Gliese 1061

Gliese 1061 is a red dwarf star located approximately 12 light-years (3.7 parsecs) from Earth in the southern constellation of Horologium. Even though it is a relatively nearby star, it has an apparent visual magnitude of about 13,[2] so it can only be seen with at least a moderately-sized telescope.

Gliese 1061
Observation data
Epoch J2000      Equinox J2000
Constellation Horologium
Right ascension 03h 35m 59.69s[1]
Declination −44° 30′ 45.3″[1]
Apparent magnitude (V) 13.03[2]
Characteristics
Spectral type M5.5 V[2]
Apparent magnitude (J) 7.52 ± 0.02[3]
U−B color index 1.52[3]
B−V color index 1.90[3]
Astrometry
Radial velocity (Rv)−8 km/s
Proper motion (μ) RA: 750.01[4] mas/yr
Dec.: -349.98[5] mas/yr
Parallax (π)272.1615 ± 0.0316 mas[6]
Distance11.984 ± 0.001 ly
(3.6743 ± 0.0004 pc)
Absolute magnitude (MV)15.26[4]
Details
Mass0.113[5] M☉
Radius0.156±0.005 − 0.19[7] R☉
Luminosity (bolometric)0.0017±0.0001 − 0.003[7] L☉
Luminosity (visual, LV)0.00007[nb 1] L☉
Temperature2953±98 − 2999±41[7] K
Metallicity [Fe/H]−0.09±0.09[8] dex
Rotational velocity (v sin i)≤ 5[9] km/s
Age>7.0±0.5[7] Gyr
Other designations
GJ 1061, LHS 1565, LFT 295, LTT 1702, LP 995-46, L 372-58[3]
Database references
SIMBADdata
Gliese 1061
Location of Gliese 1061 in the constellation Horologium

The proper motion of Gliese 1061 has been known since 1974, but it was estimated to be further away: approximately 25 light-years (7.7 parsecs) distant based upon an estimated parallax of 0.130″. The RECONS accurately determined its distance in 1997. At that time, it was the 20th-nearest star system to the Sun. The discovery team noted that many more stars like this are likely to be discovered nearby.[2]

This star is a tiny, dim, red dwarf, close to the lower mass limit. It has an estimated mass of about 11.3% of the Sun and is only about 0.2% as luminous.[5][7] The star displays no significant infrared excess due to circumstellar dust.[10]

Planetary system
Orbits of the exoplanets in the Gliese 1061 system compared to the HZ. Gliese 1061 b has the innermost orbit, Gliese 1061 c the intermediate one, and Gliese 1061 d the outermost.

On August 13, 2019, a planetary system was announced orbiting the star Gliese 1061 by the Red Dots project of detecting terrestrial planets around nearby red dwarf stars.[7] The planet Gliese 1061 d orbits in the conservative circumstellar habitable zone of its star and the planet Gliese 1061 c orbits in the inner edge of the habitable zone.[7] Gliese 1061 is a non-variable star that does not suffer flares, so there is a greater probability that the exoplanets still conserve their atmosphere if they had one.[11]

The Gliese 1061 planetary system
Companion
(in order from star)		 Mass Semimajor axis
(AU)		 Orbital period
(days)		 Eccentricity Inclination Radius
b 1.38+0.16
−0.15 M🜨		 0.021 ± 0.001 3.204 ± 0.001 < 0.31 — —
c 1.75 ± 0.23 M🜨 0.035 ± 0.001 6.689 ± 0.005 < 0.29 — —
d 1.68+0.25
−0.24 M🜨		 0.054 ± 0.001 13.031+0.025
−0.032		 < 0.53 — —

Gliese 1061 c
Gliese 1061 c
Discovery[7]
Discovered byDreizler et al. 2019[7]
Discovery date13 August 2019
Doppler spectroscopy
Orbital characteristics
0.035 ± 0.001 au
Eccentricity< 0.29
6.689 ± 0.005 d
88+95
−85°
JD 2458300.2+1.9
−1.5
Semi-amplitude2.48+0.28
−0.29 m/s
Physical characteristics
Mass>1.75 ± 0.23

    Gliese 1061 c (also known as GJ 1061 c) is a potentially habitable exoplanet orbiting within the limits of the optimistic defined habitable zone of its red dwarf parent star.[12][13][7]

    Gliese 1061 c is 75% more massive than the Earth.

    The planet receives 35% more stellar flux than Earth and has an equilibrium temperature of 275 K (2 °C; 35 °F).[14] The average temperature on the surface would be warmer, 34 °C (307 K; 93 °F), provided the atmosphere is of similar composition to the Earth's.

    Gliese 1061 c orbits its parent star very closely, every 6.7 days at a distance of just 0.035 au, so it is probably gravitationally locked and in synchronous rotation with its star.

    Gliese 1061 d
    Gliese 1061 d
    Discovery[7]
    Discovered byDreizler et al. 2019[7]
    Discovery date13 August 2019
    Doppler spectroscopy
    Orbital characteristics
    0.052 ± 0.001 au
    Eccentricity<0.54
    13.031 d[15]
    157+88
    −71    °
    Semi-amplitude1.86±0.25 m/s
    Physical characteristics
    Mass>1.68+0.25
    −0.24

      Gliese 1061 d (also known as GJ 1061 d) is a potentially habitable exoplanet largely orbiting within the limits of the conservative defined habitable zone of its parent red dwarf star.[12][16][7]

      The exoplanet is 68% more massive than the Earth.

