Foreign relations of Ethiopia

The foreign relations of Ethiopia refers to overall diplomatic relationship of Ethiopia. Tension between Ethiopia, Sudan and Egypt is growing since late 2010s due to failed reach settlement in the Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam project.[1] Egypt and Sudan presumed themselves dependent to Nile river since 1959 treaty. Nile Basin Initiative was signed by six upstream countries in 2010: Ethiopia, Tanzania, Uganda, Kenya, and Rwanda and Burundi despite Egypt and Sudan opposed the treaty. Ethiopia is a strategic partner of Global War on Terrorism and African Growth and Opportunity Act (AGOA).[2] Ethiopia had about 200,000 diaspora as of 2016, and ethnic enclaves in some U.S. states. Former President Barack Obama was the first incumbent to visit Ethiopia in July 2015, while delivering speech in the Africa Union, he highlighted combatting Islamic terrorism. Ethiopian emigrants are in Europe mainly in Italy, Saudi Arabia, United Kingdom, Canada, Sweden and Australia. Ethiopia has Jewish emigrants in Israel totaling about 155,300 as of 2019. They are collectively known as Beta Israel.

Politics of Ethiopia
  • Constitution
  • Presidency
Executive
Legislature
Judiciary
Elections
Administrative divisions
Foreign relations
Related topics
Nations with which Ethiopia has diplomatic relations.

History

Land of Punt

Punt (2500 BCE – 980 BCE) was predominantly a trading centre dominated by Ancient Egypt to Horn of Africa. Trading commodities includes exports of Egypt; one of the most essential was incense, which was mainly used for religious rituals for embalming corpse. Other were ivory, spices, hides and exotic animals that convey route to coast of Ethiopia, thus Ethiopia has been an integral part of Punt. Egyptian expedition to southeastern African region was generally commenced in the second millennium BC, after stabilizing relations with kingdoms of today's Sudan, the Kush, Napata and Meroë.[3]

South Arabia
NASA capture of Arabic description of strait Bab el Mandeb. It is known for passage for South Arabian migration

Some theorists hypothesized Ancient South Arabian people migrated out of Africa to the strait Bab-el-Mandeb when its sea level decreased to current status. When their civilization came to appear from 4th millennium BC, onward Mesopotamia and the Persian Gulf, adaptation of Semitic language was from end of Mediterranean, though they used Canaanite alphabet developed from Syria or Palestine during second millennium BC. Apparently, these languages similarity compared to Hebrew and Phoenician alphabets, even though lacked scholarly consensus. By 500 BC, it was widely spoken such as the Ge'ez language.[4]

Writing system through inscription on stone often detailed historical rival kingdoms in the region, most notability the Saba, Qataban, Himyar, Hadhramaut, Ma'in and others. In 1959, American archeologists collected numerous artifacts and body of inscriptions in the area, belonging to primary sources. The inscription not only detailed about South Arabia, but also the early Ethiopian history associated with Kingdom of Aksum and its rulers.[5]

Kingdom of Aksum
Map of Eastern Hemisphere in the first century featuring trade route of Aksum with the rest powerful states

The Kingdom of Aksum has been a great power in classic Africa; once it has been referenced by Persian prophet Mani in the 3rd century and Greco-Roman trading guide Periplus of the Erythraean Sea in first century. Axum maintained well-defined foreign relations with powerful realms in the era. According to Stuart Munro-Hay witness, the Aksumite had several account of ambassadors that had delegation with neighboring powers. Occasionally, Aksumite contact with foreign powers also attested by archaeological or scarce finds.[6]

Egypt

Aksumite relations with pre-Roman Egypt was ostensibly uncertain. However, it was considered that Aksumite contact were also existed during the fall of Ptolemaic dynasty with Cleopatra death in 30 BC. Few artifacts were uncovered from Egypt such as cippus of Horus given to Bruce, and illustrated by him, and a few amulet figurines of blue faience[7] or cornaline[8] found at various sites of Ethiopia. Other include the double-uraeus, perhaps brought from Meroë.[6]

