Acipenseriformes

Acipenseriformes; Temporal range:
	Atlantic sturgeon, Acipenser oxyrhynchus
	American paddlefish, Polyodon spathula
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Actinopterygii
Subclass:	Chondrostei
Order:	Acipenseriformes; L. S. Berg, 1940
Type species
	Acipenser sturio; Linnaeus, 1758
Families
	Acipenseridae—sturgeons; Polyodontidae—paddlefishes; †Chondrosteidae; †Errolichthyidae?; †Peipiaosteidae;

Acipenseriformes /æsɪˈpɛnsərɪfɔːrmiːz/ is an order of basal[1] ray-finned fishes that includes living and fossil sturgeons and paddlefishes (Acipenseroidei), as well as the extinct families Chondrosteidae and Peipiaosteidae, and the more basal Eochondrosteus.[2][3][4]

Fossil of the †chondrosteid †Strongylosteus hindenburgi, Tübingen

Fossil of the †peipiaosteid †Yanosteus longidorsalis, MHNT

The living polyodontid Polyodon spathula (American paddlefish)

The living acipenserid Acipenser ruthenus (sterlet)

The living acipenserid Pseudoscaphirhynchus kaufmanni (false shovelnose sturgeon)

Characteristics

Notable characteristics of Acipenseriformes include:

Systematics

The classification is based on the work of Mikko Haaramo,[5] Neslon, Grande and Wilson 2016[6] and van der Laan 2016.[7]

Order Acipenseriformes Berg 1940
- Genus †Hesperopsephurus Nesov 1997
- Genus †Neochallaia Rusconi 1949
- Genus †Psephuroides Nesov 1997
- Family †Errolichthyidae Lehman 1952
  - Genus †Errolichthys Lehman 1952
  - Genus †Psilichthys Hall 1900 non Steindachner 1907
- Suborder †Chondrosteoidei
  - Family incertae sedis
    - Genus †Eochondrosteus Lu, Li & Yang 2005[4]
  - Family †Chondrosteidae Huxley 1861
    - Genus †Chondrosteus Agassiz 1843 ex Egerton 1858
    - Genus †Gyrosteus Morris 1854
    - Genus †Strongylosteus Egerton 1858
- Suborder †Peipiaosteoidei Grande & Bemis 1996
  - Family †Peipiaosteidae Liu & Zhou 1965
    - Genus †Gualolepis Lopez-Arbarello, Rogers & Puerta 2006
    - Subfamily †Spherosteinae Grande & Bemis 1996
      - Genus †Spherosteus Jakovlev 1968
      - Genus †Yanosteus Jin et al. 1995
    - Subfamily †Peipiaosteinae Liu & Zhou 1965
      - Genus †Peipiaosteus Liu & Zhou 1965
      - Genus †Stichopterus Reis 1909
- Suborder Acipenseroidei Grande & Bemis 1996
  - Family Polyodontidae Bonaparte 1838 (Paddlefish)
    - Subfamily †Protopsephurinae Grande & Bemis 1996
      - Genus †Protopsephurus Lu 1994
    - Subfamily †Paleopsephurinae Grande & Bemis 1996
      - Genus †Paleopsephurus MacAlpin 1941a
    - Subfamily †Polyodontinae Grande & Bemis 1991 non Pflugfelder 1934
      - Genus †Crossopholis Cope 1883
      - Genus Polyodon Lacépède 1797 (American paddlefish)
      - Genus Psephurus Günther 1873 (Chinese paddlefish; likely extinct)[8]
  - Family Acipenseridae Bonaparte 1831 sensu Bemis et al. 1997 (Sturgeons)
    - Genus †Protoscaphirhynchus Wilimovsky 1956
    - Genus †Anchiacipenser Sato, Murray, Vernygora and Currie, 2019
    - Subfamily †Priscosturioninae Grande & Hilton 2009
      - Genus †Priscosturion Grande & Hilton 2009 [Psammorhynchus Grande & Hilton 2006]
    - Subfamily Acipenserinae Bonaparte 1831
      - Genus Acipenser Linnaeus 1758
      - Genus Huso J. F. Brandt & Ratzeburg 1833
    - Subfamily Scaphirhynchinae Gill 1890
      - Genus Scaphirhynchus Heckel 1835
      - Genus Pseudoscaphirhynchus Nikolskii 1900

Conservation

Most living species of Acipenseriformes are classified as threatened (mostly endangered or critically endangered) by the International Union for Conservation of Nature.

The Chinese paddlefish was last seen alive in 2003, and was considered to have gone extinct sometime between 2005 and 2010 by the Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute in their 2019 report.

