Alexander Dennis Enviro400 MMC

The Alexander Dennis Enviro400 MMC is a low-floor double-decker bus produced by the British bus manufacturer Alexander Dennis since 2014, replacing the Alexander Dennis Enviro400. The Enviro400 MMC is produced at Alexander Dennis' Falkirk and Scarborough factories in the United Kingdom.

Alexander Dennis Enviro400 MMC
A Unibus Enviro400 MMC seen in July 2019
Overview
ManufacturerAlexander Dennis
Production2014–present
Body and chassis
DoorsSingle or dual door
Floor typeLow floor
ChassisAlexander Dennis Enviro400 MMC
Scania N250UD
Scania N280UD
Volvo B5LH
Volvo B5TL
Volvo B8L
Powertrain
EngineCummins ISBe (Enviro400 MMC)
Scania DC09 (Scania N2x0UD)
Volvo D5K (Volvo B5LH/TL)
Volvo D8K (Volvo B8L)
Electric motor2 x BYD 150kW in-wheel
Capacity64–100 seated
Power output250 hp (190 kW) [1]
240hp - Volvo B5TL
350hp - Volvo B8L
250/280hp - Scania DC09
TransmissionVoith or ZF
Battery320 kWh lithium iron phosphate
Range303 kilometres (188 mi)
Dimensions
Length10.3 m (33 ft 10 in) to
13.4 m (44 ft 0 in)
Width2.55 m (8 ft 4 in)
Height4.2 m (13 ft 9 in) to
4.3 m (14 ft 1 in)
Curb weight11 tonnes (10.8 long tons; 12.1 short tons)
Chronology
PredecessorAlexander Dennis Enviro400

The Enviro400 MMC is available as a complete integral bus – including an alternative styling, the Enviro400 City – or as a bus bodywork on Scania and Volvo chassis. A tri-axle variant, known as the Enviro400 XLB, is also produced. The Enviro400 MMC is available powered by either Euro VI diesel, compressed natural gas (CNG), hybrid-electric or fully-electric powertrains.

Introduction

The Enviro400 MMC can trace its design roots back to 1997, with the introduction of the Dennis Trident 2, one of the first low-floor double-decker buses to enter service. The model saw immense success at the turn of the millennium, despite financial difficulties facing Dennis Specialist Vehicles during this period. As a result of these, production of the Trident 2 passed first to TransBus International in 2001 and then to Alexander Dennis in 2004.

Alexander Dennis updated the basic Trident 2 chassis to launch the Alexander Dennis Enviro400 in 2005 – the basic chassis of which was initially still badged internally as a Trident. A second-generation Enviro400 was launched in 2009, with facelifted styling and updated chassis design which finally dropped the Trident moniker. The second-generation Enviro400 was overhauled again to create the Enviro400 MMC, which was launched as the classic model's eventual replacement in 2014. Production of the Enviro400 ceased in 2018.

Core body designs

Enviro400 MMC
An Enviro400 MMC operated by Stagecoach South West
An Enviro400 MMC operated by National Express West Midlands

The Enviro400 MMC (Major Model Change) was unveiled by Alexander Dennis on 1 May 2014 as the successor to the Enviro400. Compared to the Enviro400, changes included a complete body redesign with new front and rear ends and Euro VI engines as standard. The Oxford Bus Company were among the first operators to purchase the Enviro400 MMC, followed by the Go-Ahead Group the Stagecoach Group and Reading Buses.[2][3]

The Stagecoach Group, the founders of which were shareholders of Alexander Dennis until 2019,[4] operate a large number of Enviro400 MMCs across the group's operations in England, Wales and Scotland. Outside London, some of the largest fleets are in service with their Manchester and Merseyside and South Lancashire subsidiaries.[5][6][7] Most have been delivered to the company's standard single-door specification, but there have been some exceptions: at Stagecoach East Midlands, six Enviro400 MMCs entered service on Lincolnshire InterConnect cross-county services in November 2017 in a purple variation of the standard Stagecoach livery,[8] while fourteen Enviro400 MMCs entered service at Mansfield and Workshop depots between 2018 and 2020 for the Nottingham to Chesterfield 'Pronto' service.[9][10] Stagecoach East introduced 22 dual-door Enviro400 MMCs painted in colour-coded liveries to Cambridge's park & ride network in 2017,[11][12] while Stagecoach Bluebird introduced eight branded Enviro400 MMCs equipped with luggage racks to its 'JET 727' service to Aberdeen Airport.[13] Enviro400 MMCs for Stagecoach Gold services began to be delivered from 2016 onwards; examples have entered service with Stagecoach South, Stagecoach Yorkshire, Stagecoach West and Stagecoach Merseyside & South Lancashire.[14][15][16][7]