Another discoveries are an inscription of Ptolemy III copied by Kosmas at Adulis and ankh'-sign engraved on one of the stelae. During King Ezana's reign, he expedited to the Nile after Meroë was entirely sacked. After its successor Noba emerged, it behaved badly to consign Aksumite ambassadors punished with military expedition. An aggressive mistreatment was objected by tribes such as the Mangurto, the Barya, and the Khasa by asking support, either regarded Aksum would an aide of Noba or possibly a suzerain. Ezana's expedition also attacked Kasu, the remnants of Meroitic state. Nuba, Kasu, and Beja were integral to Ezana's kingdom. Meroitic artifacts have been found in Ethiopian location Addi Galamo (Atse Dera) such as bronze bowls, which was brought from Roman Egypt. It was possibly made up of diorite thumb-ring found by the BIEA expedition at Aksum, and corna line amulet of Harpocrates with typical double-uraeus of the Meroites.[6]

South Arabia

Saba, Himyar and Hadhramawit kingdom commonly known as South Arabian states—had special relations with Ethiopia. Culturally, linguistically, and socially, Aksumite civilization completely inspired by those overseas. While Aksumite intervention to states generally uncertain, it was viable to have a military expedition beginning in 3rd century. During the period of GDRT and Adhebah reign, (’DBH), Aksumite commenced a military treaty with Saba and then with Hadhramawit in the first half of third century.[6]

During Adhebah period, Shamir called Himyar prince Dhu-Raydan sent military aid from Aksum. Later, Aksumite king adopted nominally "king of Saba and Himyar", asserting suzerainty. Foreign contact also continued during the fifth and early sixth centuries between the two sides of Red Sea. Byzantine scholar Procopius told the voyage of crossing Red Sea for five days and nights and that "the harbor of the Homeritae from which they are accustomed to putting to sea is called Boulikas", presumably somewhere near Mukha, and " at the end of the sail across the sea they always put in at the harbor of the Adulitae" at the reign of King Kaleb.[9]

Arabian titles were experienced in South Arabia during Kaleb's reign; after his viceroy deposed by Jewish Himyar king Yusuf Asar, Yemen was no longer requisite to Aksum. The event led Aksumite to decline its dominion. An inscription dated to 543 AD mentioned that the new king named Abraha dealing with the restoration of great dam at Marib, and mentioned embassies from various foreign countries such as Aksum, Rome, Persia and various Arab groups. Procopius noted that Abreha was subordinated by Kaleb, a period which unbeknownst to Abreha regaining the kingdom reputations and he received little damage.[10]

Middle Ages
See also: Ethiopian–Adal War and Prester John
"Preste" as the Emperor of Ethiopia, enthroned on a map of East Africa. From an atlas by the Portuguese cartographer Diogo Homem for Queen Mary, c. 1555–1559. (British Library)

Foreign relations in the Middle Ages have impacted by an interaction with Iberian countries—Spain and Portugal—especially the latter had considerable power on internal affairs. Portuguese influence spanned from 1500 to 1672, they had an interest of spreading Jesuit order from 1556 to 1632. According to their narrative effluence, the Portuguese authors underscored their involvement to Ethiopia, but overturned to smoothly decay. Portuguese authors works notably João Bermudez and Miguel de Castanhoso, Diogo do Couto survived to this day.[11] Prester John, a fabulous Christian king, spurred the Portuguese to pursue Ethiopia whose kingdom they equates with Garden of Eden. According to the legend, he was born about 1460 and last seen in 1526. There is also speculation about his age where he lived for fifteen or twenty seven years beyond 1526.

