Chronicon Pictum

• Mark of Kalt, the author of the Chronicon Pictum.

• The hunt of the miracle stag. A group of dogs hunting, in the foreground a leading figure: Hunor or Magor.

• Attila as the first Hungarian king. Attila is sitting on a throne with a cloak, crown, orb, scepter in a royal ornament.

  In the 401st year of Our Lord’s birth, in the 28th year since the arrival of the Hungarians in Pannonia, according to the custom of the Romans, the Huns, namely the Hungarians exalted Attila as king above themselves, the son of Bendegúz, who was before among the captains. And he made his brother Buda a prince and a judge from the River Tisza to the River Don. Calling himself the King of the Hungarians, the Fear of the World, the Scourge of God: Attila, King of the Huns, Medes, Goths and Danes…

  — Mark of Kalt: Chronicon Pictum[2]

• Attila, the warrior king has a crown on his head, a saber on his right hand, and an orb on his left hand.

• The Huns led by Attila are besieging Aquileia. One Hun warrior carries a lion shield and another one bears a Turul flag.

  Seeing this, King Attila called his soldiers together and said: “Look this, my fellows! This stork has already felt what the future will bring: we will destroy the city, she is already fleeing so as not to be lost there with the citizens. So be more valiant in the battle tomorrow and you will see that the city is lost!” After he could not take the city by any war machine, he now gave orders with Scythian insight and asked one-one saddle from one million of his valiant warriors, he stacked them under a huge pile under the wall, and commanded that the saddles be set on fire: their flames and heat cracked, demolished the walls and towers. Seeing this, all the citizens left the city and fled to an island in the sea, near Aquileia, and determined to stay there forever, and it is called Venice to this day.

  — Mark of Kalt: Chronicon Pictum[3]

• King Attila with a crown, sword, and the Turul bird in his shield.

• Attila is meeting with Pope Leo. The armored Attila is on a white horse with his soldiers, he looks at the figure floating above his head.

• The image shows several scenes at the same time. In the middle, Árpád tastes the water of the Danube from a drinking horn, the Hungarians are shouting the name of God three times, Kusid stands on his left with a drinking pot in his hand. On the left, Svatopluk is sitting on a throne, he receives Kusid, the ambassador of the Hungarians. The kneeling stableman of Kusid holds a white horse with a golden saddle. In the middle from the right, Árpád rides on a white horse with six captains and armored spear fighters. On the right in the foreground, a group of women and children comes from a road. The background of the whole picture is a rocky mountain landscape with castles, shepherds are driving cattles on the rocks.

Előd, Hungarian Chieftain

• Below the main illustration, in the initial “D”, Előd, one of the seven chieftains of the Hungarians holds a spear, relies on a Turul shield. It is not clear from the text whether the leader depicted is Előd or Árpád.

Álmos, Hungarian Chieftain

• Below the main illustration, in the initial “A”, Álmos, Grand Prince of the Hungarians holds a sword, and a Turul shield in his hand. It is not entirely clear whether Álmos or Árpád is the leader depicted.

• Árpád tastes the water of the Danube from a drinking horn, the Hungarians are shouting the name of God three times, Kusid stands on his left with a drinking pot in his hand.

• The seven chieftains of the Hungarians are in armor, and with a princely hat. Árpád, Grand Prince of the Hungarians is in the middle with a sword and Turul shield.

• Pointed, wooded countryside with castles in the background. In the foreground, figures in different garments march to denote different ethnic groups.

• The story of Lehel's Horn. On the left, the emperor is sitting on a bench. In front of him, Lehel is on the right, behind him there are Bulcsú and German soldiers. Lehel strikes the emperor's head with a long golden horn, so its blood drips down his face. According to the chronicle, Lehel was captured after the Battle of Lechfeld in 955, Lehel asked his horn at his last wish, striking the German emperor to death. According to the chronicle, he was Emperor Conrad.

  At that place the famous captains, Lehel and Bulcsú were also captured, and taken in front of the emperor. When the emperor asked, why they are so cruel against the Christians, they replied: "We are the revenge of the highest God, sent to you as a scourge. You shall imprison us and kill us when we cease to chase you." Then the emperor called them: "Choose the type of death you wish." Then Lehel replied: "Bring me my horn, which I will blow, then I will reply." The horn was handed to him, and during the preparation to blow it, he stepped forward of the emperor, and hit the forehead of the emperor so strongly that the horn is broken and the emperor died instantly from this one strike. Then Lehel said to him: "You will walk before me and you will be my servant in the other world!", as it is a common belief within the Scythians, that whoever they killed in their lives will serve them in the other world.

