Anazzah
Anazzah or Anazah[1] (Arabic: عنزة) is an Arabian tribe in the Arabian Peninsula, Upper Mesopotamia, and the Levant.
| Anazzah | |
|---|---|
| Adnanite | |
 Banner of the Tribe of Annazah | |
| Ethnicity | Arab |
| Nisba | Anazī |
| Location | Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Bahrain, Qatar, Iraq, Syria, Jordan,Turkey, Egypt, Libya, Palestine, Lebanon, and the United Arab Emirates. |
| Descended from | Anazzah ibn Asad Ibn Rabīʿa Ibn Nizar Ibn Ma’ad Ibn Adnan. |
| Parent tribe | Rabīʿa |
| Religion | Sunni Islam |
Genealogy and origins
Anazzah's existence as an autonomous tribal group, like many prominent modern tribes, predates the rise of Islam in the 7th century CE. The classical Arab genealogists placed `Anizzah within the large Rabi`ah branch of Adnanite (North Arabian) tribes, alongside the tribes of Abdul Qays, Bakr ibn Wa'il, and Taghlib. In the genealogical scheme, `Anazzah's eponymous ancestor is a great uncle of all of these.
Two main branches of `Anazzah are recorded by the early Muslim scholars. One branch was nomadic, living in the northern Arabian steppes bordering Syria and Mesopotamia. The other, known as Bani Hizzan, was sedentary, living within the wadis of the district of Al-Yamama in eastern Nejd, just south of their purported cousins, the Bani Hanifa of the Bakr ibn Wa'il, who inhabited modern-day Riyadh. Families tracing their origin to `Annizah through Hizzan still exist in that area today.[2]
The other tribes of Rabi'ah were far more prominent in the events of late pre-Islamic Arabia and the early Islamic era (see Banu Hanifa, Taghlib, and Bakr). According to historians such as Al-Tabari (10th century CE), `Anazzah joined with Bakr ibn Wa'il under an alliance they called "al-Lahazim". Many of these tribes were followers of the Christian faith prior to Islam. Others such as bani Taghlib remained largely Christian even after the Islamic conquest of Mesopotamia and the Levant.
History
`Annazah in Arabia and Syria and Upper Mesopotamia
Annazah tribe joined Ali ibn Abi Talib with four thousand armored fighters in the Battle of Siffin.[3]
According to Abu'l-Hasan Bayhaqi and Ibn Sa'id al-Maghribi, the Anazzah tribe left the city of Ayn al-Tamr and migrated to Khaybar at the end of the 10th century. Ali bin al Mugrab Al Uyuni mentioned the news of the Anazzah tribe fighting to The Jaafar Al-Tayyar family and expelled them from it. With the passage of time, A part of the Anazzah become Urban, while the other part remained on the Nomadic lifestyle.
Annazah became prominent in the Ottoman era, as masters of the oasis towns of northwestern Arabia, particularly Khaybar and Al-'Ula. , the `Annizah levied crops from the inhabitants, and only spent the winter months in the area, while migrating northwards into southern Syria in the summer months, where they collected tribute from the inhabitants of the Hawran region. The tribute was known as khuwwa ("brotherhood"), and in exchange, the tribesmen pledged to protect the farmers from other tribes. Other clans of the tribe spread across the northern Arabian steppes as far north and east as the Euphrates. In the 19th century, the Swiss traveler Burckhardt and the British traveler Doughty visited the tribe in their stronghold of Khaybar and gathered from them many details of Bedouin life.
Sheikh Majwiel bin Nahba Al-Mezrab was from the Al-Mezrab clan of the Annazah tribe, the husband of Mrs. Jane Digby.
One branch of the `Annizah in that area, centered around Al-Jouf and the valley of Wadi Sirhan and extending into Jordan and Syria, became so large and powerful that it practically developed into an independent tribe, known as the Ruwallah. The Ruwallah engaged in battle with other branches of `Annizah, and also became the arch-enemy of the large tribe of Shammar, who inhabited roughly the same area and dominated Nejd in the late 19th century after temporarily deposing the Al Saud. A 19th century oral poetic epic telling the tale of a rivalry between two heroes from Shammar and `Annizah was published in 1992.[4] The Ruwallah were among the tribes that took part in the "Arab Revolt" against the Ottomans in 1916. Another northern branch of `Annizah, the `Amarat, was centered in the deserts of Iraq.