Pero da Covilhã profoundly marched overland into the Ethiopian Highlands about the end of 1492 or beginning of 1493, characterized by conquest and superiority. He sent an information to Lisbon a few years later that contributed Vasco da Gama mobilisation to African southern cap into the Indian Ocean. The Portuguese navy almost dominated the coastline of Eastern Hemisphere.[12]

Flag of Adal Sultanate

By the end of Middle Ages, the Ethiopian Empire (Abyssinia) suffered economic, military, and religious crisis to Adal Sultanate invasion. During its 13 years invasion of the empire, Portuguese expedition forces sent from Goa, India to aid the Ethiopian Army. Portuguese at once glance faced encountered rivalry with Ottoman Empire, who provided logistical support to the Adal Sultanate.[13] The Adals general Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi (Ahmed Gran) ambitioned to confiscate Abyssinian land to be Muslim homeland. al-Ghazi's brag also written: "Praised be God who has conquered the whole of the land of Abyssinia. Now let us send to the land of Sa'd as-Din, to bring up our wives and our children. Let us make our country, or to leave this one."[14]

Post-Zemene Mesafint
The British expeditionary force moving artillery across the Ethiopian Highlands
Tewodros II suicide in 1868, from Théodoros, le Négus Kassa, Empereur d'Éthiopie de 1855 à

Emperor Tewodros II reinstated the imperial power and foreign relations. His connection of Queen Victoria and other European leaders unfavorable when he sent unresponsive letter to the Queen, eventually leading to brief war with the British Empire. The British sent 13,000 soldiers, 26,000 men for logistical support and 40,000 animals including war elephants from India during their expedition, resulting in Tewodros suicide at Magdala in 1868. Not only modernized the empire, but he also paved the way of coherence the succession for subsequent emperors.[15] Ethiopia was briefly isolated from world power in the post-Zemene Mesafint period; Emperor Yohannes IV faced Egyptian invasion as they laid linkage of Suez Canal to Massawa, and opening road between Addi Quala and Gundet used to penetrate the Ethiopian Empire. Yohannes IV on other side was reluctant to improve the road from the Ethiopian Highland to the coast of Red Sea. According to British assistant John Kirkham, he want "preferred to keep his money hoarded up". Likewise, German traveller Gerhard Rohlfs asserted that he want to build churches rather than roads. Road working, on the sides, was completed by Swedish missionaries at Monkulu. British traveller Augustus B. Wylde supposed that Abyssinians were "in fear of foreign invasion" where lastly commented "I suppose they are right".[16]

Wylde noted that the first Ethiopian diaspora took place in mid-1880s, who had been from Massawa to Europe, adapting European trousers. This was strictly outlawed by the Emperor. The empire nonetheless, was surged into modernization by foreign contribution, numerous missionary schools were expanded by Swedish Protestants at Monkulu and the French Lazarist at Keren, the later described by Wylde "a very useful education" with "very well conducted". Ethiopia had received broad European population in the 19th-century: Jean Baraglion of French origin who had lived for over a decade and according to Wylde, he enjoyed monopoly at Adwa. Despite rejoice, Baraglion encountered at least two rivals, a Hungarian named André who made an artificial limbs, and a Greek who have lived to Shewa over several years.[16]

Federal Democratic Republic era
Prime Minister Meles Zenawi with Russian President Vladimir Putin on 3 December 2001
Former US Secretary of State John Kerry with Hailemariam Desalegn in 2014
Prime Minister Abiy Ahmed with Eritrean president Isaias Afwerki meeting on 3 March 2019

The government initiated a project of Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam in 2011. The project met with objection by Egypt and neighboring Sudan, escalated in 2020.[17][18] In 1959, the latter two countries signed treaty to share mutual water rights granted in 1929 by British colonial authority. In 2010, the Nile Basin Initiative was signed by five upstream countries such as Ethiopia, Tanzania, Uganda, Kenya, and Rwanda and Burundi while Egypt and Sudan reject the treaty, citing they would lose significant water portion and their historic rights.[19]

During the Tigray War, Ethiopia was allied to countries such as Turkey,[20] United Arab Emirates[21] and Iran[20] who supplied drones to the Ethiopian government.[15] With involvement of Eritrean Defence Forces (EDF), the US President Joe Biden designated six targets of sanction per Executive Order 14046, which was signed in September 2021.[22]

Africa
Country Formal Relations Began Notes
 Algeria
  • Algeria has an embassy in Addis Ababa.
  • Ethiopia closed its embassy in Algiers in 2021.
 Côte d'Ivoire
  • Côte d'Ivoire has an embassy in Addis Ababa.
  • Ethiopia has an embassy in Abidjan.
 Djibouti See Djibouti–Ethiopia relations