Hybridization

A study published in 2020 reported a successful hybridization between a Russian sturgeon (Acipenser gueldenstaedtii) and an American paddlefish (Polyodon spathula), indicating that the two species can breed with one another despite their lineages having been separated for hundreds of millions of years. This has marked the first successful hybridization between members of Acipenseridae and Polyodontidae.[9]

References

Venkatesh, B. (December 2003). "Evolution and diversity of fish genomes". Current Opinion in Genetics & Development. 13 (6): 588–592. doi:10.1016/j.gde.2003.09.001. PMID 14638319.
Froese, Rainer, and Daniel Pauly, eds. (2006). "Acipenseriformes" in FishBase. 05 2006 version.
Bemis, William E.; Findeis, Eric K.; Grande, Lance (1997). "An overview of Acipenseriformes". Environmental Biology of Fishes. 48 (1–4): 25–71. doi:10.1023/A:1007370213924. S2CID 24961905.
Lu, Liwu; Tan, Kai; Wang, Xi (2020). "Redescription of Eochondrosteus sinensis (Acipenseriformes, Actinopterygii) and its geological age". Earth Science Frontiers. 27 (6): 371–381.
Haaramo, Mikko (2007). "Acipenseriformes – sturgeons and paddlefishes". Mikko's Phylogeny Archive. Retrieved 30 December 2016.
Nelson, Joseph S.; Grande, Terry C.; Wilson, Mark V. H. (2016). Fishes of the World (5th ed.). John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 9781118342336.
van der Laan, Richard (2016). "Family-group names of fossil fishes". {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
Qiwei, W. "Psephurus gladius". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2010. Retrieved 3 January 2020.
Káldy, Jenő; Mozsár, Attila; Fazekas, Gyöngyvér; Farkas, Móni; Fazekas, Dorottya Lilla; Fazekas, Georgina Lea; Goda, Katalin; Gyöngy, Zsuzsanna; Kovács, Balázs; Semmens, Kenneth; Bercsényi, Miklós (July 2020). "Hybridization of Russian Sturgeon (Acipenser gueldenstaedtii, Brandt and Ratzeberg, 1833) and American Paddlefish (Polyodon spathula, Walbaum 1792) and Evaluation of Their Progeny". Genes. 11 (7): 753. doi:10.3390/genes11070753. PMC 7397225. PMID 32640744.

Martin Hochleithner and Joern Gessner, The Sturgeons and Paddlefishes of the World: Biology and Aquaculture
Martin Hochleithner, Joern Gessner, and Sergej Podushka, The Bibliography of Acipenseriformes
Sepkoski, Jack (2002). "A compendium of fossil marine animal genera". Bulletins of American Paleontology. 364: 560. Archived from the original on 2011-07-23. Retrieved 2011-05-17.

External links

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[Venkatesh2003-1] Venkatesh, B. (December 2003). "Evolution and diversity of fish genomes". Current Opinion in Genetics & Development. 13 (6): 588–592. doi:10.1016/j.gde.2003.09.001. PMID 14638319.

[fish-2] Froese, Rainer, and Daniel Pauly, eds. (2006). "Acipenseriformes" in FishBase. 05 2006 version.

[Bemis_et_al._1997-3] Bemis, William E.; Findeis, Eric K.; Grande, Lance (1997). "An overview of Acipenseriformes". Environmental Biology of Fishes. 48 (1–4): 25–71. doi:10.1023/A:1007370213924. S2CID 24961905.

[Lu_et_al._2020-4] Lu, Liwu; Tan, Kai; Wang, Xi (2020). "Redescription of Eochondrosteus sinensis (Acipenseriformes, Actinopterygii) and its geological age". Earth Science Frontiers. 27 (6): 371–381.

[mikko-5] Haaramo, Mikko (2007). "Acipenseriformes – sturgeons and paddlefishes". Mikko's Phylogeny Archive. Retrieved 30 December 2016.

[Nelson-6] Nelson, Joseph S.; Grande, Terry C.; Wilson, Mark V. H. (2016). Fishes of the World (5th ed.). John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 9781118342336.

[van_der_Laan-7] van der Laan, Richard (2016). "Family-group names of fossil fishes". {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)

[iucn-8] Qiwei, W. "Psephurus gladius". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2010. Retrieved 3 January 2020.

[9] Káldy, Jenő; Mozsár, Attila; Fazekas, Gyöngyvér; Farkas, Móni; Fazekas, Dorottya Lilla; Fazekas, Georgina Lea; Goda, Katalin; Gyöngy, Zsuzsanna; Kovács, Balázs; Semmens, Kenneth; Bercsényi, Miklós (July 2020). "Hybridization of Russian Sturgeon (Acipenser gueldenstaedtii, Brandt and Ratzeberg, 1833) and American Paddlefish (Polyodon spathula, Walbaum 1792) and Evaluation of Their Progeny". Genes. 11 (7): 753. doi:10.3390/genes11070753. PMC 7397225. PMID 32640744.