Centrão

In Brazilian politics, Centrão (English: Big Center) refers to a group of political parties that do not have a specific ideological orientation and aim at ensuring proximity to the executive branch in order to guarantee advantages and allow them to distribute privileges through clientelistic networks. Despite its name, the "centrão" is not necessarily a centrist political-ideological spectrum group, but a group of acronyms with a conservative orientation,[1] generally composed of parliamentarians from the "lower clergy"[2] who act according to their own interests, linked to physiological practices.[3][4]

History

The term has its origin in the 1987 Constituent Assembly, being used to designate a group of parties with a center-right profile that united to support then-president José Sarney with the objective of fighting the proposals of Ulysses Guimarães' supporters - accused of being progressive - for the text of the new Constitution. Five parties made up the centrons at that time: PFL, PL, PDS, PDC and PTB, as well as parts of the PMDB. The centrist congressmen managed to change the way the text was approved by negotiating support in exchange for positions and benefits.[5][6] On June 2, 1988, they also managed to approve Sarney's five-year term.[7]

The centrão would gain prominence again with the formation of the "blocão" (big bloc), a group created in 2014 by Eduardo Cunha, then leader of the PMDB, due to the dissatisfaction of the ruling base deputies with President Dilma Rousseff, who paid little attention to political articulation with the parliamentarians.[8] The blocão brought together eight parties (PSC, PP, PROS, PMDB, PTB, PR, and Solidarity), which totaled 242 congressmen (47% of the Chamber).[2] Cunha's influence over this group of deputies would result in his election in first round to the presidency of the Chamber of Deputies in February 2015. The group would become the main political force in the Chamber of Deputies and a grouping for the so-called "BBB Bench".[9]

From then on, the centrão would play a key role in the impeachment of Dilma Rousseff, removed from office in May 2016, and in making important decisions for the Michel Temer government.[9] During the impeachment process the group would count on thirteen parties: PP, PR, PSD, PTB, PRB, PSC, PROS, SD, PEN, PTN, PHS, PSL, and AVANTE; all of them, except the SD, were part of the base of support to the Dilma Rousseff government, and most of them had ministers in the PT governments.[1] In Temer's government, on the other hand, the group would act to block the two criminal charges against the president, avoid a probable removal from office, and approve his reforms through bargaining, such as the distribution of positions and promises of ministries, the release of parliamentary amendments, funds and bills, and other benefits.[10][11]

2018 elections

In the 2018 elections, the PSDB presidential candidate, Geraldo Alckmin, put together a coalition with parties from the Centrão[12] to get more time for electoral propaganda.

After the elections, one of the parties of the Centrão, the MDB (formerly PMDB), had a reduction in the Federal Senate seats. The former president, Eunício Oliveira, came third in Ceará,[13] Senator Edison Lobão, and former Ministers of Mines and Energy,[13] Garibaldi Alves, former Minister of Tourism,[13] and Romero Jucá[14] did not get reelected.[13][15]

In the Chamber of Deputies, with the influence of presidential candidate Jair Bolsonaro, the PSL managed to elect 52 federal deputies, which caused a considerable change in the composition of the Chamber. The MDB, until then the leader of the bloc, lost almost half of its seats compared to the 2014 election (from 66 to 34).[16]

The centrists have reorganized themselves around the figures of congressman and mayor Rodrigo Maia (DEM-RJ), majority leader Aguinaldo Ribeiro (PP-PB), and the leader of the Progressives, congressman Arthur Lira (PP-AL). In June 2020, Arthur published an article in Folha de S.Paulo describing the centrão as a moderating force and a guarantee of institutional predictability and governability.[17]

Due to the significant shrinking of the bench, the PSDB (from 54 to 29) is now part of the group, joining the Democrats.[18]

In May 2019, the Chamber of Deputies banned the use of the name "Centrão" on Chamber radio and TV, as it considered the term pejorative.[19]

References
  1. Chico Marés (2016-05-22). ""Centrão" renasce na Câmara como a maior força do parlamento". Gazeta do Povo (in Brazilian Portuguese). Archived from the original on 2018-09-26.
  2. "O que é o poderoso centrão, que pode definir o sucessor de Cunha". BBC Brasil (in Brazilian Portuguese). 2016-07-13.
  3. "Centrão vive quarta encarnação, agora restrito ao fisiologismo". O Globo (in Brazilian Portuguese). 2018-07-29.
  4. "Entenda a origem e a trajetória do 'Centrão', que hoje apoia Alckmin". CartaCapital (in Brazilian Portuguese). 2018-07-23.
  5. Ricardo Chapola (2018-07-20). "O que quer o chamado centrão em sua investida eleitoral". Nexo Jornal (in Brazilian Portuguese).
  6. "O que é o novo 'Centrão' e por que o grupo é decisivo para Michel Temer". El País (in Brazilian Portuguese). 2016-05-21.
  7. "Centrão deu mandato de 5 anos a Sarney". Folha (in Brazilian Portuguese). 2006-11-09.
  8. "Líderes da base anunciam criação de 'superbloco' para pressionar Dilma". G1 (in Brazilian Portuguese). 2014-02-24.
  9. "Conservador e enrolado com a Justiça, 'centrão' dita rumos na Câmara e pressiona Temer". Gazeta do Povo (in Brazilian Portuguese). 2016-06-17.
  10. "Depois do apoio maciço a Temer, 'Centrão' cobra cargos e faz ameaça". Jornal Nacional (in Brazilian Portuguese). 2017-08-09.
  11. "Temer reinicia barganha em troca de apoio". Opinião & Notícia, 19 de outubro de 2017.
  12. "Centrão formaliza apoio ao tucano Geraldo Alckmin para disputa da Presidência". O Globo (in Brazilian Portuguese).
  13. "Cúpula do Senado não consegue reeleição". Estadão (in Brazilian Portuguese). 2018-10-07. Retrieved 2018-10-08.
  14. "Romero Jucá não consegue se reeleger em Roraima e deixa Senado após 24 anos". Uol (in Brazilian Portuguese). Retrieved 2018-10-08.
  15. "Diminui a bancada do MDB no Senado". senado.leg.br (in Brazilian Portuguese). 2018-10-07.
  16. "Saiba como eram e como ficaram as bancadas na Câmara dos Deputados, partido a partido". G1 (in Brazilian Portuguese). Retrieved 2019-05-22.
  17. Arthur Lira (2020-06-15). "O centrão é uma força moderadora". Folha de S.Paulo (in Brazilian Portuguese). Retrieved 2020-06-20.
  18. "Com Maia de fiador do governo, DEM e PSDB prometem unir o Centrão". Correio Braziliense (in Brazilian Portuguese). 2019-05-05. Retrieved 2019-05-22.
  19. "Câmara dos Deputados proíbe uso do termo 'centrão' na rádio, na TV e na agência da Casa". O Globo (in Brazilian Portuguese).
  • Centrão - Centro de Pesquisa e Documentação de História Contemporânea do Brasil (CPDOC), of FGV
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