Diplomatic relations between Ethiopia and Djibouti were established in 1984.[23] The border between the two countries is based on the Franco-Ethiopian convention of 20 March 1897, which was later finalized in a protocol dated 16 January 1954 and rendered effective on 28 February of that year.[24] In October 1991, the Ethiopian and Djiboutian governments signed a Treaty of Friendship and Cooperation further solidifying relations. Since 1991, the two countries have signed over 39 protocol agreements.[23]

Djibouti remains a major economic partner of Ethiopia. On 13 April 2002, the two countries signed an agreement concerning the use of the Port of Djibouti and the transit of cargo, which was later ratified by the Ethiopian Federal Parliamentary Assembly on 4 June of the same year.[25] About 70% of the Port of Djibouti's activity consists of imports to and exports from neighboring Ethiopia, which depends on the harbour as its main maritime outlet. The port also serves as an international refueling center and transshipment hub.[26] Additionally, both countries share ownership of the Addis Ababa-Djibouti Railroad.

 EgyptSee Egypt–Ethiopia relations

As two of the oldest independent states in Africa, both countries have an ancient relationship in many forms. The Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church was under the administration of the Coptic Orthodox Church from ancient times until 1959. Ethiopian and Egyptian armies clashed in the early 19th century over control of territory in what is modern Sudan, and Ethiopia's access to the Red Sea. Both countries established formal diplomatic ties in 1927.[27] More recently, because both countries share a special relationship over the Nile basin, both are members of the Nile Basin Initiative. In 2010s, both countries relationship was deteriorated as a result of Ethiopia failed to reach trilateral agreement with Sudan regarding the Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam project advanced.

 Eritrea9 July 2018See Eritrea–Ethiopia relations
  • The boundary between these two countries is based on three treaties between Ethiopia and Italy, in 1900, 1902, and 1908. However no part of the shared boundary was afterwards demarcated.[28]
  • From 1950 until 1993, Eritrea was federated as part of Ethiopia. During much of this period, a number of Eritreans fought for independence from Ethiopia. The federation was ended with an April 1993 plebiscite which approved Eritrea's full independence.
  • Disputes over Eritrea's border alignment led to the Eritrean-Ethiopian War (1998–2000), which was resolved by an independent boundary commission's delimitation decision in 2002. However, demarcation has been delayed, despite intense international intervention, by Ethiopian insistence that the decision ignored "human geography," made technical errors in the delimitation, and determined that certain disputed areas, specifically Badme, fall to Eritrea. Eritrea meanwhile insists on not deviating from the commission's decision. The peacekeepers monitoring the disputed boundary were forced to withdraw in July 2008[29] having considered their remaining options[30] after experiencing serious difficulties in supporting its troops.[31]
  • In July 2018, leaders both countries signed a peace treaty to put a formal end to a state of war between both nations paving the way for greater economic cooperation and improved ties between them.[32]
 Ghana
  • Ethiopia has an embassy in Accra.
  • Ghana has an embassy in Addis Ababa.
 KenyaSee Ethiopia–Kenya relations

Relations between Kenya and Ethiopia date back to the 1954, when the Ethiopian authorities under Haile Selassie I established an honorary consulate general in the British Kenya Colony. In 1961, prior to Kenya's independence, Ethiopia appointed its first ambassador to Kenya, and six years later Kenya opened an embassy in Addis Ababa.[33]

The border between the two countries is based on a treaty signed by Ethiopia and Kenya on 9 June 1970, which determines the present-day boundary, abrogating all previous boundary treaties. This border has been subjected to demarcation.[34]

 Morocco
  • Ethiopia has an embassy in Rabat.
  • Morocco has an embassy in Addis Ababa.
 Namibia

Ethiopia–Namibia relations refers to the current and historical relationship between Ethiopia and Namibia.