`Annazah in Nejd
The sparse chronicles of Nejd relating to the pre-Wahhabi era relate a process of penetration of the tribe into northern and western Nejd, where they began to claim pastures during the winter months.[5] One 19th-century historian, Hamad Ibn La'bun, a descendant of `Annizah who went by the tribal appellation of "Al-Wa'ili", recorded the story of the settlement of several `Annizi families in Nejd, which he placed in the 14th century CE. In the 15th century, the region of Al-Qassim in northern Nejd was being rapidly settled through migration and the majority of this activity was by members of `Annizah. In the early 18th century the Bedouins of `Annizah are recorded to have reached as far as the gates of Riyadh, killing its ruler in battle. This battle was part of a tribal war in which Riyadh and its neighboring villages took sides.
With the rise of the First Saudi State in the late 18th century, `Annizah were among the tribes that adopted a favorable attitude towards this new power, but took little active part in supporting it militarily, due to their geographical location. The Saud intermarried with their 'Annizah rivals, al Shammar, along with other powerful tribes to solidify their dynasty. Ibn Saud sired dozens of children by his many wives. He had at most four wives at a time, divorcing many times, making sure to marry into many of the noble clans and tribes within his territory, including the chiefs of the Bani Khalid, Ajman, and Shammar tribes, as well as the Al ash-Sheikh.[6]
Anazzah in the 19th Century
Sheikh Mashaan Ibn Hathal was a brave 19th century cavalier, leader, and poet who gained his fame from leading the tribe of Anazzah across the Arabian peninsula and unifying it against the tribe's enemies in the battle of Al Shimasiyah which happened on June 18th, 1825. Sheikh Mashaan died an honourable death in the battle of Al Shimasiyah but nevertheless the Anezis won the battle [7]
20th century
Limited settlement of Bedouin tribesmen in nearby towns and villages has always been an ongoing process in the region. Settled families in `Annizah are to be found not only in Saudi Arabia, where they are most numerous, but also in Kuwait, Jordan, Iraq, Syria, Lebanon, United Arab Emirates, Qatar, Oman, Bahrain, Ahwaz (Iran) and the West Bank, where the village of Anzah near Jenin is reportedly named after the tribe.
The establishment of the modern borders of the Middle East dealt a severe blow to the Bedouin lifestyle of tribes such as `Annizah, which were accustomed to raising their animals over wide areas spanning many modern states. Special arrangements were made in the early 20th century for these tribes, but the vast majority ended up settling within these new states and taking Saudi, Kuwaiti, Iraqi, Lebanese, Syrian, or Jordanian citizenship. These recently settled tribesman are often distinguished from their sedentary cousins by retaining tribal appellations such as al-`Annizi or Al-Ruwaili as their surnames.
Notable people
Among the tribe's members are:
- Al-Qarid Al-Anzi chieftain of the Rabi`ah tribes before Islam
- Rabi` ibn Al-Afkal a leader in the time of the Rashidun Caliphate, and the conqueror of the city of Tikrit
- Matar ibn Hilal Al-Anzi a companion of Muhammad
- Yahya ibn ʿUmar Al-Anezī was a Vizier and military leader of the Abbasid Caliphate[8]
- Harith al-Muhasibi founder of the Baghdad School of Islamic philosophy
- Abu al-Atahiya Classical poet
- Abu Saeed bin Al-Arabi Sufi and Imam of the Great Mosque of Mecca in the 10th century AD
- Hamad Ibn La'bun a historian who lived in the late 18th and early 19th centuries
- Mohammed Salem Al-Anzi Qatari football player
- Safaq Al-Anzi Saudi Professional Shooter
- Abdulaziz al-Tuwaijri Saudi politician
- Abdul-Rahman Al-Sudais Imam of the Great Mosque of Mecca at the present time
Notable Families
- Al-Hathal : the sheikhs of the sheikhs of Anazzah, they descend from The Al-Hblan branch of Annazah. In the eleventh century AH/17th century CE, their grandfather Hathal Ibn Adenan led the Tribes of Annazah. Hathal Ibn Adenan was given the title of (Sheikh Al-Shuyoukh) by the Sheriff of Makkah, Saad Ibn Zeid (1666-1705).