National Express West Midlands (NXWM) also operate a large number of Enviro400 MMCs, mainly for its high-specification Platinum network. Deliveries of the first batches of these buses began in 2015 with deliveries of over one hundred of the type for services in Birmingham. 58 of these were delivered with Platinum branding, with the remaining order being delivered in the company's standard 'crimson' livery.[17][18][19] A further 96 Platinum Enviro400 MMCs were purchased in 2016 for services in the Black Country,[20][21] 38 more were delivered throughout December 2017 for services in Harborne,[22] and 72 more were delivered in 2018 for the 9, 50, X10 and X70 services.[23] Enviro400 MMCs were also purchased for services with sister companies National Express Coventry[24] and Xplore Dundee.[25][26] Orders of the diesel Enviro400 MMC ceased in 2020 after the National Express Group pledged to stop buying diesel buses for its West Midlands and Coventry operations.[27]

The Enviro400 MMC has also received orders from the FirstGroup. First Scotland East received 19 Enviro400 MMCs in 2016 for services in West Lothian,[28] and a total of 96 Enviro400 MMCs were delivered to First Glasgow by 2019.[29] Enviro400 MMCs have also entered service with First West of England, primarily for its Bristol operation,[30] First West Yorkshire, who had eight high-specification Enviro400 MMCs delivered for the Wharfedale Connection X84 service between Leeds and Skipton,[31] and with First Kernow, where 51 Enviro400 MMCs entered service on the company's branded services.[32][33] 16 Enviro400 MMCs were delivered to Go Cornwall Bus in 2020 following the subsequent tendering of the Cornwall County Council's entire bus network to the Go-Ahead Group.[34]

Arriva UK Bus also operate Enviro400 MMCs. Arriva Midlands introduced 35 of the type for services in Leicester in 2016,[35][36] while 18 were delivered to Arriva Southend that same year.[37] In 2017, Arriva North East introduced 12 Enviro400 MMCs, delivered to newly redesigned Arriva Sapphire specification for services to Newcastle upon Tyne and Ashington,[38] and Arriva Yorkshire placed 50 Enviro400 MMCs into service at their Castleford and Heckmondwike depots, with thirteen delivered to Sapphire specification for Leeds to Dewsbury and Halifax services 254 and 255[39] and the remaining 37 delivered in the new standard fleet livery.[40][41][42]

East Yorkshire and parent company Go North East placed fourteen Enviro400 MMCs with high-specification interiors into service in November 2019 for services in and around Kingston upon Hull and Newcastle upon Tyne.[43][44] More Enviro400 MMCs were delivered to both companies in 2020; Go North East took on eleven Enviro400 MMCs in two batches for a pair of flagship X-Lines express routes,[45][46][47] while eight Enviro400 MMCs built to similar specification were delivered to East Yorkshire in August 2020 for use on flagship EastRider services X46 and 45 serving Hull, Bridlington and York.[48][49]

Transdev Blazefield ordered a batch of Enviro 400 MMCs for two of their flagship services in December 2020. Built to Transdev's own "Sky Class" specification, fourteen were allocated to the Witchway X43 between Burnley and Manchester, with next stop announcements on these buses voiced by Coronation Street actress Jennie McAlpine.[50] The remaining five of the new vehicles were allocated to the CityZap express route between Leeds and York, featuring next stop announcements voiced by BBC Yorkshire and Lincolnshire weather forecaster Paul Hudson.[51]

In 2016, Bluestar took delivery of 10 Enviro400 MMCs, primarily for use on the Bluestar 1 between Southampton and Winchester. One of these Enviro400 MMCs was fitted with an experimental air cleaning system in 2018.[52] A further 5 Enviro400 MMCs were also delivered between 2019 and 2020.[53] Bluestar also took delivery of 32 Enviro400 MMCs for their Unilink operation in 2018, which allowed displacement of buses to Bluestar in order to replace the older buses in their fleet.[54]

Other operators of conventional Enviro400 MMCs include Cardiff Bus, who had ten of the type delivered in 2015,[55] Southern Vectis, who took delivery of 16 Enviro400 MMCs to launch alongside its new ticket machines in 2017,[56] Yellow Buses, who took delivery of six in 2017,[57][58] and Borders Buses, who took three of the type which were fitted with lower deck bicycle carriers in 2019.[59]

Enviro400 City

In late 2015, Alexander Dennis launched the Enviro400 City, a premium model of the Enviro400 MMC, featuring restyled front and rear ends to match the single-decker Enviro200 MMC and a glass staircase as standard amongst other features, designed to compete with the New Routemaster and Wright SRM designs in the London bus market.[60][61][62] The first production examples, built with hybrid powertrains, entered service with Arriva London on route 78; a repeat order in 2016 would later see this fleet grow to a total of 53 Enviro400 Cities.[63]