During the South African occupation of Namibia, Ethiopia was one of the country's leading proponents abroad; Ethiopia and Liberia were the first two states to bring the question of independence for then South West Africa to the United Nations.[35] Namibia gained independence in 1990. In 2007, the two governments signed an agreement which expanded air travel between the two states.[36] In December 2009, Namibia's Foreign Minister, Marko Hausiku met with Ethiopian Foreign Affairs Minister Seyoum Mesfin and noted the economic, science, technical and cultural agreements in place between the two countries and expressed a desire to improve the trade relations.[37]

  • Ethiopia is accredited to Namibia from its embassy in Pretoria, South Africa.
  • Namibia has an embassy in Addis Ababa.
 Nigeria
  • Ethiopia has an embassy in Abuja.
  • Nigeria has an embassy in Addis Ababa.
 Senegal
  • Ethiopia has an embassy in Dakar.
  • Senegal has an embassy in Addis Ababa.
 SomaliaSee Ethiopia–Somalia relations

Relations between the peoples of Somalia and Ethiopia stretch back to antiquity, to a common origin. The Ethiopian region is one of the proposed homelands of the Horn of Africa's various Afro-Asiatic communities.[38]

During the Middle Ages, Somali Imam Ahmad ibn Ibrihim al-Ghazi (Ahmad Gurey or Gragn) led a Conquest of Abyssinia (Futuh al-Habash), which brought three-quarters of the Christian Ethiopian Empire under the power of the Muslim Adal Sultanate.[39][40] With an army mainly composed of Somalis,[41] Many historians trace the origins of tensions between Somalia and Ethiopia to this war.[42]

In the 1960s and 1970s, a territorial dispute over the Ogaden region led to various armed confrontations between the Somalian and Ethiopian militaries. The tensions culminated in the Ogaden War, which saw the Somali army capture most of the disputed territory by September 1977, before finally being expelled by a coalition of communist forces.

With changes in leadership in the early 1990s brought on by the start of the Somali Civil War and Ethiopian Civil War, respectively, relations between the Somali and Ethiopian authorities entered a new phase of military cooperation against the Islamic Courts Union (ICU) rebel group and its more radical successor Al-Shabaab. In October 2011, a coordinated multinational operation began against Al-Shabaab in southern Somalia; the Ethiopian military eventually joined the Transitional Federal Government-led mission the following month.[43]

The Federal Government of Somalia was later established on 20 August 2012,[44] representing the first permanent central government in the country since the start of the civil war.[44] The following month, Hassan Sheikh Mohamud was elected as the new Somali government's first President, with the Ethiopian authorities welcoming his selection and newly appointed Prime Minister of Ethiopia Hailemariam Desalegn attending Mohamud's inauguration ceremony.[45]

 South Africa See Ethiopia–South Africa relations
  • Ethiopia has an embassy in Pretoria.
  • South Africa has an embassy in Addis Ababa.
 Sudan See Ethiopia–Sudan relations

Alodia and the Kingdom of Makuria had some relations with Ethiopia in Medieval times.

The Ethiopian Empire fought against Mahdist Sudan in the Mahdist War.

Ethiopia and Sudan first established formal relations in 1956.[46] Relations between Ethiopia and Sudan were very good following the end of the Ethiopian Civil War, due to the support that the Sudanese government had given to the Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Democratic Front. However, relations were strained for a time following the 26 June 1995 assassination attempt against Egyptian president Hosni Mubarak as he was leaving the OAU summit meeting in Addis Ababa. The subsequent investigation revealed that Sudan was involved in this act, forcing the Ethiopian government to take a series of steps against Sudan that September, which included closing the Sudanese consulate in Gambela, reducing the number of Sudanese embassy staff, and terminating all Sudan Airways and Ethiopian Airlines flights between the two countries. However the start of the Eritrean-Ethiopian War led to Sudan and Ethiopia put this conflict between them and normalizing their relations by November 1999 when president Omar Hassan al-Bashir made a formal visit to Addis Ababa.[47]

A protocol concerning Ethiopian access to Port Sudan was signed between the two countries 5 March 2000 in Khartoum, and this protocol and its subsequent amendment were ratified by the Ethiopian Federal Parliamentary Assembly on 3 July 2003.[48]

