Comparison of triplestores

This is a comparison of triplestores, also known as subject-predicate-object databases. Some of these database management systems have been built as database engines from scratch, while others have been built on top of existing commercial relational database engines (e.g., SQL-based).[1] Like the early development of online analytical processing (OLAP) databases, this intermediate approach allowed large and powerful database engines to be constructed for little programming effort in the initial phases of triplestore development. Long-term though it seems that native triplestores will have the advantage for performance. A difficulty with implementing triplestores over SQL is that although triples may thus be stored, implementing efficient querying of a graph-based RDF model (e.g., mapping from SPARQL) onto SQL queries is difficult.[2]

Implementations
NameDeveloped in languageLatest VersionLatest Release DateLicence
3storeC3.0.17[3]2006-07-17GNU GPL
AkutanGo??Apache 2
AllegroGraphCommon Lisp7.2.0[4]2021-10-15Proprietary
AnzoGraphC/C++4.1.02019-01-30Proprietary
Apache JenaJava4.3.2[5]2021-12-17Apache 2
Apache RyaJava4.0.1[6]2020-12-22Apache 2
ARC2PHP2.5.1[7]2020-06-19W3C Software License or GPL
AtteanPerl0.030[8]2021-02-06Artistic or GPL-1+
BlazegraphJava2.1.5[9]2019-03-19GNU GPL (v.2)
BrightstarDBC#1.14.0-alpha03[10]2019-08-18MIT
CayleyGo0.7.7[11]2019-10-15Apache 2
CM-WellScala1.5.170[12]2020-03-24Apache 2
ClioPatriaSWI-Prolog, C3.1.1[13]2017-09-06GNU GPL (v.2)
DatomicClojure535-8812[14]2019-10-01Proprietary
DydraCommon Lisp, C++??Proprietary
Enterlab SimpleGraphJava??EPL
gStoreC++0.7.2[15]2018-11-04BSD
Ontotext GraphDBJava9.9.1[16]2021-09-10Proprietary
HalyardJava3.2[17]2019-12-05Apache 2
IBM Db2Java, SQL11.5[18]?
KiWi (Apache Marmotta)Java3.4.0[19]2018-06-12Apache 2
MarkLogicC++10.0-1[20]2019-05Proprietary
MulgaraJava2.1.13[21]2012-01-10OSL, moving to Apache 2
Amazon Neptune?1.0.5.1[22]2021-10-01Proprietary
NitrosBaseC++2.02018-12-3Proprietary
OntoQuad RDF ServerC++??
OpenAnzoJava3.2.0[23]2010-03-11EPL
OpenLink VirtuosoC8.3 (Commercial);[24] 7.2.6 (Open Source)[25]2018-10-22 ; 2021-06-22GPL v2 or Commercial
OracleJava, PL/SQL, SQL21c2020-12-08Commercial
ParliamentJava, C++2.7.13[26]2019-05-07BSD license
Pointrel SystemJava, Python20090201[27]2013-02-21GNU LGPL[28]
Profium SenseJava7.02018-04
RAPPHP0.9.6[29]2008-02-29
RDF::CorePerl0.5.1[30]2007-02-19
RDF::TrinePerl1.019[31]2018-01-05Artistic or GPL-1+
RDF-3XC++0.3.8[32]2013-11-22CC-BY-NC-SA 3.0
Eclipse RDF4JJava3.7.5[33]2022-03-06Eclipse Distribution License (EDL)
RDFBrokerJava?2009-01-14[34]
RDFLibPython6.1.1[35]2021-12-20BSD
RDFoxC++5.5[36]2021-10-26[37]Proprietary
RedlandC1.0.17[38]2014-05-10Apache or LGPL or GPL[39]
RedStoreC0.5.4[40]2011-10-27GNU GPL
Semantics PlatformC#2.0[41]2010-06-17
SemWeb-DotNetC#?2014-08-11[42]
SiDiF - Simple Data Interchange Format - Educational TripleStoreJava0.0.9[43]2018-01-14Apache 2
Smart-M3Python, Java, C, C#0.5.0[44]2017-01-01BSD [45]
SopranoC++2.8.02012-06-27GNU LGPL [46]
StardogJava7.9.0[47]2022-02-23Proprietary
StrixDBC++, Lua94_3[48]2013-04-11
TerminusDB Prolog, Rust, JSON-LD 10.0.13[49] 2021-12-15Apache 2
WukongC++0.2.0[50]2019-11-27Apache 2

Additional implementation facets

The following table is an overview of available triplestores, their technical implementation, support for the SPARQL World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) recommendations, and available application programming interfaces (API).