Blackpool Transport became the first operator outside London to order the Enviro400 City in January 2016, with the new buses upgrading the operator's 9 service to high-specification 'Palladium' standard.[64][65] Other orders were delivered to Uno of Hertfordshire in 2017, branded for The Comet routes 613 and 644;[66] Arriva Buses Wales, with 13 Cities also delivered in 2017 for Arriva Sapphire services in Wrexham;[67] Bluestar, who had 20 Enviro400 Cities delivered in 2018 for their 18 service,[68] and First Glasgow, who had ten Enviro400 Cities delivered for their express service to Glasgow Airport in 2019.[69]

Enviro400 XLB
Enviro400XLB operated by Lothian Buses on Airlink

The tri-axle Enviro400 XLB was launched in 2019, providing an equivalent option to the Enviro500 for the United Kingdom market. The Enviro400 XLB features essentially the same body style as the standard Enviro400 MMC, but stretched over three axles and fitted onto Volvo B8L chassis. Lothian Buses were the launch customer for the Enviro400 XLB, with an initial order of 42 vehicles for inner city core routes.[70]

Twelve Enviro400 XLBs equipped with guide wheels entered service with Stagecoach East on the Cambridgeshire Busway in early 2020.[71][72][73]

Powertrain variants

Enviro400H/ER
Arriva London Enviro400H City on route 78 in Shoreditch in December 2015
Enviro400 ER operated by Dublin Bus on contract to TFI

The Enviro400H hybrid electric platform developed by Alexander Dennis and BAE Systems was carried over from the previous Enviro400, and the first examples of the type began to enter service in 2015. The Enviro400H was initially launched with the MMC-style body, although the City-style body was also made available from late 2015; the City was first unveiled at the UK Bus & Coach Expo at the National Exhibition Centre, Birmingham in September 2015.[74] Ultracapacitors were introduced to the range in 2018 to increase the electric range and remove the need for mid-life battery replacement.[75]

In London, Metroline were the first Transport for London operator to order Enviro400 MMCs, ordering 16 of the type on the Enviro400H chassis in 2014 for service on route 332. They were, however, beaten into service by Abellio London in January 2015, whose 45 Enviro400Hs became the first Enviro400 MMCs to enter service in London on routes 109, 350 and 415.[76][77] Vast numbers of Enviro400Hs with MMC bodywork have since entered service with Stagecoach London, Go-Ahead London,[78][79] Abellio London[80] and Arriva London.[81]

Three Enviro400H MMCs were delivered to Dublin Bus in 2019 as part of a nine-vehicle evaluation of hybrid buses.[82] These would be followed by a 600-bus order from Transport for Ireland for the Enviro400 ER, the successor to the Enviro400H which was launched in 2019.[83] Delivery of the first 100 Enviro400 ERs commenced in late 2020; all are to be supplied with City bodies.[84][85]

Brighton & Hove are also an operator of Enviro400 ERs, taking 54 with MMC bodies in two batches between 2019 and 2020. These are geofenced to operate in electric mode when entering Brighton city centre's Ultra Low Emissions Zone (ULEZ).[86]

Enviro400 CNG/FCEV

The Enviro400 CNG was launched in 2016 at the Euro Bus Expo, built on the Scania N280UD compressed natural gas-powered chassis.[87] The Enviro400 CNG was only available with the City body, although some earlier models were delivered with MMC bodies.[88]

Nottingham City Transport have been the largest customer for the Enviro400 CNG, taking delivery of 120 examples between 2017 and 2019 as part of a major fleet renewal programme, making Nottingham City Transport the largest operator of double-decker biogas buses in the world.[89][90] 22 Enviro400 CNGs with both MMC and City bodies also entered service with Reading Buses between 2016 and 2018.[88][91]

First West of England initially ordered a Enviro400 CNG for services in Bristol in 2017,[92] which was later followed by an order for 21 Enviro400 CNGs for service on Bristol Metrobus pink line m1. Due to First's Bristol depots being unable to support the route, the buses were subcontracted out to CT Plus Bristol.[93] A further 77 Enviro400 CNGs entered service with First West of England in early 2020.[94]

Alexander Dennis introduced the Enviro400 FCEV as a successor to the Enviro400 CNG in 2021. Twenty Enviro400 FCEVs have been ordered for the Liverpool City Region for use by both Stagecoach Merseyside and South Lancashire and Arriva Merseyside. The buses will be the first to be branded for Liverpool's new MetroBus network and are planned to initially operate on the city's busiest route connecting Liverpool with St Helens.[95][96]

Enviro400 EV
National Express West Midlands Enviro400 EV on Route 6 to Solihull, in Birmingham in July 2020
Tower Transit Enviro400 Virtual Electric on route 69 at Canning Town station in December 2015