Efforts to demarcate the porous boundary with Sudan were delayed by the Second Sudanese Civil War. In May 2008, residents along the western Ethiopian border reportedly discovered that the government had agreed to demarcate this boundary when Sudanese soldiers forced them out of their homes. It was reported that as many as 2,000 people were displaced in the Gambela Region, and the Sudanese army reportedly set fire to two dozen Ethiopian farms and imprisoned 34 people in the Amhara Region. However, Prime Minister Meles Zenawi publicly denied that any Ethiopians had been displaced by this agreement.[49] Negotiations over this boundary continues, with the twelfth meeting of the Boundary Commission announced 28 December 2009 at Mek'ele, with Ethiopian representatives from the Tigray, Benishangul-Gumuz, Amhara and Gambela Regions, and from the Sudanese side representatives of the Upper Nile, Blue Nile, Sennar and Al Qadarif Administrations.[50]

Despite these border tensions, Sudan remains a major economic partner of Ethiopia. According to the Ethiopian Petroleum Supplier Enterprise (EPSE), Ethiopia in April 2013 imported around $1.12 billion worth of oil from Sudan over the previous six months. In total, about 85% of Ethiopia's yearly oil consumption comes from Sudan via the Port of Djibouti. Ethiopia and Sudan are also in the process of linking their power grids.[51] In 2010s, Sudan—Egypt—Ethiopia joint relations was deteriorated as a result of Ethiopia failed to reach trilateral agreement regarding the Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam project advanced. During Tigray War in 2020, there was undissolved clash between their border, furtherly aggravated their relation.[52]

 Tanzania
  • Ethiopia has an embassy in Dar-es-Salaam.
  • Tanzania has an embassy in Addis Ababa.
 Uganda
  • Ethiopia has an embassy in Kampala.
  • Uganda has an embassy in Addis Ababa.
 Zimbabwe
  • Ethiopia has an embassy in Harare.
  • Zimbabwe has an embassy in Addis Ababa.

Americas
Country Formal Relations Began Notes
 Argentina
  • Argentina has an embassy in Addis Ababa.
  • Ethiopia does not have an accreditation to Argentina.
 Brazil1951 See Brazil–Ethiopia relations
  • Brazil has an embassy in Addis Ababa.
  • Ethiopia has an embassy in Brasília.
 Canada1956 See Canada–Ethiopia relations
 Chile16 October 1945
  • Chile has an embassy in Addis Ababa.
  • Ethiopia does not have an accreditation to Chile
 Cuba18 July 1975 See Cuba–Ethiopia relations
  • Cuba has an embassy in Addis Ababa.
  • Ethiopia has an embassy in Havana.
 Ecuador
  • Ecuador is accredited to Ethiopia from its embassy in Cairo, Egypt.
  • Ethiopia does not have an accreditation to Ecuador.
 Guyana1970

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 13 October 1970.[55]

 Mexico1949 See Ethiopia–Mexico relations
  • During the Second Italo-Ethiopian War, Mexico was one of the member states of the League of Nations to condemn the occupation of Ethiopia and support the League's sanctions against Italy.[56] Since then, relations between the two nations have strengthened.
  • In Addis Ababa, Ethiopia named a square in the capital "Mexico Square." Mexico, in turn, named a metro station in Mexico City called Metro Etiopía.
  • Mexico has an embassy in Addis Ababa.[57]
  • Ethiopia is accredited to Mexico from its embassy in Washington, D.C., United States.[58]
 United States1903 See Ethiopia–United States relations
  • Ethiopia is a strategic partner of the United States in the Global War on Terrorism.
  • U.S. development assistance to Ethiopia is focused on reducing famine vulnerability, hunger, and poverty and emphasizes economic, governance, and social sector policy reforms.
  • Ethiopia has an embassy in Washington, DC and a consulate-general in Los Angeles.[58]
  • United States has an embassy in Addis Ababa.[59]
  • See also: Ethiopian American
 Uruguay
  • Ethiopia does not have an accreditation to Uruguay.
  • Uruguay has an embassy in Addis Ababa.
 Venezuela
  • Ethiopia does not have an accreditation to Venezuela.
  • Venezuela has an embassy in Addis Ababa.

