Damanhur

Damanhur (Arabic: دمنهور Damanhūr, IPA: [dɑmɑnˈhuːɾ]; Egyptian: Dmỉ-n-Ḥr.w; Coptic: ⲡϯⲙⲓⲛ̀ϩⲱⲣ Ptīminhōr; pronounced [ptəmənhoːr]; Ancient Greek: Ἑρμοῦ πόλις μικρά Hermopolis Mikra) is a city in Lower Egypt, and the capital of the Beheira Governorate. It is located 160 km (99 mi) northwest of Cairo, and 70 km (43 mi) E.S.E. of Alexandria, in the middle of the western Nile Delta.

This article is about the Egyptian city. For the Italian community, see Federation of Damanhur.

Damanhur
دمنهور
City
Clockwise from top:
Damanhur Opera House, Nasser Mosque, Inside Opera House, Galal Qoraytem square, Damanhur at Night, Damanhur Opera House
Damanhur
Location within Egypt
Coordinates: 31°02′26″N 30°28′12″E
Country Egypt
GovernorateBeheira
Elevation
18 m (59 ft)
Population
 (2011)
 • Total242,700
Time zoneUTC+2 (EET)
Area code(s)(+20) 45

In ancient Egypt, the city was the capital of Lower Egypt's 7th Nome of A-ment. It stood on the banks of a canal which connected the lake Mareotis with the Canopic or most westerly arm of the Nile.[1] The city was dedicated to the Ancient Egyptian god Horus. In Greek and Roman times, it was called Hermopolis Mikra or Hermopolis Parva, which would also give it an association with Hermes, the Egyptian Thoth.[2] As Hermopolis, the city attracted the notice of numerous ancient geographers, including Stephanus of Byzantium s. v., Strabo (xvii. p. 802), Ptolemy (iv. 5. § 46), and the author of the Antonine Itinerary (p. 154). It is a Roman Catholic titular see.

In 1799, the city revolted against the French, who cruelly crushed the rebels, killing 1,500.

In 1986, the population of Damanhur was 188,939. The richly cultivated Beheira province gives rise to mainly agricultural industries which include cotton ginning, potato processing, and date picking. It also has a market for cotton and rice.

Ahmed H. Zewail, who won the Nobel Prize for Chemistry in 1999, was born in Damanhur in 1946.

Etymology
Damanhur Opera House
or

Țemāi en Ḥeru[3]
Egyptian hieroglyphs

Damanhur was known in the ancient Egyptian language as The City of (the god) Horus,[4] on the grounds that it was a center for the worship of this god. It was also known by other names: in the Egyptian texts, "Behdet";[5] in the Greek texts "Hermou Polis Mikra" (the lesser city of Hermes), translated to Latin by the Romans as "Hermopolis Parva"; the name "Obollenoboles" (or Apollonopolis) associated it with the Greek god Apollo, and it was also called "Tel Ballamon". Now it is known by its oldest name, which was rendered in Bohairic Coptic: Ⲡⲓϯⲙⲓⲛ̀ϩⲱⲣ or Ⲡⲧⲓⲙⲉⲛϩⲱⲣ,[6] and thus rendered in Arabic as "Damanhur" following the Islamic conquest.

Climate
See also: Nile Delta § Climate

Being located close to the Nile Delta and the northern coast of Egypt, that give Damanhur a hot desert climate (Köppen: BWh), moderated by blowing winds coming from the Mediterranean Sea, typical to the coast. The city gets average precipitation during winter, and rare rain during other seasons. Hail and frost are not unknown specifically during winter.

Climate data for Damanhur, Egypt
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Average high °C (°F) 18.3
(64.9)		 19.1
(66.4)		 21.7
(71.1)		 25.6
(78.1)		 29.4
(84.9)		 31.2
(88.2)		 32.0
(89.6)		 32.3
(90.1)		 30.8
(87.4)		 29.1
(84.4)		 24.8
(76.6)		 20.3
(68.5)		 26.2
(79.2)
Daily mean °C (°F) 13.0
(55.4)		 13.6
(56.5)		 15.8
(60.4)		 19.0
(66.2)		 22.7
(72.9)		 25.0
(77.0)		 26.2
(79.2)		 26.4
(79.5)		 25.1
(77.2)		 23.2
(73.8)		 19.4
(66.9)		 15.0
(59.0)		 20.4
(68.7)
Average low °C (°F) 7.8
(46.0)		 8.2
(46.8)		 9.9
(49.8)		 12.4
(54.3)		 16.0
(60.8)		 18.9
(66.0)		 20.5
(68.9)		 20.6
(69.1)		 19.4
(66.9)		 17.3
(63.1)		 14.0
(57.2)		 9.7
(49.5)		 14.6
(58.2)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 25
(1.0)		 21
(0.8)		 9
(0.4)		 4
(0.2)		 3
(0.1)		 0
(0)		 0
(0)		 0
(0)		 0
(0)		 5
(0.2)		 13
(0.5)		 22
(0.9)		 102
(4.1)
Source: Climate-Data.org[7]

References
  1. Champollion, L'Egypte, vol. ii. p. 249
  2. "Damanhūr" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 7 (11th ed.). 1911. p. 783.
  3. Wallis Budge, E. A. (1920). An Egyptian hieroglyphic dictionary: with an index of English words, king list and geological list with indexes, list of hieroglyphic characters, coptic and semitic alphabets, etc. Vol II. John Murray. p. 1062.
  4. Peter, Clarke (2004). Encyclopedia of New Religious Movements. Routledge. p. 158. ISBN 9781134499700.
  5. Iskander, Zaky; Badawy, Alexander (1965). Brief History of Ancient Egypt. Madkour Press. p. 22.
  6. Gardiner, Alan (December 1, 1944). "Horus the Beḥdetite". The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology. 30 (1): 23–60. doi:10.1177/030751334403000104. S2CID 192372143.
  7. "Climate: Damanhur - Climate graph, Temperature graph, Climate table". Climate-Data.org. Retrieved 13 August 2013.
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