § 2. Data trun-cation at equality benchmark: … the case of healthy life expectancy the equality benchmark is set at 1.06.
GGGR 2018, p. 42, Country Score Card: … and the healthy life expectancy (1.06) indicators.
2016 Report, Page 6
http://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_GenderGap_Report_2012.pdf
"The Global Gender Gap Report 2013" (PDF). World Economic Forum. pp. 12–13.
"Global Gender Gap Report 2014 - Reports - World Economic Forum". Global Gender Gap Report 2014.
"Global Gender Gap Report 2015 - Rankings". World Economic Forum. Archived from the original on 17 April 2016. Retrieved 28 April 2016.
"Global Gender Gap Report 2020" (PDF). World Economic Forum. Retrieved 18 December 2019.
"Global Gender Gap Report 2021" (PDF). World Economic Forum. Retrieved 30 March 2021.
Beneria, L., Permanyer, I.,(2010). The Measurement of Socio-economic Gender Inequality Revisited, Development and Change, 41:3, pp.375-399
Stoet, G. & Geary, D.C. (2019). A simplified approach to measuring national gender inequality, PLOS ONE 14(1): e0205349. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0205349

External links

"Women Leaders and Gender Parity". World Economic Forum. Geneva, Switzerland. Archived from the original on 2008-11-13. Retrieved 2008-11-19.
Daily chart: Sex and equality, The Economist, Oct 25th 2013

Reports

Ricardo Hausmann; Laura D. Tyson; Yasmina Bekhouche; Saadia Zahidi (2014). The Global Gender Gap Index 2014 (PDF). World Economic Forum, Geneva, Switzerland. Retrieved 2014-11-26.
Ricardo Hausmann, Laura D. Tyson, Saadia Zahidi, Editors (2013). The Global Gender Gap Report 2013 (PDF). World Economic Forum, Geneva, Switzerland. Retrieved 2013-10-26. {{cite book}}: |author= has generic name (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
Ricardo Hausmann, Laura D. Tyson, Saadia Zahidi, Editors (2012). The Global Gender Gap Report 2012 (PDF). World Economic Forum, Geneva, Switzerland. Retrieved 2012-10-26. {{cite book}}: |author= has generic name (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
The Global Gender Gap Report 2010 (PDF).
Ricardo Hausmann, Laura D. Tyson, Saadia Zahidi, Editors (2010). The Global Gender Gap Report 2010 (PDF). World Economic Forum, Geneva, Switzerland. Retrieved 2010-10-20. {{cite book}}: |author= has generic name (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
Ricardo Hausmann, Laura D. Tyson, Saadia Zahidi, Editors (2009). The Global Gender Gap Report 2009 (PDF). World Economic Forum, Geneva, Switzerland. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-04-05. Retrieved 2009-11-02. {{cite book}}: |author= has generic name (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
Ricardo Hausmann, Laura D. Tyson, Saadia Zahidi, Editors (2008). The Global Gender Gap Report 2008 (PDF). World Economic Forum, Geneva, Switzerland. Retrieved 2008-11-19. {{cite book}}: |author= has generic name (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
Ricardo Hausmann, Laura D. Tyson, Saadia Zahidi, Editors (2007). The Global Gender Gap Report 2007 (PDF). World Economic Forum, Geneva, Switzerland. Retrieved 2008-11-19. {{cite book}}: |author= has generic name (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
Ricardo Hausmann, Laura D. Tyson, Saadia Zahidi, Editors (2006). The Global Gender Gap Report 2006 (PDF). World Economic Forum, Geneva, Switzerland. Retrieved 2008-11-19. {{cite book}}: |author= has generic name (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

[15] Years of report publication. Values may reflect data collected the previous year.

[1] "Global Gender Gap Report 2017". Archived from the original on 2018-05-12. Retrieved 2018-05-11.

[gap2016-2] "Global Gender Gap Report 2017 - Rankings". World Economic Forum. Retrieved 17 November 2017.

[:0-3] Ricardo Hausmann, Harvard University, Laura D. Tyson, University of California, Berkeley, Saadia Zahidi, World Economic Forum, Editors (2009). "The Global Gender Gap Report 2009" (PDF). World Economic Forum, Geneva, Switzerland. p. 4. Archived from the original (PDF) on April 5, 2013. Retrieved 2009-11-02. (...) the Index rewards countries that reach the point where outcomes for women equal those for men, but it neither rewards nor penalizes cases in which women are outperforming men in particular variables {{cite web}}: |author= has generic name (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

[auto-4] 2008 Report, p. 24

[5] 2014 report, page 5

[6] 2008 Report, p. 5

[Construction_of_the_Index-7] The Global Gender Gap Report 2018 (GGGR), p. 5, Construction of the Index, § 2. Data truncation at equality benchmark: As a second step, these ratios are truncated at the "equality benchmark”. For all indicators, except the two health indicators, this equality benchmark is considered to be 1, meaning equal numbers of women and men.
GGGR 2018, p. 42, Country Score Card: … To calculate the Index, all ratios were truncated at the parity benchmark of 1 and thus the highest score possible is 1.

[Calculation_of_weights-8] GGGR 2018, p. 6; Table 2: Calculation of weights within each subin-dex

[9] GGGR 2018, p. 5, Construction of the Index, § 2. Data truncation at equality benchmark: … In the case of sex ratio at birth, the equality benchmark is set at 0.944,
GGGR 2018, p. 42, Country Score Card: … except for the sex ratio at birth (0.944)

[10] GGGR 2018, p. 5, Construction of the Index, § 2. Data trun-cation at equality benchmark: … the case of healthy life expectancy the equality benchmark is set at 1.06.
GGGR 2018, p. 42, Country Score Card: … and the healthy life expectancy (1.06) indicators.

[11] 2016 Report, Page 6

[12] ttp://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_GenderGap_Report_2012.pdf

[ggr13-13] "The Global Gender Gap Report 2013" (PDF). World Economic Forum. pp. 12–13.

[14] "Global Gender Gap Report 2014 - Reports - World Economic Forum". Global Gender Gap Report 2014.

[gggr2015-16] "Global Gender Gap Report 2015 - Rankings". World Economic Forum. Archived from the original on 17 April 2016. Retrieved 28 April 2016.

[GGGR2020-17] "Global Gender Gap Report 2020" (PDF). World Economic Forum. Retrieved 18 December 2019.

[GGGR2021-18] "Global Gender Gap Report 2021" (PDF). World Economic Forum. Retrieved 30 March 2021.

[BP-19] Beneria, L., Permanyer, I.,(2010). The Measurement of Socio-economic Gender Inequality Revisited, Development and Change, 41:3, pp.375-399

[GS-20] Stoet, G. & Geary, D.C. (2019). A simplified approach to measuring national gender inequality, PLOS ONE 14(1): e0205349. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0205349

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