Asia
Country Formal Relations Began Notes
 Armenia1993
  • Both countries established diplomatic relations on 2 December 1993.[60]
  • Armenia has an embassy in Addis Ababa.[61]
  • Ethiopia is accredited to Armenia from its embassy in Moscow, Russia.[60]
  • Both nations have among the oldest Christian communities
 Azerbaijan 2 November 1992[62] See Azerbaijan–Ethiopia relations
  • On November 2, 1992, Azerbaijan and Ethiopia signed a Protocol on the establishment of diplomatic relations.[62]
  • Azerbaijan has an embassy in Addis Ababa.[62]
  • Ethiopia maintains an honorary consulate in Baku, Azerbaijan.[63]
 China1970 See China–Ethiopia relations
 Georgia See Ethiopia–Georgia relations
 India1948 See Ethiopia–India relations
 Indonesia See Ethiopia–Indonesia relations
 Israel1992 See Ethiopia–Israel relations
 Japan1930 See Ethiopia–Japan relations
  • Japan and Ethiopia explored diplomatic and economic relations in the 1930s in response to perceived common interests; however these contacts lapsed with the commencement of the Second Italo-Ethiopian War
  • Relations were reestablished in 1955 and ambassadors exchanged in 1958.[66]
 Malaysia See Ethiopia–Malaysia relations
  • Ethiopia has a consulate-general in Kuala Lumpur,[67] while Malaysia doesn't have any embassy in Ethiopia.
  • Malaysia is one of the major trade partner and also one of the largest investors in Ethiopia.[68][69][70]
 North Korea1975

Both countries established diplomatic relations in 1975.[71]

 Palestine1989

Palestine has an embassy in Addis Ababa.

 Philippines2013

The Philippines and Ethiopia signed their first air agreement in 2014.[72]

 Qatar See Ethiopia–Qatar relations
  • Ethiopia abruptly broke diplomatic ties with Qatar in April 2008, apparently due to statements made by the Al-Jazeera news channel which is based in Qatar.
 South Korea23 December 1963

Between The Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia and The Republic of Korea were established diplomatic relations on 23 December 1963.[73]

  • Infantry men of 6,037 from Ethiopia have participated in the Korean War to help South Korea.
  • The number of South Koreans living in Ethiopia in 2016 were about 460.
  • The Republic of Korea's official development assistance from 1991 to 2014 was about 88.61m USD.
    • The Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia has an embassy in Seoul.[74]
    • Since 1965 South Korea has an embassy in Addis Ababa.[75]
 Turkey1896[76]See also Ethiopia–Turkey relations
  • Ethiopia has an embassy in Ankara.[76]
  • Turkey has an embassy in Addis Ababa.[76]
  • Trade volume between the two countries was US$398.8 million in 2019 (Ethiopian exports/imports: 27.5/378.3 USD).[76]