In 2018, Alexander Dennis launched the Enviro400 EV battery electric bus in partnership with BYD Auto. It is the second battery electric bus model from Alexander Dennis, following 2016's launch of the Enviro200 EV, also in partnership with BYD. Initially, the first 10.9 metre variants first entered service with TfL operator Metroline on route 43 in 2019,[97][98][99] followed by a shorter 10.3 metre variant launched in 2021.[100][101]

A number of Enviro400 EVs have entered service with TfL operators across London. Customers include Go-Ahead London,[102] Metroline, RATP Dev Transit London,[103] Stagecoach London and Abellio London. Ten of Stagecoach London's Enviro400 EVs were used to shuttle delegates and world leaders at the 2021 United Nations Climate Change Conference in Glasgow prior to entering London service,[104][105][106] while a batch of Abellio Enviro400 EVs operating on route 63 were delivered with enhanced interiors specified under TfL's Future Bus project.[107][108][109]

Stagecoach Manchester ordered 32 Enviro400 EVs, which were delivered in early 2020,[110][111] while Stagecoach in Cambridge received two, which entered service in February 2020 on the Cambridge Citi 6 route.[112] 22 Enviro400 EVs were also delivered to Stagecoach Bluebird for service in Aberdeen in April 2022.[113][114]

National Express West Midlands ordered 29 Enviro400 EVs, with the first 19 entering service in Birmingham in July 2020 and an additional 10 arriving at Coventry later in the year.[115] National Express Coventry are due to receive 130 Enviro400 EVs in early 2023 as part of Coventry's plans to have the first all-electric bus fleet in a UK city.[116]

First Leeds ordered five Enviro400 EVs for the Stourton Park & Ride, which entered service with the opening of the site in mid-2021,[117] while First Glasgow also ordered 91 Enviro400 EVs alongside 22 Enviro200 EVs in 2021. Delivery of the first batches of these buses began following the COP26 conference.[118] Four Enviro400 EVs were delivered to Lothian Buses in March 2021 with branding advertising Scottish Power, who helped to fund Lothian's order for the buses,[119] and 12 Enviro400EVs were delivered to Xplore Dundee, entering service in early 2022.[120][121]

Prior to the launch of the Enviro400 EV, the Enviro400 Virtual Electric drivetrain was developed by Alexander Dennis. 100kWh charging plates mounted into the road at bus termini and range extenders allowed for a range of 12 to 14 hours of service a day. Only five Enviro400 Virtual Electrics were produced, with Tower Transit taking three and the remaining two entering service with First West of England in Bristol.[122][123]

Scania Enviro400 MMC

Enviro400 MMC and Enviro400 City bodies are also offered on the Scania N250UD chassis. These are notable for having no rear lower deck window; this is due to the mounting of the radiator above the engine.

Orders for Scanias with Enviro400 MMC bodies have been received from the Stagecoach Group. Eleven were delivered to Stagecoach Merseyside & South Lancashire in 2017 for long-distance services between Liverpool and Preston,[124] while 21 Scania Enviro400 MMCs, the first buses delivered new in Stagecoach's revised 'Long Distance' livery, were delivered to Stagecoach West in 2021 for services in Gloucester.[125] Enviro400 MMC-bodied Scanias also entered service with Stagecoach South East and Stagecoach East, with four delivered to the latter with guide wheels for the Cambridgeshire Busway.[126][127]

Nineteen Scania N250UDs with Enviro400 City bodies were delivered to First Eastern Counties for their flagship 'Excel' services in 2020, featuring high-specification interiors, next stop announcements and camera mirrors.[128] Seven Scania N250UDs with Enviro400 MMC bodies were also introduced to First Essex in 2020 to upgrade Airlink services connecting both Southend and Stansted airports to double-deck operation.[129] First West of England also operate a number of diesel Scania Enviro400 MMCs around Bristol,[130] with 12 of these Scanias delivered in 2018 upgrading services connecting the city and Bristol Airport to double-deck operation.[131]

Volvo Enviro400 MMC
Stagecoach London Enviro400 MMC-bodied Volvo B5LH in Greenwich

A number of Enviro400 MMCs have been built on Volvo's hybrid electric B5LH and conventional diesel B5TL chassis.

The first 13 Enviro400 MMCs bodied on the Volvo B5LH chassis were delivered to Stagecoach Strathtay in 2015, who uniquely employed conductors aboard the buses allocated to the 'Tayway 73' service.[132] Further orders for Enviro400 MMCs on the B5LH chassis in 2015 were taken by Stagecoach London, who had 40 B5LHs delivered in two batches,[133][134] and Go-Ahead London, who took on 16 B5LHs.[135]

See also

References
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