Several stories about the way Hathal obtained the Sheikhdom were told, however Ibn Abar a notable Anezi Historian believes that history tells us that Hathal came to power when Makkah's Sharif was unable to collect the zakat of one of the tribes near Makkah and was disturbed about it, here Sheikh Hathal emerged and pledged to the sheriff to bring him the zakat of this tribe, and in fact this was done for him, and from here he was appointed as a general sheikh of the tribe of Annazah and was given the seal and the bundle of Sheikhdom. Ibn Abar quoted on this saying :
"It is for the benefit of this narration that it is told from various perspectives with agreement and consensus on the cause and content, and it is for the purpose of collecting zakat from this tribe and bringing it to the Sharif, and we have the right to ask why sheikh Hathal pledged to carry out this mission. Did Sheikh Hathal have a personal contact with the Sharif, or did he have knowledge and connections with him? Was he the one who offered this service on his own initiative, or was it something that was brought to his attention? Why was the actual version of this story not kept in the same way over and over again? There are a lot of unanswered questions and mysterious occurrences around the circumstances of this case that we don't know about! There is no doubt, however, that the man was of enormous importance and presence among the people of his tribe, and that he was not an average person at the time, and that something like this prompted him to assume the Sheikhdom of this vast, great, and ancient tribe."
Hathal had two sons who were both considered Sheikhs : Sheikh Abdullah Ibn Hathal, and Sheikh Mndeel Al-Shuja' Or Mndeel the Brave. Their progeny are still regarded to be the Sheikhs of Annazah and are still given the honorary title of the Sheikhs of Shuyoukh of Annazah.
- Al-Awaji : sheikh of the tribe of Walad Suleiman,
- Al-Aida : sheikh of the tribe of Walad Ali,
- Al-Qaqa’a : sheikh of al-Qa’qa’ah from al-Rawla,
- Ibn Mujlad : sheikh of Al-Dahamisha,
- Al-Rafdi : Sheikh of Al-Salqa,
- Ibn Bakr : Sheikh of Al-Suwaylmat from Al-Dahamsheh,
- Ibn Dhbayan : Sheikh of Al-Mehlef of Al-Dahamsheh,
- Al-Taiyar : from the sheikhs of Walad Ali,
- Ibn Ghabin : Sheikh of Dana Kahil from Al-Fadaan,
- Ibn Muhaid : Sheikh of Al-Fadaan,
- Ibn Quaishish : Sheikh of Al-Kharsa and currently is also the sheikh of Dana Majid from Al-Fadaan,
- Ibn Huraymis : Sheikh Al-Aqaqrah from Al-Fadaan,
- Ibn Murshid : Sheikh of Sbaee,
- Ibn Hudayb : Sheikh of Al-Abedah from Sba’ah,
- Ibn Aida : Sheikh of Al-Rasaleen from Sba’ah,
- Al Mana : From the Sheikhs of Al-Mehlef
- Ibn Shaalan : the sheikh of Al-Rawla,
- Ibn Melhem : the Sheikh of Al-Manabaha,
- Ibn Swailem : from the Sheikhs of Walad Suleiman,
- Al-Faqeer : the Sheikh of Al-Faqara from Al-Manabha,
- Ibn Ya’ish : the Sheikh of Al-Masalikh from Al-Manabha,
- Ibn Dhwehr : from the sheikhs of Walad Suleiman,
- Ibn Ma’jil : the Sheikh of Al-Ashaja’ah from Al-Mehlef,
- Ibn Jandal : Sheikh Al-Sawalmeh from Al-Mehlef,
- Ibn Majid : the sheikh of Al-Abadla, from the Mehlef,
- Ibn Khael : the sheikh of the Tawala’, from the Walad Ali,
- Al-Murtaed : the sheikh of Al-Yemnah, from the Walad of Sulayman,
- Ibn Nasir : the sheikh of al-Mr’ad, from al-Rawla.
References
- J. E. Peterson Historical Dictionary of Saudi Arabia, P. 68. ISBN 9781538119808.
- Hamad Al-Jassir, "Hizzan", Compendium of the Lineages of the Settled Families of Nejd, pt. II, p. 889 (Arabic)
- Ibn Asakir, History of Damascus, p. 207
- The social context of pre-Islamic poetry: poetic imagery
- U.M. Al-Juhany, Najd before the Salafi Reform Movement, Ithaca Press, 2002
- "Role of Ikhwan in Early Saudi State"
- "The title of glory in the history of Najd" pages 26-30
- Book of the Zanj
Further reading
- De Gaury, Gerald. Review of the 'Anizah Tribe. Kutub. ISBN 9953-417-97-0.
- Robinson, E.; Smith, E. (1841). Biblical Researches in Palestine, Mount Sinai and Arabia Petraea: A Journal of Travels in the year 1838. Vol. 2. Boston: Crocker & Brewster. (p. 584 ff)
These prefixes ignored in the alphabetical ordering: Al, Bani, Banu. | |
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Part of Arab tribes |