Europe
Country Date Notes
 Belarus
  • Belarus is accredited to Ethiopia from its embassy in Nairobi, Kenya.
  • Ethiopia is accredited to Belarus from its embassy in Moscow, Russia.
 CyprusSee Cyprus–Ethiopia relations
 Czech Republic
  • Ethiopia is accredited to the Czech Republic from its embassy in Berlin, Germany.
  • Czech Republic has an embassy in Addis Ababa.[77]
 Denmark See Denmark–Ethiopia relations
  • Denmark has an embassy in Addis Ababa.
  • Ethiopia is accredited to Denmark from its embassy in Stockholm, Sweden.
 Finland1959-07-17 See Ethiopia–Finland relations
  • Ethiopia is represented in Finland through its embassy in Stockholm, Sweden.
  • Finland has an embassy in Addis Ababa.[78]
 FranceSee Ethiopia–France relations
  • Ethiopia has an embassy in Paris.
  • France has an embassy in Addis Ababa.
 Germany1905
  • Both countries signed a treaty of friendship in March 1905; a German Legation was opened in Addis Ababa in 1907, and an Ethiopian embassy in Berlin the same year.
  • Germany supported Ethiopia in the Second Italo-Abyssinian War.
  • Ethiopia has an embassy in Berlin.
  • Germany has an embassy in Addis Ababa.
 GreeceSee Ethiopia–Greece relations
  • Ethiopia is accredited to Greece from its embassy in Rome, Italy.
  • Greece has an embassy in Addis Ababa.
 Ireland1994See Ethiopia–Ireland relations
  • Ethiopia has an embassy in Dublin.
  • Since 1994, Ireland has an embassy in Addis Ababa.
 Italy1889 See Ethiopia–Italy relations
  • Italy was one of the first European countries to open diplomatic relations with Ethiopia.
  • Both countries have fought two wars against each other: the First Italo-Ethiopian War and the Second Italo-Ethiopian War
  • Total trade volume between two countries reached 455,928,352.26 Birr in 2011.[79]
  • Italy has an embassy in Addis Ababa.[80]
  • Ethiopia has an embassy in Rome.[81]
 Poland
  • Ethiopia is accredited to Poland from its embassy in Berlin, Germany.
  • Poland has an embassy in Addis Ababa.
 Romania
 Russia1943-4-21 See Ethiopia–Russia relations
  • Russia has an embassy in Addis Ababa.
  • Ethiopia has an embassy in Moscow. The Ethiopian ambassador to Russia is also accredited to Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Moldova, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, and Uzbekistan.
  • The history of this relationship has its origins in the 19th century. Russia supplied the mountain guns the Ethiopian army used in the Battle of Adwa.
  • More recently, the Soviet Union was a major source of military and economic aid under the Derg and during the People's Democratic Republic of Ethiopia.
  • See also Alexander Bulatovich
  • Relations are somewhat unsure owing to Russia's close ties with Ethiopia's neighboring rival, Sudan.
 Serbia1952 See Ethiopia–Serbia relations
  • Serbia has an embassy in Addis Ababa.
  • Ethiopia is accredited Serbia from its embassy in Rome, Italy.
  • Ethiopia is a strong advocate for Serbia on the issue of Kosovo.
  • The first vessel in the Ethiopian Navy was a gift from Yugoslavia.
  • The Serbian embassy is the former villa of Yugoslav President Josip Broz Tito, which was given as a gift by Haile Selassie
  • On 27 January 2012, after traveling to Addis Ababa in order to reaffirm Ethiopia's stance on Kosovo regarding Serbia, Vuk Jeremić and Haile Mariam signed a memorandum of understanding between the two nations' ministries of foreign affairs.[83]
 Spain See Ethiopia–Spain relations
  • Ethiopia is accredited to Spain from its embassy in Paris, France.
  • Spain has an embassy in Addis Ababa.
 SwedenSee Ethiopia–Sweden relations
  • Ethiopia has an embassy in Stockholm.
  • Sweden has an embassy in Addis Ababa.
 Ukraine1993-4-1
  • Ethiopia is accredited to Ukraine from its embassy in Moscow, Russia.
  • Ukraine has an embassy in Addis Ababa.
 United Kingdom
  • Ethiopia has an embassy in London.
  • United Kingdom has an embassy in Addis Ababa.

Oceania
Country Formal Relations Began Notes
 Australia
  • Australia has an embassy in Addis Ababa.
  • Ethiopia has an embassy in Canberra.
 New Zealand
  • Ethiopia is accredited to New Zealand from its embassy in Canberra, Australia.
  • New Zealand has an embassy in Addis Ababa.

See also

References
  1. "Who Owns the Nile? Egypt, Sudan, and Ethiopia's History-Changing Dam". Origins. Retrieved 29 January 2022.
  2. "Ethiopia - Agoa.info - African Growth and Opportunity Act". agoa.info. Retrieved 1 January 2022.
  3. Henze, Paul B. (2000). Layers of Time: A History of Ethiopia. Hurst & Company. ISBN 978-1-85065-522-0.
  4. Henze 2000, p. 19.
  5. Henze 2000, p. 20.
  6. "Foreign Relations – Addis Herald". Addis Herald. Archived from the original on 4 April 2022. Retrieved 4 April 2022.
  7. de Contenson 1997, p. 48, XLIX b and c.
  8. Leclant 1965, p. 86-7.
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Further reading

 This article incorporates public domain material from the CIA World Factbook website https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/.

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