Solution NameNative storageNative SPARQL supportNative SPARQL/Update supportNative SPARQL Protocol EndpointNative APIs
4storeTriplestoreCommand line only
Akutan????
AllegroGraphGraphFor most modern programming languages
AnzoGraphMPP In-memory TriplestoreFor programming languages that support gRPC bindings.
ARC23rd partyPHP
ARQ3rd partyJava
BrightstarDBGraph data model in Heap file.NET Framework or Web Service
CM-WellApache CassandraJava, Scala,
Corese3rd partyJava
D2R Server3rd partyJava
DydraGraph database in the cloud SaaSREST API
GraphDB by OntotextTriplestore / QuadstoreJava (Jena and RDF4J (Sesame))
HalyardApache HBaseJava
IBM Db2Object-relationalJava
Intellidimension Semantics Platform 2.03rd party.NET Framework
JenaTuple storeJava
KAON23rd partyJava
MarkLogicTriplestore / QuadstoreREST API, SPARQL Endpoint, Graph Protocol Endpoint, Java API, XQuery, Server-side JavaScript, SQL/ODBC
Mulgara3rd partyJava or REST API
OntoBrokerTriplestoreJava
Ontoprelational, 3rd partySPARQL Endpoint
OntoQuad RDF ServerTriplestore / QuadstoreJava, SPARQL Endpoint or REST API
Open Anzo3rd partyJava, JavaScript, .NET Framework
OpenLink VirtuosoHybrid (Relational Tables and Relational Property Graphs)ODBC, JDBC, ADO.NET, OLE DB, XMLA, HTTP, etc., serving most modern programming languages including C, PHP, Perl, Python, Ruby, Java, JavaScript, .NET Framework, etc.
Oracle DBObject-relationalFor most modern programming languages; REST, RDF4J
Parliament3rd partyJava or C++
Pellet3rd partyJava
PointrelTriplestorePython
Profium SenseIn-memory triplestoreJava
RAPIn-memory triplestore or heap filePHP
RDF API for PHP3rd partyPHP
RDF::Query3rd partyPerl
RDF-3XTriplestoreCommand line only
RDFBroker3rd partyJava
Redland, Redstore3rd partyC
SemWeb.NET3rd party.NET Framework
Sesame3rd partyJava
Soprano3rd partyC++
SparkleDBTriplestore / QuadstoreFor most modern programming languages
SPARQL CityTriplestoreCommand Line, Web Interface
SPARQL Engine3rd partyJava
StardogTriplestoreJava, Groovy
StrixDBTriplestoreLua
TerminusDB Graph database RESTful API
Twinql3rd partyLisp
WukongGraphCommand line only

See also

References
  1. US application 003145022, Dingley, Andrew, "Storage and management of semi-structured data", published 003-07-31, assigned to Hewlett-Packard Company, now abandoned. Use of SQL relational databases as an RDF triple store.
  2. Broekstra, Jeen (19 September 2007). "The importance of SPARQL can not be overestimated". Archived from the original on 19 December 2014.
  3. "3store - Browse Files at SourceForge.net".
  4. "AllegroGraph - Download".
  5. "Apache Jena - Apache Jena Releases".
  6. "Rya Downloads".
  7. "Releases · semsol/Arc2". GitHub.
  8. https://metacpan.org/pod/Attean
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  10. "Releases · BrightstarDB/BrightstarDB". GitHub.
  11. "Releases · cayleygraph/Cayley". GitHub.
  12. "Releases · CM-Well/CM-Well". GitHub.
  13. "Releases · ClioPatria/ClioPatria". GitHub.
  14. "Datomic Cloud Releases | Datomic".
  15. "Releases · pkumod/GStore". GitHub.
  16. http://graphdb.ontotext.com/documentation/standard/release-notes.html
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  18. "IBM Docs".
  19. "ASF Git Repos - marmotta.git/Summary".
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  21. "Mulgara Project News".
  22. "Engine Releases for Amazon Neptune - Amazon Neptune".
  23. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2011-10-16. Retrieved 2018-07-22.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  24. "Free Evaluation License Generator".
  25. "Releases · openlink/Virtuoso-opensource". GitHub.
  26. "Releases · SemWebCentral/Parliament". GitHub.
  27. "Pointrel Social Semantic Desktop".
  28. "Smart-M3 download". SourceForge.net. Retrieved 2016-07-17.
  29. "RAP - RDF API for PHP V0.9.6 - Home".
  30. https://metacpan.org/pod/RDF::Core
  31. https://metacpan.org/pod/RDF::Trine
  32. "Google Code Archive - Long-term storage for Google Code Project Hosting".
  33. https://rdf4j.org
  34. http://rdfbroker.opendfki.de/browser/trunk%5B%5D
  35. "Releases · RDFLib/Rdflib". GitHub.
  36. "RDFox, the High Performance Knowledge Graph and Reasoner".
  37. "What's New in RDFox Version 5.4: The Console Update? | Oxford Semantic Technologies | 7 min read | Nov 30, 2021".
  38. "Index of /Source".
  39. Dave Beckett. "Redland librdf RDF API Library - License". Librdf.org. Retrieved 2016-07-17.
  40. "Releases · NJH/Redstore". GitHub.
  41. "Intellidimension - News".
  42. https://github.com/JoshData/semweb-dotnet/commits/master
  43. "GitHub - BITPlan/Org.sidif.triplestore: Simple Data Interchange Format and Triplestore". GitHub.
  44. "Smart-M3".
  45. "Smart-M3 download". SourceForge.net. Retrieved 2016-07-17.
  46. "Soprano download". SourceForge.net. 2013-03-20. Retrieved 2016-07-17.
  47. "Release Notes".
  48. https://sourceforge.net/projects/strixdb/M
  49. terminusdb/terminus-server, TerminusDB, 2022-01-03, retrieved 2022-01-03
  50. "Releases · SJTU-IPADS/Wukong". GitHub.
  51. "Graphd - Freebase". Wiki.freebase.com. 2010-06-10. Archived from the original on 2016-07-22. Retrieved 2016-07-17.
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