  — Mark of Kalt: Chronicon Pictum[4]

• On the left, a group of Hungarian cavalry soldiers, led by leader Apor on a white horse. In the middle, a duel between Botond and a Greek warrior is in front of the walls of Constantinople. Botond and his horse are blurred. Botond, getting off his horse stabs his sword in the chest of the declining Greek. Emperor Constantine VII and his wife, Helena Lekapene watch mourning the events. In front of the city gate is a fragment of the wall overturned by Botond.

• Géza, Grand Prince of the Hungarians is sitting on a green marble throne, he holds an orb and scepter in the hands. He has the red hat of the leaders on his head.

• On the left, King Saint Stephen is riding on a white horse with a halo, he is accompanied by knights. On the right, a group of soldiers, Vencellin had just beheaded Koppány, Duke of Somogy who revolted against Stephen.

• King Saint Stephen, the young warrior king stands on rocky ground. His armor is covered with Árpád stripes, a red and white striped dress. He holds a royal crown on his head, and around the halo. Saint Stephen holds a flag on his right and a shield on his left, both have the trimount with the double cross coat of arms symbolizing the apostolic king.

• King Saint Stephen captures his uncle, Gyula, the ruler of Transylvania. On the right, front of the rocky-forested mountains, King Saint Stephen is sitting on a white horse with the double cross coat of arms on his chest, and a royal crown and halo on his head. He points with a warning and commanding gesture to the captured and handcuffed Gyula, whose hand is bound by a knight. On the left, knights of Stephen are chasing Gyula's warriors.

  After when Saint Stephen had been deemed worthy, and won the crown of the royal majesty by divine order, he waged a famous and profitable war against his maternal uncle named Gyula, who at that time ruled the entire Transylvanian country with his own power.

  — Mark of Kalt: Chronicon Pictum[5]

• King Saint Stephen is sitting on a green marble throne with a halo around his head, he holds an orb and scepter in the hands.

• King Saint Stephen defeats Duke Kean. He has a halo around his head. His hauberk was decorated with the double cross coat of arms. In the background, Hungarians are chasing fleeing Bulgarian warriors who are wearing oriental clothing.

• The kneeling King Saint Stephen and Queen Gisela hold the scaled-down copy of the church of Peter and Paul of Óbuda as a symbol of the founding of the church. The rocky soil adorned with trees and flowers.

• Battle of Ménfő in 1044, the Germans are on the right side led by Emperor Henry III, the Hungarians on the left side led by King Samuel Aba. A group of Hungarian warriors, the supporters of King Peter leave him. The Hungarian flag with Árpád stripes falls to the ground with the broken rod, while the winning German flag flies high decorated with the German eagle. On the right side of the picture Emperor Henry III gives thanks for victory, on the left a soldier executes King Samuel Aba.

• King Samuel Aba reaches towards the crown, while a soldier stabs his heart.

• Battle of Kerlés in 1068, Prince Ladislaus is fighting a duel with a Cuman warrior. He has a halo around his head. The kidnapped girl has a crown on her head and stands behind the Cuman warrior. In the background, the Hungarians, King Solomon, and Prince Géza are chasing the fleeing Cumans in a rocky mountain landscape.

• Battle of Kerlés in 1068, Prince Ladislaus is fighting a duel with a Cuman warrior. He has a halo around his head. The kidnapped girl has a crown on her head and stands behind the Cuman warrior. In the background, the Hungarians, King Solomon, and Prince Géza are chasing the fleeing Cumans in a rocky mountain landscape.

• The Hungarians seized the Byzantine city in 1072. King Solomon and Prince Géza receive gifts from the locals at Niš.

• Battle of Mogyoród in 1074, the warriors of Prince Géza are on the right side led by Prince Ladislaus, he has a halo around his head. King Solomon leads his warriors on the opposite side. Prince Ladislaus covers Prince Géza, his lance reaches the breastplate of King Solomon.

• King Saint Ladislaus is standing in an ermine-lined cloak, with a sword in his right hand, and an orb in his left hand. Two angels place the crown on his head, which is held by two bishops. The coronation of King Saint Ladislaus was in 1077.

• King Saint Ladislaus is in a full knightly armament, the double cross coat of arms on his chest, and a royal crown and halo on his head. He holds an axe in his right hand, and an orb in his left hand.

• Bishop places the crown on the head of King Coloman, who is depicted as a hunchback in accordance with the tradition preserved in medieval chronicles. The coronation of King Coloman was in 1095.

• King Béla II and his wife Queen Helena are sitting on the throne at the assembly of Arad in 1131. The Queen orders the execution of the magnates who advised the blinding of child Béla II during the rule of King Coloman. On the right, a group of executed and to be executed, behind them a soldier raises his huge sword.