      The planet receives about 40% less stellar flux than Earth and has an estimated equilibrium temperature of 218 K (−55 °C; −67 °F).[12][7] The average temperature on the surface would be colder than Earth's and at around 250 K (−23 °C; −10 °F), provided the atmosphere is similar to that of Earth.

      Gliese 1061 d orbits its star every 13 days, and due to its close-in semi-major axis, it is likely that the exoplanet is tidally locked.[15] However, if the planet's orbit is confirmed to be highly eccentric then this eccentricity could be desynchronising it, enabling the existence of non-synchronised states of equilibrium in its rotation, relative to which side of the planet is facing the star, and thereby it will experience a day/night cycle.[17]

      See also

      Notes
      1. Taking the absolute visual magnitude of Gliese 1061, , and the absolute visual magnitude of the Sun, , the visual luminosity of Gliese 1061 can therefore be calculated:

      References
      1. Cutri, R. M.; et al. (June 2003). "2MASS All-Sky Catalog of Point Sources". VizieR On-line Data Catalog: II/246. Bibcode:2003yCat.2246....0C.
      2. Henry, Todd J.; et al. (1997). "The solar neighborhood IV: discovery of the twentieth nearest star". The Astronomical Journal. 114: 388–395. Bibcode:1997AJ....114..388H. doi:10.1086/118482.
      3. "LHS 1565". SIMBAD. Centre de données astronomiques de Strasbourg. Retrieved 2008-12-11.
      4. Scholz, R.-D.; et al. (2000). "New high-proper motion survey in the Southern sky". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 353: 958–969. Bibcode:2000A&A...353..958S.
      5. "The One Hundred Nearest Star Systems". RECONS. 2008-01-01. Retrieved 2008-12-11.
      6. Brown, A. G. A.; et al. (Gaia collaboration) (2021). "Gaia Early Data Release 3: Summary of the contents and survey properties". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 649: A1. arXiv:2012.01533. Bibcode:2021A&A...649A...1G. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202039657. S2CID 227254300. Gaia EDR3 record for this source at VizieR.
      7. Dreizler, S.; Jeffers, S. V.; Rodríguez, E.; Zechmeister, M.; Barnes, J.R.; Haswell, C.A.; Coleman, G. A. L.; Lalitha, S.; Hidalgo Soto, D.; Strachan, J.B.P.; Hambsch, F-J.; López-González, M. J.; Morales, N.; Rodríguez López, C.; Berdiñas, Z. M.; Ribas, I.; Pallé, E.; Reiners, Ansgar; Anglada-Escudé, G. (2019-08-13). "Red Dots: A temperate 1.5 Earth-mass planet in a compact multi-terrestrial planet system around GJ1061". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. arXiv:1908.04717. doi:10.1093/mnras/staa248. S2CID 199551874.
      8. Neves, V.; et al. (August 2014). "Metallicity of M dwarfs. IV. A high-precision [Fe/H] and Teff technique from high-resolution optical spectra for M dwarfs". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 568: 22. arXiv:1406.6127. Bibcode:2014A&A...568A.121N. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201424139. S2CID 118619790. A121.
      9. Barnes, J. R.; et al. (April 2014). "Precision radial velocities of 15 M5-M9 dwarfs". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 439 (3): 3094–3113. arXiv:1401.5350. Bibcode:2014MNRAS.439.3094B. doi:10.1093/mnras/stu172. S2CID 16005221.
      10. Avenhaus, H.; et al. (December 2012). "The nearby population of M-dwarfs with WISE: a search for warm circumstellar dust". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 548: 15. arXiv:1209.0678. Bibcode:2012A&A...548A.105A. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201219783. S2CID 56397054. A105.
      11. Starr, Michelle. "Three Rocky Exoplanets Have Been Found Orbiting a Star Just 12 Light-Years Away". ScienceAlert. Retrieved 2020-10-07.
      12. "The Habitable Exoplanets Catalog - Planetary Habitability Laboratory @ UPR Arecibo". phl.upr.edu. Retrieved 2020-03-31.
      13. "Exoplanet-catalog". Exoplanet Exploration: Planets Beyond our Solar System. Retrieved 2020-03-31.
      14. "Trio of Super-Earths Found Orbiting Red Dwarf Gliese 1061 | Astronomy | Sci-News.com". Breaking Science News | Sci-News.com. Retrieved 2020-03-31.
      15. "Exoplanet-catalog". Exoplanet Exploration: Planets Beyond our Solar System. Retrieved 2020-10-07.
      16. "GJ 1061 d". exoplanetarchive.ipac.caltech.edu. Retrieved 2020-10-07.
      17. Auclair-Desrotour, P.; et al. (2019). "Final spin states of eccentric ocean planets". Astronomy & Astrophysics. EDP Sciences. 629: A132. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201935905. ISSN 0004-6361. While the semidiurnal tide drives the body towards the spin-orbit synchronous rotation, eccentricity tides tend to desynchronise it, and thereby enable the existence of non-synchronised states of equilibrium.
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